Volume-4 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: This study presents concentration levels of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr. Cd Ni, V and Pb in sediments of River Ethiope. The levels fell within the following ranges (mgkg-1), 0.21-0.46 for Mn, 0.84-2.24 for Zn, 0.34-0.60 for Cu, 0.00- 0.11 for Cd, 0.005-0.49 for Ni, 0.00-0.05 for V and 0.27— 0.72 for Pb. Cr was not detected in any of the samples. The observed concentrations of the metals are mainly due to anthropogenic effects. There seems to be no imminent danger to the living organisms in the environment since the low levels observed do not pose any environmental contamination risk. Three correlation levels were observed. In group 1, Cr, Zn, Ni and V strongly correlated with each other. In group 2, Fe, Zn; Mn. Cu and Ni displayed positive correlation at different levels with each other while in group 3, Pb and Cd did not correlate with any of the metals. The levels reported have an abundance ratio in order Zn> Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cr.

Key Words: Environmental pollution, heavy metals, River Ethiope, sediments.

[1] A.G. Korcharyan, E.V. Venitsianove, N.S. Safronova, and E.P. Serenkaya, Seasonal variation in the forms of heavy metals occurrence in the Water . 2003, 4: 404-412..
[2] C.K. Jain, Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna. India. Water Res.. 2005, 38: 569-578.
[3] B. Gumgum, and G. Ozturk, Chemical speciation of heavy metals in the Tigris River sediment. Chem. Spec. Bioavail . 2001, 13: 25-29.
[4] S.E. Kakulu, O. Osibanjo, and S.O. Ajayi, Trace metals contents of fish and shell fishes of the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria. Environ. Inter. 1987, 13: 247-251.
[5] B.C.O. Okoye, Heavy metals and organisms in the Lagos lagoon. Inter. Studies 1991, 37: 285-295.
[6] T.P. Fugeyin, Heavy metals concentrations in water, sediment and fish species of.Ikpoba reservoir, Benin City. Ph.D Thesis University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria 1994, 167.
[7] O. Idodo-Umeh, Pollution assessment of 0.omoro water bodies using physical, chemical and biological indices. Ph.D Thesis University of Benin, Beam City, Nigeria. 2002, P485.
[8] M. Horsfall, and A.I. Spiff, Speciation and b availability of heavy metals in sediments of Diobis River. Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Euro. J. Sci. Res. 2005, 6(3): 20-36.
[9] D.R. Turner, The chemistry of metal pollutants in water. In: Harrison, R.M. (ed). Pollution: causes, effects and control. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1013.1981, 613.
[10] D.S. Orhor, Soil chemistry. Russian Translation Series 92. Balkema Publishers, USA. 1992, 5-6.

Abstract: Soil and vegetation samples were collected from busy motor parks in selected parts of Delta State and analysed with the aim of ascertaining the potential and environmental impact of the motor park activities on the surroundings. The physicochemical characteristics of the soil samples were investigated using various standard methods while the heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric technique. The pH values ranged from 5.59 to 8.52 with a mean value of 7.21 showing that the soils were slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. The electrical conductivity values ranged from 66.54 to 252.9 μs/cm with mean value of 163.48 μs/cm, indicating presence of high level of soluble inorganic salts in the soil samples. The cation exchange capacity values (cmolkg-1) ranging from 0.040 to 0.147 with mean value of 0.097 implied that the exchange sites on the soil minerals will be less available for metals retention. The mean percentages of Total Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen which were 0.488 and 0.107 respectively could be attributed to presence of some biodegradable and compostable materials. The mean concentrations of the heavy metals in the soil samples (mgkg-1) were 57.78 for Fe, 1.112 for Pb, 0.482 for Cu, 1.334 for Zn and 0.13 for Cr with the abundance trend of Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu >Cr. The mean metal levels in the vegetation samples ranged from (mgkg-1) 0.152 to 12.426 with the abundance trend of Fe > Pb > Zn > Cu > Cr. Soil plant transfer coefficient values for all the metals in all the sites indicate medium accumulation while contamination/pollution index values showed generally very slight contamination. The metal levels in both the soil and vegetation samples in all the sites were relatively higher than the levels recorded in the control sites. The overall results showed evidence of some heavy metals enrichment on the soils and vegetation. This effect could be cumulative over time.

Key Words: Heavy metals, physicochemical characteristics, pollution, motor parks, soils, vegetation.

[1]. Alloway, B.J. Heavy metals in soils. Blackie and Son Publishers, Glasgow 2nd Edition. 1990, 158.
[2]. Adriano, D.C. Trace elements in terrestrial environment. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag Company, New York. 2001.
[3]. Onianwa, P.C. and Fakayoda, S.O. Lead contamination of top soil and vegetation in the vicinity of battery factory in Nigeria. Environ. Geochem. Health 2000, 22: 211-218.
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[6]. David, D.J. and Williams, C.H. Heavy metal content of soils and plants adjacent to the Hume Highway near Marulan, New South Wales. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 1975, 15: 414-415.
[7]. Mankovska, B. The content of lead, cadmium and chlorine in forest trees caused by traffic of motor vehicles. Biol. Bratisl., 1977, 32: 477-489.
[8]. Fergusson, J.E., Hayes, R.W., Yong, T.G and Thiew, S.H. Heavy metal pollution by traffic in Christ church New Zealand, lead and cadmium content of dust, soil and plant samples. New Zealand J. Sci., 1980, 23: 293-310.
[9]. Ndiokwere, C.L. A study of metal pollution from motor vehicles emissions and its effects on roadside soils, vegetation and crops in Nigeria. Environ. Pollut. Series B, 1984, 35-42.
[10]. Egboh, S.H.O., Nwajei, G.E. and Adaikpoh, E.O. Selected metal concentrations in sediments from major roadside gutters in Warri, Delta State, Nigeria. Nig. J. Sci. Environ., 2000, 2: 105-111.

Abstract: Electrochemical synthesis of poly N-methyl aniline (PNMA) was achieved on Teflon coated cylindrical stainless steel electrodes with base diameter 2mm . N-methyl aniline in di N-propyl malonic acid was polymerized on the surface of stainless steel using cyclic voltametry technique. Adherent and red polymer films were obtained on the electrodes.. The corrosion inhibitive performance of PNMA+DPM , coated electrodes were investigated in 0.5 N H2SO4 solutions by potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

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Abstract: The purpose of this research work is to study the effects of carbon deposit from methane gas on Zeolite Y catalyst activity in a packed bed reactor. Compuational fluid dynamic model was carried with the aid of chosen geometry, governing equation, properties of the fluid and time step. Result shows that increase in time from 0 to 1000s yielded an increase in the formation of hydrogen from 0 to 42mol/dm3, increased carbon from 0 to 21mol/dm3, and decreased methane concentration from 50 to 29mol/dm3. It shows that methane decomposition is taking place. the carbon deposition on catalyst is faster from time 0 to 400 s and above 500 s carbon deposition is lower. This shows that the variation of catalyst activity dropped on carbon deposition. The concentration of carbon and hydrogen formed is less when catalyst deactivation is taking place compared to when catalyst deactivation is not taking place.

Keywords: Carbon, Deposit, Methane, Reactor and Zeaolite Y.

[1]. Ali, H and Rohani. S., (1997) "Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a Riser-Type Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit". Chem. Eng. Technol. 20, pp 118-130.

[2]. Comsol, M. (2008). "Chemical engineering Module Model Library" Version 3.5a, Burlington, MA. Pp. 540-561.

[3]. Corolla, J., Fernandez, A. and Vidal, J.M., (1986) "Pilot Plant for the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Process: Determination of the Kinetic Parameters of Deactivation of the Catalyst", Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 25, Pp554-562.

[4]. Gates, B.C, Katzer. J.R., and Schuit, G.C A (1979).Chemistry of catalytic process. New York. Mc Graw Hill.

[5]. Sharif, H., Sharif, Z., Abdurrahman, M. (2004). Kinetic study on catalytic decomposition of methane to Hydrogen and carbon over Ni/TiO2 catalyst.

[6]. Szepe, S. and Levenspiel, O., (1971) "Catalyst Deactivation", Chemical Reaction Engineering, Proceeding of the Fourth European Sysmp. Brussels, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 265.

[7]. Wilson, J.W. (1997). Fluid catalytic cracking technology and operation. Oklahoma. Pennwell publishing company.

Abstract: This research was necesitated as a result of the development in petroleum refining technology in the last two decades which has brought the hydro processing reaction to a level of economic importance matching cracking and reforming. The work is to investigate the decomposition of methane gas into hydrogen and solid carbon.. Discretization methods were established numerically than analytically. Computational fluid dynamic modeling was carried out with the aid of chosen geometry, governing equation, properties of the fluid and time step. Result from this research shows that increase in time from 0 to 1000s yielded an increase in the formation of hydrogen from 0 to 42mol/dm3, increased carbon from 0 to 21mol/dm3, and decreased methane concentration from 50 to 29mol/dm3. This shows that methane decomposition is taking place.. Methane CH4 and Hydrogen H2 concentrations are approximately 0.18m at the reactor mid section. The model can be modified to study the effect of carbon deposit on FCC catalyst of vacuum gas oil to produce reformate in packed bed.

Keywords: Carbon, Decomposition, Hydrogen, Methane, Modeling and Reactor.

[1]. Ali, H and Rohani. S., (1997) "Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of a Riser-Type Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit". Chem. Eng. Technol. 20, pp 118-130.

[2]. Coma, A., and Martinez-Triguero, J. (1994) "Kinetics of Gas Oil Cracking and Catalyst Decay on SAPO-37 and USY Molecular Sieves", App Catal, 118, Pp.153-162.

[3]. Den Hollander, M.A., Makkee, M., and Moulijn, J .A (2001) Prediction of The performance of coked and regenerated fluid catalytic cracking catalyst mixtures opportunities for process flexibility ind . Eng. chem. Res., 40, 1602-1607.

[4]. Farag, H. (1993) "Catalytic Cracking of Hydrocarbons with Novel Metal Traps". PhD Thesis Dissertation, the University of Western Ontario, London-Ontario, Canada.

[5]. Wilson, J.W. (1997). Fluid catalytic cracking technology and operation .Oklahoma. Pennwell publishing company.

[6]. Zheng, Y .Y. (1994) . Dynamic modeling and simulation of catalytic cracking unit computing. Chem. Eng., 18, 39-44.

Abstract: The study is aimed at characterization and development of adsorbent from rice husk ash to bleach vegetable oil. The vegetable oil bleached was groundnut oil, palm kernel oil and palm oils. Rice husk sample were pre-treated with different concentration of HCl. The characterization of the rice husk ash was tested by varying the temperature and time interval before it was subsequently calcined at 600 ℃ for three hours (i.e. having a constant temperature and time interval for calcinations). The optimum temperature and burning time was observed to be 600 ℃ for 3 hrs. A yield of 2.5M HCl was recorded as the best bleaching potential of palm kernel and palm oil and 2M HCl for groundnut oil. The result obtained showed that acid treatment improve the bleaching potential of the rice husk ash. Graphical interpretation of results obtained indicates that the unbleached oil is directly proportional to the wavelength.

Keywords: Characterization, Development, Adsorbent, Rice husk and Vegetable oil.

[1]. Alhassan, M. (2005). Effect of bagasse ash on lime modified laterite: Seminar presented in the Department of Civil Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
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Abstract: The search for a more cost effective, environmentally friendly and less cumbersome process of regenerating used activated carbon in a petroleum polluted site necessitated this research work. Spent Granular Activated Carbon was regenerated having been initially characterized using cultured Pseudomonas Putida. The rate of Bioregeneration was studied by varying the volume of bacteria from 10ml, 20ml, 30ml and 40ml. The regeneration temperature was also varied from 25oC to ambient temperature of 27oC, 35oC and further at 40 and 45oC over a period of 21 days. The regeneration experiment improved as the quantity of bacteria used increased. Increasing the temperature of regeneration also increased the rate of regeneration due to chemisorptions action. There was no significant improvement when the temperature was increased to 45oC suggesting that increasing temperature beyond 40oC would not be economical. The regenerated GAC was characterized to determine efficiency of regeneration. Bioregeneration was impacted by variation in temperature and bacteria volume. Bioregeneration spent Granular Activated Carbon is shown by the study to be an effective and cost efficient way to remediate polluted soil and still reuse the adsorbent.

Keywords: Bioregeneration, Chemisorption, GAC, Hydrocarbon and Nigeria

[1]. Achebe, C. H., Nneke, U. C & Anisiji, O. E (2012): Analysis of Oil Pipeline Failures in the Oil and Gas Industries in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Published in the proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists, 2012. Vol. II. March 2012.
[2]. Afinotan, L. A & Ojakorotu, V (2009) The Niger Delta Crisis: Issues, Challenges and Prospects. Published in the African Journal of Political Science and International Relations. Vol. 3 (50, pp 191- 198. May 2009.
[3]. Amer, A.A. and Hussein, M. (2006): Bagasse as oil spill cleanup sorbent 2. Heavy oil sorption using carbonized pith bagasse fibre. The second International Conference on Health, Environment and Development, ICHEDII, Alexandria, Egypt.
[4]. Bayode, O. J. A., Adewunmi, E. A & Odunwole, S (2011) Environmental Implications of Oil Exploration and Exploitation in the Coastal Region of Ondo State, Nigeria: A Regional Planning Appraisal. Published in the Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. Vol. 4 (3). pp. 110 - 121. March 2011.
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[6]. Coelho, C., Oliveira, A. S., Pereira, M. F. R & Nunes, O. C (2006): The Influence of Activated Carbon Surface Properties on the Adsorption of the Herbicide Molinate and the Bio-regeneration of the Adsorbent.
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Abstract: The search for a local raw material for the production of beverages necessitated the harnessment of cashew extract. The beverage produced is 100% local contents with easy accessibility to the raw materials, reduced production cost and increased economic revenue of Nigerian. Thus the aim of this research was to harness our abundant natural resources endure by God. Sorghum has a wide range of colors. The best known are the white, yellow, brown and the red types. Although the red type was used because of her high extract yields. The optimization temperature come to play and it was discovered that the best and highest extract yields can only be obtained at temperature between 80 to 85% and the red sorghum meets this criterion. The influence of temperature, time and moisture on the enzyme activity and malting losses of germinated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) were critically examined. The duration of germination and watering rate had the highest effect on enzyme activity and malting losses respectively. Vitamin C sourced from cashew apple fruits, the apple represents nearly 90% of the cashew (nut + apple). It is almost entirely edible, with pleasant flavor and aroma and high nutritive value, which is due mainly to high vitamin C and sugar contents. Sorghum used not as adjunct in this Mucamalt production but as main raw material along with Cashew Apple Extract, Vitamin C. However, the availability of the grain and seasonal cashew apple fruit (Between January to April) preservation poses a great problem to the brewing industry. The Mucamalt, a brand of malt drink was as a result of the well blended two local contents of red sorghum bicolor and red elongated cashew apple extract after careful selection through process optimization to obtained maximum yields and at a very competitive price with the common ones in the market.

Key words: Apple juice, Cashew, Extract, Mucamalt, Nigeria and Sorghum.

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Abstract: Lot of accuracy is required in estimating capital investment costs. A tabular form is suggested for estimating total product cost and constitutes a valuable checklist to foreclosed omissions. Using annual profit of $1,182,340.46 ($3,593.74 x 329days). Assumed feed rate of 14,400ltrs; composition cashew source 62.05 per cent, water 37.95per cent. Estimated cost of equipment using scaling factors and cost index, from the equipment Vs capacity exponent, was given as 0.54 and gotten as $28,159.49 as at 1990 and calculated as $109,545.7 in 2013 assumed 9% inflation to date. The total fixed-capital investment using ranges of process-plant component costs give us $416,272.96. Where the double effects evaporators was proven to be better. Break-even point, gross earnings, and net profit for the process plant where given thus: The direct production cost/unit is $0.226'unit, number of units needed for a break-even point (n), is 13,369,609.7units/year. The plant operates at 74% of the present plant operating capacity. Gross annual earnings is $286,714.588, Net annual earnings is $566,227.22. Pay – back Time, Savings is 1,856,890 units/year with Rate of Return as 74.11per cent and as 1.35years.

Keywords: Cashew, Cost, Evaporator, Extract and Nigeria.s

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Abstract: The role of commercially available Ammonium chloride in organic synthesis can not be understated. This review summarizes the versatile synthetic applications of Ammonium chloride in different chemical transformations. Reactions include Claisen rearrangement, Ullmann coupling, thia-Michael addition, three-component synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones, benzoxazines, iminooxazolines, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines, spirochromenes, spiroacridines, four-component synthesis of dipeptides, pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-ones, crossed-aldol condensation, condensation of carbonyl compounds and indoles, synthesis of quinoxalines, arylbenzothiazoles, bisbenzothiazoles, reduction, and oxidation. Application of this catalyst allows mild and highly selective transformation and synthesis in a facile and environmentally friendly manner. Moreover, Ammonium chloride is an inexpensive and easily available catalyst, which acts under neutral conditons.

Keywords: Ammonium Chloride, Inexpensive, Environmentally Friendly, Acid Catalysis, Organic Synthesis

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Abstract: This paper explores the development of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) as a promising avenue for enhanced energy harvesting, focusing on the technological advancements, challenges, and implications for sustainable energy. Through a comprehensive review, we delve into the historical milestones of OPV evolution, highlighting significant breakthroughs in materials science and device engineering. Recent progress in OPV efficiency, driven by novel organic semiconductor materials, innovative architectural strategies, and scalable fabrication techniques, is thoroughly examined. Despite remarkable advancements, OPVs face technical challenges including charge carrier mobility, recombination losses, and operational stability, alongside economic and environmental considerations for large-scale deployment.

Keywords: Organic Photovoltaics, Energy Harvesting, Sustainable Energy, Material Innovation, Operational Stability

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