Volume-6 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Most Polymers do not possess natural intrinsic properties that will be enough for them to be used as semi- conductors. In the world trend of industrial growth where polymers seem to be replacing all semi-conductors because of their availability, durability, recyclability and reduced cost, attention is being strongly given to their improvement them for this essential function hence the need for this research.Eight samples each of four polymers; polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), poly propylene (PP),nylon 66 were prepared by doping with different concentrationsof graphite to enhance their electrical and thermal conductivities, considering the fact that they are of different intrinsic properties. The samples were testedfor their electrical and thermal conductivities.It was evident that as the concentration of the graphite dopantincreases, the electrical and thermal conductivities of all the polymers increased although not at the same rate.The most interesting fact is that all polymers that showed highly favorable results in electrical conductivity, showed the least for thermal conductivities which can be attributed to their intrinsic properties.

Key words: polymers, doping, graphite, thermal conductivities, electrical conductivities.

[1]. MacDiarmid A.G, Conductive polymer,Epstein American Journal Synthetic metal (65), 1994,103
[2]. Dahman.S.J ,synthesis ,characterization and application of inherently conducting polymers, Journal of polymer engineering and science vol. 39,1999 ,11
[3]. Chung D .L, Graphite,Journal of material Science, 37(8), 2002, 1475 – 1489.
[4]. Pierson H.O, Handbook of Carbon, Graphite, Diamond and Fullerene : properties, processing and applications, (Noyes Publications Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A ,1993)
[5]. Brown L.T, Lemay E.H,Jr., Brusten .E.B, Chemistry, The central science, modern materials 11ed.( Prentice-Hall Inc.,2009)
[6]. Wanekaya A.K, Lei.Y, Bekyarova .E., Chen.W., Haddon .R., fabrication and properties of conducting polypyrrole, Electroanalysis 18, No 11. ( wiley publishers wiley-VCH weinhem U.S.A., 2006) 1047-1054

Abstract: Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.

Keywords: Acquity UPLC H-class, FTIR, Hydralazine hydrochloride, , HPLC, , HR/AM-LCMS, NMR, , structural elucidation

[1]. Merck Index, an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biological, Fourteenth edition, Whitehouse Station,( Merck & Co., New Jersey USA,2006) 824.
[2]. James E F Reynold, Kathleen Barfitt Martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia 31st edition.( Published by the council of royal pharmaceutical society of Great Britain. , 1996 ) 885
[3]. Analytical profiles of drug substances Volume 8 Klaus Florey publication by Academic press. 283-314.
[4]. European pharmacopoeia. 2011, 2: 2191.
[5]. United States pharmacopoeia 36 National formulary Volume 2 pp 3818.
[6]. The Japanese pharmacopoeia sixteenth edition published by pharmaceutical and medical device regulatory science society of Japan. (Shibuya, Tokyo 150-0002 Japan,2012) 924.
[7]. Pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of China , volume II. Chinese pharmacopoeia commission. Published by China medical science press (A-22, Northern Wenhuiyan road, Haidian district Bejing China, 2010) 100082.
[8]. United States patent application publication number US2007/0129546A1, 2007.
[9]. United States patent publication number US7531653B2 , 2009.
[10]. United States patent publication number US 2009187018 A1 , 2009.

Abstract: Various substituted Triazole-Thiol containing different functional group have been synthesized by microwave method. The title product 1-[(3H-indol-2-ylamino) methyl]-4-phenyl-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-3-thiol is synthesized by using amino benzothiazole. The final structures have been established on the basis of their chemical analysis and spectral data. All micro-wave synthesized compounds results into good yield as compared to conventional method of which fluoro substituted compound shows maximum yield.

Keyword: Benzothiazole, 1,2,4-triazole,Microwave irradiation etc

[1]. Y.A. Al-Soud, H.A. Mohammed and A. Abo-Amer, Microwave-assisted synthesis and antioxidant properties of some new 1,2,4-triazole derivatives, Jordan Journal of Chemistry, 5 2010, 119-129
[2]. R. Agrwal and S.S. Pancholi, Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of a series of 1,2,4-triazoles, Der Pharma Chemica, 3 2011, 32-40.
[3]. A. Cansiz, S. Servi, M. Koparir, M. Altintas and M. Digrak. Synthesis and biological activity of Mannich bases of 5-(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 23,2001, 237-240.
[4]. S. Jantová, G. Greif, R. Pavlovičová and L'. Čipák, Antibacterial effects of some 1-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles, Folia Microbiologica, 43,1998, 75-78
[5]. Z. Rezaeia, S. Khabnadideha, K. Pakshirb, Z. Hossainia, F. Amiria and E. Assadpour, Design, synthesis and antifungal activity of triazole and benzotriazole derivatives, European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 44 ,2009, 3064-3067.
[6]. V. Mathew, D. Giles, J. Keshavayya and V. Vaidya, Studies on synthesis and pharmacological activities of 1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]1,3,4-thiadiazoles and their dihydro analogues, Arch Pharm (Weinheim), 342,2009, 210-22.
[7]. M.M.H. Bhuiyan1, M.I. Hossain,M.M. Mahmud ,Mohammad Al-Amin, , Microwave-assisted Efficient Synthesis of Chalcones as Probes for Antimicrobial Activities, Chemistry Journal,01,2011, 21-28

Abstract:Ageratum conyzoides leaves have afforded six compounds which were identified as tritriacontane, henitriacontane, 23-pentatetraacontanone, 3,4,-seco-lup- 20 (29)-en-3-OMe, 3°butyl triacosanoate and methyl tetracosanoate. All are being reported first time from this plant. The different fractions viz. hexane, benzene, ethyl acetate and methanol Ageratum conyzoides leaves were tested for their plant growth inhibitory activity against germination of radish seeds. The percent growth inhibition of radish seeds by different fractions are being reported in this paper.

Key words: Leaves, Ageratum conyzoides, Chromatography, IR, 1HNMR

[1]. A. Anonymous, The wealth of India (NISCOM, New Delhi, India, First Supplement Series, 2000). .

[2]. T.S. Githens , Drug Plants of Africa, 8 (African Handbooks, Pretoria, South Africa, 1948) 59.

[3]. A. L. Okunade, A Review: A. conyzoides L., Fitoterapia, 273, 2002, 1-16

[4]. G.P. Widod, F. L. Sukandar, Sukrasno and I. K. Adnyana, A coumarin from Ageratum leaves (Ageratum conyzoides), International Journal of pharmacology; 4 (1), 2008, 56-59.

[5]. N. Borthakur and A.K.S. Baruah, Search for precocenes in Ageratum conyzoides Linn. of North-East India, J. Indian Chem. Soc., 64, 1987, 580-581.

[6]. V. D. Feo, L. D. Martino, E. Quaranta and C. Pizza, Isolation of phytotoxic compounds from tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) Swingle), J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 2003, 1177- 1180. [7]. J. Buckingham, Dictionary of natural products (Chapman and Hall, London, 1994).

[8]. Sukh Dev, Handbook of Terpenoids, (CRC Press Inc. Boca, Raton, Florida,1989).

[9]. J. Heilbron, A. H. Cook, H.M Bunbuyr. and D.H. Hey (ed). Dictionary of organic compounds (London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1965).

Abstract: The inhibitor 2-amino, 5-phenyl 1,3,4-triazole have been synthesized in alcohol medium. Corrosion of aluminium in 2N hydrochoric acid and the effect of the inhibitors in combating the corrosion have been investigated. The conventional weight loss method and electrochemical potentiodynamic polarizarion method have been employed for aluminium plates. From the above analysis, the inhibiting efficiencies increases with increasing inhibitor concentration then decreases. Polarization and impedance values shows that triazole inhibitor is marginally anodic controlled and activation controlled. SEM micrographs indicate that the metal surface is fully covered with inhibitor molecules thereby providing high degree of protection.

Key Words: Corrosion, Inhibitor, Potentiodynamic polarization, Triazole, Weight loss method.

[1] F.N.Speller, "Corrosion-Causes and Prevention", 8, (1957). [2] L.L.shrier, Corrosion, 1, (1978). [3] K. Parameswari, Study of the mechanistic and kinetic aspects of corrosion inhibition of mild steel by oxadiazoles, thiadiazoles and triazoles in acid media, Ph.D Thesis, Bharathiar University, July(2006). [4] D.A.Jones, Principles and Prevention of corrosion,Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ,USA,2nd edition,1996. [5] G.Y.Elewady, I.A.El-Said, and A.S.Fouda, International Journal of Electrochemical Science,vol.3,pp.644-655,2008. [6] E.A.Noor, Corrosion Science, vol.47,no.1,pp.33-55,2005.

Abstract:Solid waste management has been a serious challenge facing most nations especially the developing nations. In Nigeria most of the cities are littered with solid waste. Corn cob an agricultural waste during its season is found littered in places where they are sold. As a way of managing the waste generated by corn cob, this study was undertaken to ascertain its viability and utilization as an oil spill sorbent mop. The absorption and recoverability of crude oil and its fractions namely; petrol, kerosene and diesel was studied and compared with a standard, a conventional synthetic absorbent mat used in oil spill mop which was subjected to the same experimental condition as corn cob. The experiment was performed with crude oil and its fraction only and a mixture of crude oil and its fraction on water. The result of the study reveals that the synthetic absorbent mat absorbed about five (5) times of crude oil and its fraction more than corn cob and recovered about ten (10) of the absorbed oil more than corn cob. The synthetic absorbent mat did not absorb water while sorbing the oils on water whereas corn cob did. Increase in contact time between corn cob and the oils and synthetic absorbent mat and the oils had no effect in the quantity of oil absorbed.

Keywords: Corn cob, Synthetic absorbent mat, absorption, Recoverability, Solid waste .

[1]. S. Momodu, K.O. Dimuna and J.E. Dimuna, Mitigating the impact of solid wastes in urban centres in Nigeria , J. Hum , Ecol 34(2), 2011, 125-133.
[2]. E. M. Okonkwo and A.N. Eboatu, Environmental pollution and degradation (Zaria : Onis Excel Publishing, 1999).
[3]. I. E. Ukpong and E. P. Udofia, Domestic solid waste management in a rapidly growing Nigerian city of Uyo, J. Hum Ecol, 36(3), 2011, 229-235.
[4]. Corn cob, available at www.thefreedictionary.com/corncob , Retrieved 5/9/13.

Abstract:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) represents the most common form of chronic inflammatory joint disease leading to cartilage and bone destruction, It affects approximately 1-2 % of world's population. The inflammatory process causes diffuse thickening and hyperplasia of the joint Interleukin (IL)-17 is a pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokine produced from Th17 cells. IL-17A is the prototypic member belonging to a family of 6 ranging from IL-17A to IL-17F. IL-17A mediates its biological effects through binding to a receptor complex consisting of IL-17RCA and IL-17RCC subunits.

1]. Murphy G, and Nagase H, Reappraising metalloproteinases in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: destruction or repair? Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol; 2008; 4: 128–35.
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[3]. Miossec P, Interleukin-17 in fashion, at last: ten years after its description, its cellular source has been identified. Arthritis Rheum; 2007; 56: 2111-2115.
[4]. Lubberts E, Koenders MI and Berg WB. The role of T-cell interleukin-17 in conducting destructive arthritis: lessons from animal models. Arthritis Research & Therapy.2005; 7(1):29-27.
[5]. Florianczyk B. "Trace elements as constituents of antioxidative proteins", Journal of pre-clinical and clinical research 2008; 2(1): 25-27.lbron, A. H. Cook, H.M Bunbuyr. and D.H. Hey (ed). Dictionary of organic compounds (London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1965).

Abstract:The removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions onto chemically modified orange peel was studied at varying initial metal concentrations, adsorbent doses, pH and contact times. Batch experiments were carried out under optimized conditions to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the orange peel chemically modified with sodium hydroxide. The residual Cr (VI) concentrations after biosorption were analyzed by FAAS. The biosorbent was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and BET.

[1] Marín, A.B.P., Aguilar, M.I., Meseguer, V.F., Ortuńo, J.F., Sáez, J. and Lloréns, M. "Biosorption of chromium (III) by orange (Citrus Cinesis) waste: batch and continuous studies. Chemical Engineering Journal", vol 155, pp.199-206, 2009.

[2] Sud, D., Mahajan, G. and Kaur, N.P. "Agricultural waste material as potential adsorbent for sequestering heavy metal ions form aqueous solutions: A review". Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, pp. 6017-6027, 2008.

[3] Wu, D., Sui, Y, He, S., Wang, X., Li, C. and Kong, H. "Removal of trivalaent chromium from aqueous solution by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 155, pp. 415-423, 2008.

[4] Kowalski, Z. "Treatment of chromic tannery wastes". Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 37, pp.137-144, 1994.
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[6] Juang, R.S. and Shiau, R.C. "Metal removal from aqueous solutions using chitosan-enhanced membrane filtration". Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 165, pp. 159-167, 2000.

[7] Egli, H., Dassenakis, M., Garelick, H., Van Grieken, R., Peijnenburg, W., Klasinc, L., Kördel, W., Priest, N. and Tavares, T.. "Minimum requirements for reporting analytical data for environmental samples". Pure and applied Chemistry, vol. 75, pp. 1097-1106, 2003.