Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2018

Abstract: The moringa stenopetala seed used for extraction of oil were collected from Arbaminch town in southern and south western of Ethiopia. The seed were prepared for use by removing the pods, drying with oven and milled to flour. A soxhlet extraction was used for extraction of the oil with petroleum; the oil was recovered by simple distillation using Rota evaporater. The residual oil obtained was characterized by investigating physico-chemical parameters and result shows that the extracted oils were liquid at room temperature, pale yellow colour and odorless.the results were average Seed Weight (g) (0.42), moisture content (5.7%), average density (0.907), fibre (7.50), protein (30.90), viscosity (10%), PH (7.53), acid value (1.68), saponification value (178), iodine value (70.2), peroxide value (9.45), yield of oil (47.8 %). This result of analysis confirms the standard specification and reveals that the extracted oil has good quality and food additives as well as industrial purposes and commercial applications..

Keywords: moringa stenopetala, soxhlet extraction, residual oil and physicochemical.

[1]. Eyasu seifu, 2012. Physico-chemical properties of Moringa stenopetala (Haleko) seeds. Jour. Bio. Sc.Vol.12 (3):197-201.
[2]. Garcia F. B., J.M. Arnal, G. Verdu, A.Sauri, 2010. Study of Moringa oleifera oil extraction and its influence in primary coagulant activity for drinking water treatment. Jour.Inst. Indust. Radiophysical and Env't. Safety.Vol.1.
[3]. Nzikou. M, L.Matos, J.E. Moussonga, C.B. Ndangui, A.Kimbonguila, Th. Esilou, M. Linder and S. Desobry, 2009. Characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil variety Congo-Brazzaville.medwell. Jour. Food Technol. Vol. 7 (3):59-65.
[4]. Yisehak. K., M.Solomon and M.Tadelle, 2011. Contribution of moringa stenopetala. Jour. App. Sc. Vol 4:477-488.
[5]. Mataka.L.M. E.M.T. Henery, W.R.L. Masamba and S.M. Sajidu, 2006. Lead remediation of contaminated water using Moringa stenopetala and moringa oliefera seed powder. Int. Jour Environment. Sc. and Technol..

Abstract: Four new benzimidazoquinazolines were synthesized by microwave-enhanced and classical heating methods. Microwave assisted method produced excellent yields (92-98%) within very short reaction time. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and elemental analysis. Antioxidant activity for the target analogues were performed. Some of the compounds showed excellent antioxidant activities against both of the studied antioxidant DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals..

Keywords: Microwave,dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin, antioxidant.

[1]. Pang X., Chen C., Li M., & and Xi C. A concise and efficient synthesis of benzimidazo [1, 2- c] quinazolines through CuI-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylations. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015; 11, 2365–2369.
[2]. Li C., Zhang WT., and Wang X. CuI-Catalyzed C − N Bond Formation and Cleavage for the Synthesis of Benzimidazo[1,2 ‑ a ]quinazoline Derivatives. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, A–E. 2014.
[3]. Gurvinder S., Maninderjit K., & and Mohan C. Benzimidazoles: The Latest Information on Biological Activities. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2013; 4(1), 82–87.
[4]. Shen C., Wang L., Wen M., Shen H., Jin J., and Zhang P. Synthesis of Benzimidazo[1,2 ‑c]quinazolines via Metal-Free Intramolecular C − H Amination Reaction. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, A–E; 2016.
[5]. Zayed M. F., and Hassan M. H. Synthesis and biological evaluation studies of novel quinazolinone derivatives as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2014; 22, 157–162..

Abstract: In the present investigation easily available raw material, temple waste flowers(TWF) were used as ecofriendly adsorbent for removal of colour from textile dyeing effluent. The activated carbon from temple waste flowers were prepared by direct pyrolysis process, sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) process respectively and also physico-chemical parameters including pH, conductivity, moisture content, ash content, volatile content, fixed carbon, bulk density, porosity, specific gravity, water soluble matter, acid soluble matter, iodine number, methylene blue number, yield and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (SBET) surface area of activated carbon were analyzed and compared..............

Keywords: Temple waste flowers, activated carbon, textile dyeing effluent, physico-chemical parameters, BET, SEM, EDX.

[1]. Moharir A, Ramteke DS, Moghe CA, Wate SR, Sarin R. Surface and ground water quality assessment in Bina region. Indian Jounal of Environmental Protection. 2002;22(9): 961-969.
[2]. Sangu RPS, Sharma SK. An assessment of water quality of river Ganga at Garmukeshwar. Indian Journal of Ecology. 1987; 14(20): 278-287.
[3]. Subba Rao C, Subba Rao NV. Ground water quality in residential colony. Indian Journal of Environment and Health. 1995; 37(4): 295-300.
[4]. Verma R, Kanti T, Verma S. Role Indian Garment Industry and Hrm In Indian Economy. VSRD International Journal of Business and Management Research. 2012; 2(1): 567-569.
[5]. Husain J, Husain I. Groundwater pollution by discharge of dyeing and printing industrial waste water in Bandi river, Rajasthan, India. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy, 2012; 2(2):100-119.

Abstract: Analytical studies have been carried out by forming ternary complex between Eriochrome Azurol B, a Triphenylmethane dye; cationic surfactant Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide CTAB; and some heavy metal ions mainly Cd(II), Hg(II) Cr(III)and Pb(II). The absorption spectra of Eriochrome Azurol B ,EAB; a triphenylmethane dye , has been studied in the presence as well as in the absence of cationic surfactant, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide, CTAB . At different pH values ranging from pH 1.00 to 12.00, the spectra is studied. Hypsochromic shift is observed in the absorption spectra in the presence of surfactant. Decrease in the values of dissociation constant, pK values in the presence of surfactant is observed which indicated formation of water soluble, stable, dye-surfactant.............

Keywords: Triphenylmethane Dye, Surfactant, Hypsochromic Shift, Bathochromic Shift, Stability, Sensitivity, Precision and Accuracy.

[1]. Hartley, C.F; and Downay A.A; J. Phys. Chem.; 85, 835 (1984).
[2]. Jarosz M, Wydawn Politech. Warsaw : Pol; 53(1988).
[3]. Shtykov, S.N., Organ ReactivityV. Analize; 3, 36, (1979)
[4]. Chernova, R. K.Kudrytseva L.M.; Belousova, V.V; Sukhova L. K.; Organ Reactivity Analize; 3 16(1979).
[5]. Cerkova L; Surfactants Solution, 4 th; 2; 1217 (1982)

Abstract: A novel single crystal of piperidin-4-ones, pyrimidines, pyrans and cyclohexanones were successfully grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique at constant temperature (303 K) with dimension 40 x 5x 3 mm3in a period of 3 weeks. Powder X rays (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared transmission (FTIR) have confirmed the formation of the new crystal. IR spectra analyses were used to elucidate the functional group present in the compounds. UV-spectral studies indicates that the grown crystals was transparent in the entire visible region with a lower cutoff wavelength of 505 nm. Thermal properties of the crystal have been investigated using thermo gravimetric analysis (TC) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The mechanical strength of the crystal was estimated by vicker's hardness method. The bacterial activity against the pathogenic microorganisms, E.coli (gram positive) and Staphylococcusaureus (gram negative) and antifungal activity against Aspergillusniger, were carried out for all synthesized compounds.

Keywords: Piperidin-4-ones,pyrimidines, XRD, FT-IR,antifungal, antibacterial.

[1]. A. J. Wolthuis, W. J. Huiskamp, L. J. De Jongh and R. L. Carlin, Physica. B 142,301 319(1986).
[2]. M. Iwata and Y. Ishibashi, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 60, 3245-3248 (1991).
[3]. Z. Czapla and S. Dacko, Ferroelectrics, 125, 17-22 (1992).
[4]. M. Kahrizi and M. O. Steinitz, Solid State Commun. 74, 333-335 (1990).
[5]. K. Gesi, Ferroelectrics, 159, 49 -54 (1994).

Abstract: Sequential extraction technique was applied for the speciation and evaluation of the bioavailability of trace heavy metals in the roadside soil of major highways and terminuses in Harare, Zimbabwe. Heavy metals studied are Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Mn. Analysis of these metals was done using the AAS. Results obtained from the sequential extraction technique were compared with the results obtained from aqua regia digestion and Canadian soil quality guidelines. Recoveries were found to be relatively good except for lead which was on the lower side. Speciation species were grouped into non-resistant and resistant fractions. Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu and Mn were found mostly in the non-resistant fraction that is potentially bioavailable to human beings. Fe, Cr and Ni on the other hand were mostly abundant in the more bound crystalline lattice..............

Keywords: chemical speciation, heavy metals, exchangeable fraction, ambient atmosphere, resistant fraction.

[1]. C. Ewen, M. A. Anagnostopoulou, N. I. Ward, M. Alexandrou, and N. Paralia, ―Monitoring of heavy metal levels in roadside dusts of Thessaloniki , Greece in relation to motor vehicle traffic density and flow, Dissertation., University of Thessaloniki, Greece.,‖ pp. 1–32.
[2]. E. Eberhardt, D. Stead, and J. S. Coggan, ―Numerical analysis of initiation and progressive failure in natural rock slopes — the 1991 Randa rockslide,‖International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences., vol. 41, pp. 69–87, 2004.
[3]. K. Stead-Dexter and N. I. Ward, ―Mobility of heavy metals within freshwater sediments affected by motorway stormwater,‖Science of The Total Environment., vol. 334–335, pp. 271–277, 2004.
[4]. D. Charlesworth, S. Glémin, X. Vekemans, and V. Castric, ―Plant self-incompatibility systems : a molecular evolutionary perspective,‖ New Phytologist., vol. 168, pp. 61–69, 2005.
[5]. S. P. Raj and P. A. Ram, ―Determination and Contamination Assessment of Pb , Cd , and Hg in Roadside Dust along Kathmandu-Bhaktapur Road Section of Arniko,‖Research Journal of Chemical Sciences., vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 18–25, 2013.

Abstract: The anthocyanin from nature compounds containing colour or chromophore groups biochemically and effectively absorbs sunlight in the visible spectrum because it has more than one benzene ring with a conjugated double bond. Super dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricencis) is one of the plants with the highest anthocyanin content with 1.1 mg / 100 mL of anthocyanin solution. In this research, 400 gr of dragon fruit skin extracted with 300 mL CH3OH for 24 hours in dark room at room temperature. And followed by liquid-liquid extraction using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Each of 50 mL filtrate from extraction was synthesized with 0,5 gr FeCl3.6H2O, and 0,5 gr CoCl2.6H2O for 5 hours and get well mixture, then identified using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and FTIR. Spectra data's show the different profile before and after conversion..............

Keywords: Solar Cell, Anthocyanin, Dragon Fruit, Sensitizer.

[1]. Abodunrin, T, Boyo, T, Obafemi, O, and Timothy, A. 2015. Characterization of Dye Sensitized Cells Using Natural Dye from Oil Bean Leaf (Pentaclethra macrophylla): The Effect of dye pH on the Photoelectric Parameters. Materials sciences and Applications. Vol 6, 656-655.
[2]. Abdel-Latif, M., Abuiriban, M Taher M. El-Agez, and Sofyan A. Taya. 2015. Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Using Dyes Extracted From Flowers, Leaves, Parks, and Roots of Three Trees, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research. Vol 5, 1.
[3]. Abdel-Latif, M., El-Agez, T, Taya, S, Amal Y. Batniji, and El-Ghamri. H. 2013. Plant Seeds-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Materials Sciences and Applications. Vol 4, 516-520.
[4]. Amadi, L, Jenny, S, Ahmed, A, Brown, N, Yadav, S, Destiny, B, Ghann, W, Gayrama, A, Jiru, M, Jamaluddin. 2015. Creation of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell by Using Nanostructured Titanium Oxide. Nanoscience and Nanoengineering. Vol 3, 25‐32.
[5]. Ayalew, W and Delele W. 2016. Dye-sensitized solar cells using natural dye as light- harvesting materials extracted from Acanthus sennii chiovenda flower and Euphorbia cotinifolia leaf. Advanced Materials and Devices. Vol 1, 488-494.

Abstract: The new, selective and sensitive visible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Esomeprazole in bulk and in pharmaceutical preparations. This method is based on the reaction with tropaeoline-00 dye under acidic condition with a λmax 410nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 50-250μg/ml for both the methods. The method was extended to pharmaceutical formulations and there was no interference form in any common pharmaceutical excipients and diluents. The result of analysis has been validated statistically and by recovery studies..

Keywords: Spectrophotometric determination tropaeoline-00 dye, Esomeprazole.

[1]. Abodunrin, T, Boyo, T, Obafemi, O, and Timothy, A. 2015. Characterization of Dye Sensitized Cells Using Natural Dye from Oil Bean Leaf (Pentaclethra macrophylla): The Effect of dye pH on the Photoelectric Parameters. Materials sciences and Applications. Vol 6, 656-655.
[2]. Abdel-Latif, M., Abuiriban, M Taher M. El-Agez, and Sofyan A. Taya. 2015. Dye- Sensitized Solar Cells Using Dyes Extracted From Flowers, Leaves, Parks, and Roots of Three Trees, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research. Vol 5, 1.
[3]. Abdel-Latif, M., El-Agez, T, Taya, S, Amal Y. Batniji, and El-Ghamri. H. 2013. Plant Seeds-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, Materials Sciences and Applications. Vol 4, 516-520.
[4]. Amadi, L, Jenny, S, Ahmed, A, Brown, N, Yadav, S, Destiny, B, Ghann, W, Gayrama, A, Jiru, M, Jamaluddin. 2015. Creation of Natural Dye Sensitized Solar Cell by Using Nanostructured Titanium Oxide. Nanoscience and Nanoengineering. Vol 3, 25‐32.
[5]. Ayalew, W and Delele W. 2016. Dye-sensitized solar cells using natural dye as light- harvesting materials extracted from Acanthus sennii chiovenda flower and Euphorbia cotinifolia leaf. Advanced Materials and Devices. Vol 1, 488-494.

Abstract: Sample compounds that could act as allosteric modulators of CB1 cannabinoid receptors were synthesized. The compounds are analogues of pre-discovered bioactive molecules that bind to the CB1 allosteric site.Allosteric modulation could be a new effective approach to manipulating the endocannabinoid system by enhancing the signaling of already existing selective agonists, inverse agonists and enzyme inhibitors.Fischer indole synthesis, Vilsemeier-Haack reaction, InBr3-catalyzed sulphonation of indoles,reductive amination of indoles, bromination of indoles, were the synthesis reactions applied. Seven analogues were obtained. Percentage yield and melting point determination were performed for each compound. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy were also applied for characterization.

Keywords: allosteric modulators, cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoid system, bioactive molecules, agonists, enzyme inhibitors.

[1]. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets, Annu Rev PharmacolToxicol. 2006;46:101-22
[2]. Gérard CM, Mollereau C, Vassart G, Parmentier M (1991). "Molecular cloning of a human cannabinoid receptor which is also expressed in testis". Biochem. J.279 ( Pt 1): 129–34.
[3]. Graham ES, Ashton JC, Glass M (2009). "Cannabinoid receptors: a brief history and "what's hot"". Front. Biosci.14: 944–57.
[4]. Howlett AC (August 2002). "The cannabinoid receptors". Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat.68-69: 619–31.
[5]. Mackie K (May 2008). "Cannabinoid receptors: where they are and what they do". J. Neuroendocrinol.20 Suppl 1: 10–4.
[6]. Martin R Price et al, "Allosteric Modulation of the Cannabinoid CB1 receptor" Mol. Pharmacol. 68:1484-1495,2005.

Abstract: The disposal of waste tires is increasing day by day at an exponential rate. These waste tires cover large areas of valuable land besides creating the possibility of fire accidents. The world produces 1.5 billion scrap tires annually with India and China accounting for nearly 41% of total production. A viable solution to this environmental problem is to thermally reprocess these waste tires into a useful product like activated charcoal. In this work waste tires from three different sources were burnt and the carbon black produced was studied for use as a possible adsorbent. Purification methods were used which increased the surface area and decreased the amount of contaminants present in the powdered carbon. BET analysis was performed which provided further information on the obtained solid such as specific surface area porosity total pore volume and pore size distribution.

[1]. ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF PROPERTIES OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM WASTE TIRES BE Project report prepared by Sohaib Imam, Syed Ahmed Jaseem, Mohammed Ahmed and Priyesh Singh, BMS College of Engineering (Affiliated to VTU), Department of Chemical Engineering, May 2018..

Abstract: A facile and green synthesis of (Z)-4-((1H-indol-3-yl) methylene)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole- 5(4H)-one 5(a-i), promoted by L-proline is being reported. Two methods (A & B) have been established for the preparation of compounds 5(a-i). In method A, 1H-indole-carbaldehyde 4(a-i) were treated with reactive pyrazolones 3 in the presence of L-proline and ethanol at room temperature under stirring a for 20 min to afford 5(a-i). In method B, the 1H-indole-carbaldehyde 4(a-i), pyrazolones 3 and L-proline were ground for 40 min. to afford 5(a-i).

Keywords: L-Proline, Ethanol, knoevenagel condensation, 1H-indole-carbaldehyde, pyrazolone, (Z)-4-((1Hindol- 3-yl) methylene)-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-5(4H)-one, physical grinding.

[1]. I.V.Magedov, M.Manpadi, S.Van slambrouck, W.F.A.Steelant, E.Rozhkova, N.M.Przheval.skii , S.Rogelj, Kornienko;
J.Med.Chem., 50, 5183 (2007).
[2]. G.C.Rovnyak, R.C.Millonig, J.Schwartz,V.Shu; J. Med.Chem., 25, 1482 (1982).
[3]. E.Palaska, M.Aytemir, I.T.Uzbay, D.Erol; Eur. J. Med. Chem., 36, 539 (2001).
[4]. A.Sener, R.Kasimogullari, M.K.Sener, I.Bildirici, Y.Akcamur; Heterocyclic.Chem., 39, 869 (2002).
[5]. X.H.Liu, P.Cui, B.A.Song, P.S.Bhadury, H.L.Zhu, S.F.Wang; Bioorg. Med. Chem., 16, 4075 (2008).

Abstract: One of the parameters that describes the quality of water is the content of cations. Calcium (Ca2+) and Magnesium (Mg2+) ions are both common in natural waters and both are essential elements for all organisms. Ammonia Gas (NH3) is extremely soluble in water. It is the natural product of decay of organic nitrogen compounds. Ammonia can be both hazardous and caustic. A study has been carried out on the determination of the concentration of Calcium (Ca2+) ions, Magnesium (Mg2+) ions and Ammonia (NH3) in ground water of different districts in Janzur-Libya. The conductivity and PH-Value were also measured. In this study the ASTM D-511 was used as a Standard Test Method for Calcium and Magnesium in Water. The Standard Test Methods ASTM D-1125 and ASTM................

Keywords: Water; Calcium, Magnesium, Ammonia, Electrical Conductivity, Janzur, Libya.

[1]. Hoek, W.v.d., Konradsen, F., Ensink, J.H.J., Mudasser, M., Jensen, P.K. 2001. Irrigation water as a source of drinking water: is safe
use possible? Tropical Medicine and International Health 6 (1), 46-54.
[2]. Kirda, C. 1997. Assessment of irrigation water quality. Options Mediterraneennes 31, 367-377
[3]. Kent, B., and Spycher, N. 1994. Major chemical parameters in groundwater control. In : Groundwater contamination and control.
Edited by Uri Zoller, pp. 479 - 495.

[4]. WHO, World Health Organization. 2001. Water health and human rights. World Water Day. 2001, http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/humanrights/en/.
[5]. World Health Organization, 2011. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed.

Abstract: Water pollution occurs as a result of contamination by pathogens, chemicals and or physical objects. A large number of chemicals that either exists naturally in the soil or produced during industrial, agricultural, transportation, metal contamination and geological processes, find their way in to the water.These pollutants are responsible for both communicable and non-communicable diseases in addition to water borne diseases. A total of 14 sites were selected for water sampling from Mzima Springs, Baricho abstraction boreholesand along the respective water distribution lines.Chemical analyses of the samples were carried out using procedures outlined in the (APHA, 1998). The concentrations of nitrates, nitrites, phosphatesand residual chlorine were determined using the.............

Keywords: Water pollution, chemical analysis, Mzima Springs and Baricho abstraction boreholes.

[1]. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (21st Edition).
Washington: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation. (2005).
[2]. ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Manganese, In US Department of Health and Human Services Ed. Agency for Toxic Substances
and Disease Registry: Atlanta, (2008).
[3]. Galadima A, Garba ZN,Leke L, Almustapha M, Admas IK. Domestic Water pollution among local in Nigeria causes and
consequences. Euro.J.Sci.Res. 53:592 - 563. (2011).
[4]. Huang Z, Pan XD, Wu PG, Han JL, Chen Q. Heavy metals in vegetables and the health risk to population in Zhejiang, China. Food
Control 36: 248 – 252. (2014).
[5]. Kenya Bureau of Standards. 1996. KS 049-196; Drinking water Standards.Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), (2009)..

Abstract: The electrochemical degradation of a raw real silk textile wastewater was carried out using iron electrodes in bipolar arrangement to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), color and to reclaim clean water. Batch studies with four plate iron electrodes were identified as an optimal operating condition. 70-88% COD removal efficiency was achieved from its initial value of 1270 mg/L. The presence of chloride increased COD degradation. Iron electrode showed good settling and filterability. Water quality improved considerably after electrochemical coagulation (ECC) treatment achieving reduction in other water quality parameters viz., hardness, alkalinity, TS and chlorides.

Keywords: Chemical oxygen demand (COD); electrochemical coagulation; electrocoagulation; electrolysis time; silk textile wastewater.

[1]. Pirkarami & M. E. Olya. 2017 Removal of dye from industrial wastewater with an emphasis on improving economic efficiency and degradation mechanism. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 21, S179–S186.
[2]. M. H. Elnenay, E. Nassef, G. F. Malash & M. H. A. Magid. 2017 Treatment of drilling fluids wastewater by electrocoagulation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum. 26, 203-208.
[3]. Aquino J.M., Rocha-Filho R.C., Ruotolo L.A.M., Bocchi N. & Biaggio S.R. 2014 Electrochemical degradation of a real textile wastewater using β-PbO2 and DSA anodes. Journal of Chemical Engineering 251, 138-145.
[4]. K. Nandi & S. Patel. 2017 Effects of operational parameters on the removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10, S2961–S2968.
[5]. Cerqueira A., Russo C. & Marques M. R. C. 2009 Electroflocculation for textile wastewater treatment. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 26 (4), 659-668.