IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-3 ~ APRIL-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Analysis Of Owner Managed And Lease Managed System Of Cocoa Production In Ekiti State Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Sekumade A. B.
	:	10.9790/2380-07310106

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the comparative study of Owner managed and Lease managed system of cocoa production in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Through a multistage sampling technique, one hundred and twenty (120) respondents were interviewed and data collected with the aid of a well structured questionnaire. Data were analysed with Descriptive Statistics, Probit Regression Analysis and Budgetary techniques. The respondents are basically farmers with high involvement in cocoa plantation. The result of the descriptive statistic shows that majority of the respondents are Male (90.2%) while 9.8%of the respondents are Female, the respondents are between the age of 20 -82 years with a mean age of 56 years, 90.8% of the respondents are married while only 9.2% are single, the average household size is 7.
Keywords: Cocoa Production, Ekiti State, Lease Managed, Owner Managed.

[1]. Ajibefun, I.A.and Daramola 2003: 'Determinants of Technical and Allocative Efficiency of Micro enterprises: Firm – level Evidence from Nigeria'. Bulletin of African Development Bank 4: 353 – 395.
[2]. Cocoa Research institute of Nigeria (CRIN) (2003): Bulletin of Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria CRIN, Ibadan Vol.12 (2003).
[3]. Folayan, J. A. Daramola, G. A. and Oguntade A. E (2006): Structure and Performance Evaluation of Cocoa Marketing Institution in South-Western Nigeria: An Economic Analysis. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment (2006) 4(2): 123 – 128.
[4]. Nkang N.M., Abang S.O., Akpan O.E and Offem J.K (2006): Cointegration and Error Correction Modelling of Agricultural Export Trade in Nigeria.The case of Cocoa.Journal of Agriculture and Social Science, 2006.
[5]. Oladosu, I.O. and Sanusi, W.A (2004): Communication Effectiveness between Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) and Cocoa farmers in Cocoa Producing Areas of Oyo State. Journal of Rural Research and Information, 1: 77 – 86 (2004).

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out in vegetable Research Farm ,during ninth of February to tenth of May in 2013 with following combination of which was T1 (V1 ( NOH-15 ) without FYM), T2 (V1 ( NOH-15 ) +Farm yard manure FYM 15 t /ha) , T3 (V1( NOH-15 ) + Farm yard manure FYM 25 t /ha), T4 (V2 (SONAL) without FYM), T5 (V2(SONAL) + Farm yard manure FYM 15 t /ha), T6 (V2 (SONAL) + Farm yard manure FYM 25 t /ha) , T7 (V3( OH -2324) without FYM), T8 (V3( OH -2324) + Farm yard manure FYM 15 t /ha) and T9 (V3 (OH -2324) + Farm yard manure FYM 25 t /ha) . The minimum Days to germination of seed in different okra treatments (3.68) was with treatment T5 (SONAL+FYM 15 tone/ha), The maximum T.S.S. (0Brix) was recorded in the T6 was (2.84), the maximum number of leaves was (49.35), The maximum number of branches was (2.80), The maximum average number of fruit per plant was (23.15), The maximum average Fresh weight of fruit was (12.43 g), The maximum fruit yield per plant was (287.61 g) the maximum Average fruit yield per hectare was (16.25 t/ha) The maximum ascorbic acid was (15.58 mg/100g), maximum plant height was (127.6 cm), and were produced by the treatment (T9)(OH-2324 +25 t/ha FYM ) , It was the best treatment for growth and yield of okra
Key word: Okra, Abelmoschus esculantus L. Monech , FYM , growth, yield and fruits quality.

[1]. Akintoye HA, Adepayo AG, Aina OO (2011): Growth and yield response of okra intercropped winth lieu mulches. Asion J. Agric.
Res. 5:146-153.
[2]. Anil kumar D. Talageri , J.Narayana and Y.P. Shilpshree. (2011). A Comparative Assessment of Organic manures and Inorganic
Fertilizers on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) International Journal of Life Sciences 2(1):53-59.
[3]. Chaterjee, B.;Ghanti,P.;Thapa,U and Tripathy,P. (2005). Effect of organic nutrition in spro broccoli (Brassica aleraceae var.
italica plenck). Vegetable Science. 33 (1): 51-54.
[4]. Gopalan. C., Rama sastri . B.V. and Balasubramanian. S., (2007). Nutritive Value of Indian Foods, Published by Natritive
Istitute of Natrition (NIN), ICMR.
[5]. Gruhn,p.; Goletti,F and Yudelman, M.(2000).Integrated Nutrient Management, Soil Fertility and Sustainable Agriculture. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion:1-31.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Phytochemical Analysis of Phyllanthus Maderaspatensis And Celosia Argentea
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. Swarupa Rani, R. R. Venkata Raju
	:	10.9790/2380-07311314

ABSTRACT: Phyllanthus maderaspatensis a dominant weed in Jowar fields and Celosia argentea a dominant weed in Redgram fields were identified by the IVI studies conducted in the test fields of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Though they are weed plants they have medicinal value .Being the test weeds are known ethanobotanicals in the area root and shoot extracts were analysed to indicate the quality/groups of secondary metabolites.
Keywords: Phyllanthus maderaspantensis, Celosia argentea, Phytochemical analysis.

[1]. Amarasingham, R.P., Biset , N.G., Millard P.H , and Woods , M. C. 1964. Phytochemicl Survey of Malaya part II. Alkaloids and Saponins. J.Econ. Bot. 18: 270-278..
[2]. Camporese, A. 1997. L' aromatogramma: metodi, corretto, utillizzo, prospective di ricerea. Rivista Haliana Eppos 21, 4.
[3]. Koneman, E.W. 1995. Testo Atlante di Microbiologia Diagnostica, 2md ed. A.
[4]. Waltor H. F. 1971. Principle and methods of chemical analysis. Prentice– HALL Of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[5]. Yu. J.Q., Lei, J.C., Yu, H, Cai, X. & 204, G.l. 2004. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Scutellaria barbata, phytochem 65:881-884.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ambient Temperature Associated Variations In Serum Urea And Creatinine In Marwari Goats
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gurdeep Kour, Nalini Kataria, Ninad Sahebrao Lawhale
	:	10.9790/2380-07311518

ABSTRACT: The present investigation was carried out on 540 apparently healthy Marwari goat of either sex, between 5 months to 4 years of age, to assess ambient temperature associated variations in serum metabolites of hepatic functions during moderate (October and November), hot (May and June) and cold (December and January) ambient temperature periods. In each ambient temperature period 180 blood samples were collected and the animals were grouped into male (90) and female (90). Further each group was divided according to age as 5-10 months (30 male and 30 female); 1-2 years (30 male and 30 female) and 2.5-4 years (30 male and 30 female). Serum metabolites of hepatic functions included in the study were urea and creatinine and the overall mean values were 5.62±0.20 mmol/l (3-14 mmol/l) and 94.97±2.90 μmol/l (55-153 μmol/l) respectively. The mean value of serum creatinine was significantly (p≤0.05) higher during hot and non significantly higher (p>0.05) during cold ambient temperature periods in comparison to overall moderate mean values, respectively. In each ambient temperature period the sex effect was significant (p≤0.05) for both metabolites serum urea and serum creatinine, the values were higher in male animals. In each ambient temperature period the age effect was significant (p≤0.05) for both the metabolites, serum urea and serum creatinine the values being highest in the animals of 2.5-4 years of age. The present study indicated that extreme ambience can stimulate the liver of the animals of both the sexes and all age groups, which was reflected in the form of increased activity metabolites in the serum.
Keywords: Ambient temperature, Marwari goat, Serum, urea, creatinine.

[1] L S. Al-Bassam, S M. Azwai, O E. Abdouslam, S A. Al-lzzi, and A M. Al-Dawek, Effect of season on haematological parameters in clinically normal Llamas (Lama glama) raised in Libya, J. Camel Prac. Res., 14(2), 2007, 187-194.
[2] A K. Kataria, and N Kataria, Stress induced changes in serum vitamin A and enzyme levels in Rathi calves. The Indian Cow, 2(5), 2005, 16-19.
[3] G S. Gottam, N Kataria, A K. Kataria, and L Singh, Serum metabolic profile of goats during stress, Veterinary Practitionar, 5(2), 2005, 156-158.
[4] H. Varley, Tests in liver and biliary tract disease, in Practical Clinical Biochemistry (Ed. 4), (New Delhi, CBS publishers, 1988) 158-467.
[5] G.W. Snedecor, and W.G. Cochran, (1967). In: Statistical Methods (Ed. 6), (New Delhi, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., 1967) 45-83.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Detection of Marek's disease virus meq gene in Feather follicle by Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ninad Sahebrao Lawhale, Amarjit Singh, Dipak Deka, Ranvijay Singh, Ramneek Verma
	:	10.9790/2380-07311924

ABSTRACT: Marek's disease, caused by lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus, is one of the most economically significant diseases of poultry. Despite the ubiquitous use of vaccination to control losses, Marek's disease still affects poultry farming worldwide with an estimated annual loss up to US $2 billion. There is a need for a simple and rapid diagnostic method for early detection of Marek's disease virus from clinical samples under field conditions. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay was developed using a set of six primers in order to detect meq gene segment of oncogenic Marek's disease virus (serotype-1) in feather tips of chickens. Bst polymerase was used for the isothermal amplification of viral DNA at 65oC for 60 min in a water bath. The fluorescence signal was identified in Marek's disease virus-positive samples after the addition of SYBR Green I under ultraviolet illumination. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique was found to be more sensitive as compared to Marek's disease virus-specific PCR for the detection of Marek's disease caused by oncogenic Marek's disease virus. The results demonstrate a significant advantage of loopmediated isothermal amplification in diagnosis of Marek's disease compared to conventional PCR as it can be carried out in most situations where rapid diagnosis is required, like in field conditions.
Keywords: Marek's disease, rapid detection, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, feather tips, poultry.

[1] R.L. Witter, K.A. Schat, Marek's Disease, in Y.M. Saif, H.J .Barnes, J.R. Glisson, A.M. Fadly, L.R. McDougall, D.E. Swayne (Ed), Diseases of Poultry, (Ames, Iowa State Press, 2003)407-465.
[2] B.W. Calnek , R.L. Witter, Marek's Disease in B.W. Calnek, H.J. Barnes, C.W. Beard (Ed) Diseases of Poultry, (Ames, Iowa State Press, 1997) 363-413.
[3] I Davidson, R. Borenshtain, The feather tips of commercial chickens are a favourable source of DNA for the amplification of Marek's disease virus and avian leukosis virus, Avian Pathol,31, 2002, 237-40.
[4] T Notomi, H. Okayama, H. Masubuchi, T. Yonekawa, K. Watanabe, N. Amino, T. Hase, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA, Nucleic Acids Res., 28(12), 2000, 63.
[5] G. Wozniakowski, E S. Salamonowicz, W. Kozdrun, Rapid detction of Marek's disease virus in feather follicles by loop-mediated amplification, Avian Dis., 55, 2011,462-67.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Enhancing biogas production rate of cattle manure using rumen fluid of ruminants
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Rabiu, A., Yaakub, H., Liang, J. B., Samsudin, A. A.
	:	10.9790/2380-07312528

ABSTRACT: The effects of rumen fluid from cattle and goats used as inoculums to increase biogas production using cattle manure as a substrate were investigated. Approximately 100 grams of fresh cattle manure (M) was assigned to each biodigester and mixed with rumen fluid (R) and a distilled water (W) according to five different treatment ratios, T1 (1:1:0); T2 (1:0.75:0.25); T3 (1:0.5:0.5); T4 (1:0.25:0.75); and T5 (1:0:1) (correspond to 0; 12.5; 25, 37.5; 50 % rumen fluid, respectively). All treatments were prepared in triplicates and runs at mesophilic condition. No significant different (P>0.05) was observed when comparing the biogas produced between the two type of rumen fluid used in this study. However, significant difference was noted when comparing between hours interval in the cattle manure inoculated with rumen fluid of the cattle and also goats. Data recorded that cattle rumen fluids produced more biogas than the goats. It was established that the increase in the biogas production at certain level was in respond to the amount of rumen fluids added into the mixture. The best performance of biogas production in this study was observed if the rumen fluid used between the ranges of 0.75 to 1 that correspond to 37.5 – 50 % of rumen fluid respectively.
Keywords: biogas, cattle manure, rumen fluid.

[1] Ezeonu S. O. Dioha IJ, Eboatu AN, Daily Report production from different wastes and identification of methanogenic bacteria involved, Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 15, 2006, 80-85.
[2] Kalia VC, Sonakya V, Raizada N., Anaerobic digestion of banana stems waste, Bioresource Technology, 73, 2000, 191-193
[3] Elijah, T. I., I. A. Mangibo, and Y. S. Mohammad, The study of cow dung as co-substrate with rice husk in biogas production, Scientific Research and Essay, 4(9), 2009, 861-866.
[4] Budiyono, Wadiasa, I. N., Johari, S., Sunarso, Increasing biogas production rate from cattle manure using rumen fluid as inoculums, International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10(1), 2010, 68-75.
[5] Alnaney, R and G. Liden, The effect of temperature variation on bio methanation at high altitude, Bioresource Technology 99:2008, 7278-7284.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluation of different non-chemical wax moth prevention methods in the backyards of rural beekeepers in the North West dry land areas of Ethiopia
Country	:	Ethiopia
Authors	:	Alemu Tsegaye, Abebe Jenberie Wubie, Addisu Bihonegn Eshetu, Meresa Lemma
	:	10.9790/2380-07312936

ABSTRACT: Wax moths are ubiquitous pests of honey bee colonies that destroy beeswax combs. To study the efficiency of different preventing techniques in local conditions, five treatments were assigned to purposively selected wax moth susceptible colonies. The results have revealed that 66.7% of the colonies have absconded from control treatments due to wax moth infestation. Colonies assigned to supplementary feeding (with 16391.3 bee population) were significantly better than other treatments in preventing serious wax moth attacks while the control group possessed the lowest value (12588.23). This further elucidated that strong colonies had better strength to defend pest attacks. Even if the overall average number of wax moth infected combs was 1.16 combs per colony, tobacco leaf smoke had the lowest (0.39) infected combs. Furthermore, the control group was the highest in the number of counted wax moth larvae (471) where tobacco leaf smoking was with the lowest value (43). In conclusion, supplementary feeding and appropriate use of tobacco leaf smoke shall be used as a combined recommendation in reducing the damage. Moreover, training of beneficiaries in appropriate use of tested methods and seasonal colony management techniques should be included in the package. Based on the current trends in wax moth damage in the country, studies on all possible safe preventive strategies will be a focus of future national research directions. Thus, this contribution, we believe, will be used as a building block. Of course, attempts in developing a natural enemy against wax moth adults shall keep the balance in the environment as the insect is also beneficial in the ecology.
Key Words: wax moth, wax moth attack, infestation, supplementary feeding, wax moth trap, tobacco leaf smoke, absconding, ecology.

[1]. Amssalu et al, (2011) Management practices to prevent wax moth, a pest of honeybees HBRC, Holleta, Ethiopia
[2]. Arbogast, R.T, Leonard lecato, G, Van Bayrd, R (1980) External morphology of some eggs of stored-product moths (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Gelechiidae, Tineidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 9(3): 165-177. ISSN: 0020-7322 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7322(80)90013-6
[3]. Burges, H; Bailey, L (1968a) Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis in foundation beeswax and beecomb in beehives for the control of Galleria mellonella. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 28(2): 217-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(76)90125-7
[4]. Burges, H; Bailey, L (1968b) Control of the greater and lesser wax moths (Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella) with Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 11(2): 184-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2011(68)90148-1
[5]. Burgett, D M; Tremblay, A (1979) Controlled release fumigation of the greater wax moth. Journal of Economic Entomology 72: 616-617.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	In vitroUterotonicEffects of Ethanolic Fruit Extract of Picralimanitida(Stapf) on Isolated Uterine Smooth Muscles of Rats
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Edmund C. Mbegbu, Izuchukwu S. Ochiogu,Ebere O. Odirichukwu, Chiadikobi E. Onyia,Ernest C. Nweze, Oluwa A. Agbonu, Chukwuka N. Uchendu
	:	10.9790/2380-07313743

ABSTRACT: Effects of aqueous ethanolic fruit extract of Picralimanitida (EFEPN) on uterine contractility were investigated using rat model. Uterine muscle strips were harvested from sexually mature non-gravid female rats weighing 200-250 g. In each experiment, strip of about 1cm was mounted in a 35ml organ bath containing Krebs’physiological salt solution, connected to an isometric electronic force displacement transducer and an oscillograph. The following drugs were used as receptor agonists or antagonist: Verapamil (0.02 - 0.2 mol), Salbutamol (0.2 mol),Isoprenaline (0.1 mol), Adrenaline (9.1 nmol), Propranolol (1.0 mol), andPrazosin (10.0 nmol). Both the extract and the standard drugs were applied at concentrations corresponding to the final bath concentration. The extract was found to induce a dose-dependent myometrial contraction at concentrations ranging from 0.035-0.28 mg/ml, whereas concentrations above this range caused a progressive relaxative effect on the uterine muscle tissue. The effective concentrations (EC50) were 0.056 mg/ml and 1.06 mg/ml for contractile and the relaxative responses respectively. The extract did not elicit any contractile response in a physiological salt solution devoid of calcium ions. The contractile response evoked by a fixed concentration of the extract (0.07 mg/ml) decreased as the concentration of verapamil (0.02-0.2 mol) increased. The extract (0.07 mg/ml) did not restore the spontaneous myometrial contraction previously abolished by adrenaline (9.1 nmol) and a selective β-adrenergic receptor agonist, salbutamol (0.2 mol) respectively. However, about 26.3% contraction was observed when a non-selective β-adrenergic stimulant, isoprenaline (0.1 mol) was added simultaneously with the extract. Also, propranolol (0.3 mol) potentiated the contractile response of this extract. Again, when -adrenoceptors of the uterine tissue were selectively blocked by prazosin (10 nmol), the extract did not produce any contractile effect. From this study, it was concluded that EFEPN has the capacity to induce myometrial contraction at a lower concentration. Again, it is noteworthy that mobilization of extracellular calcium ions and stimulation of the -adrenoceptors are among the combined possible mechanisms employed by this spasmogen in the induction of the observed myometrial contraction.

[1]. Adjanohoun, JE, Aboubakar, N, Diamante, K, Ebot, ME, Ekpere, JA, Enow-Orock, EG, Focho, D, Gbile, ZO, Kamanyi, A, Kamsu, KJ, Keita, A, Mbenkum, T, Mbi, CN, Mbiele, AL, Mbome, IL, Mubiru, NK, Nancy, WL, Nkongmeneck, B, Satabie, B, Sofowora, A, Tamze, V and Wirmum, CK (1996). Contribution to ethnobotanical and floristic studies in Cameroon, Traditional Medicine and Pharmacopoeia. Technical and Research Commission of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU/STRC), pp 60-61.
[2]. Aguwa, CN, Ukwe, CV, Inya-Agha, SI and Okonta, JM (2001). Antidiabetic effect of Picralimanitida aqueous seed extract in experimental rabbit model. Journal of Natural Remedies1 2:135–139.
[3]. Arrowsmith, S, Kendrick, A and Wray, S (2010). Drugs acting on the pregnant uterus. Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive medicine. Vol. 20, issue 88. Pp. 241-247
[4]. Bulletti, C, De Ziegler, D, Polli, V, Diotallevi, L, Del Ferro, E and Flamigni, C (2000). Uterine contractility during the menstral cycle. Human Reprod. 15 Suppl 1:81-89.
[5]. Duwiejua, M, Woode, E and Obiri, DD (2002). Pseudo-akuammigine, an alkaloid from Picralimanitida seeds, has anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions in rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology81:73–79.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Relationship of Fecundity and different body parameters of Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) in captive condition in the Agro climatic condition of Assam, India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arup Buragohain, M. M. Goswami
	:	10.9790/2380-07314450

ABSTRACT: Fecundity of an indigenous Indian cat fish Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822) during spawning season (April to July, 2011) has been studied. Relationship of fecundity (F) with body weight (BW), total length (TL), ovary length (OL), ovary weight (OW), gonadosomatic index (GSI%) and ova diameter (OD) was calculated. Fecundity is found to be the lowest (3947.91 ± 506.42) in the month of April and the highest (10957.47 ± 3031.49) in the month of June. The value of Correlation coefficient (r) between F and BW is highly significant (r=0.95) followed by F and OW (r=0.88) > F and OL (r=0.74) > F and TL (r=0.60) and > F and GSI (r=0.51). The correlation between with F and OD has not shown significant correlationship (0.09). Fecundity exhibits the highest correlationship (r) with BW, OW, TL and GSI during the month of June.
Key words: Clarias magur, Fecundity and Correlation coefficient.

[1] HH. Ng and M. Kottelat, The identity of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758), with the designation of a neotype (Teleostei: Clariidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 153, 2008, 725-732.
[2] W. Vishwanath :Clarias magur: IUCN 2012.IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2.www.iucnredlist.org
[3] G.V. Nikolsky, Ecology of Fishes (London: Academic Press London, 1963) 352.
[4] K.F. Lagler, T.E. Bardach and R.R. Miller, Ichthyology (Inc. New York, London, Sydney, John Willey & Sons, 1967) 271-274.
[5] K.F. Lagler, Ennumeration of fish eggs, In freshwater fishery biology, 2nd Ed. ( Dubuque: W.M. Brown company publishers, 1956) 106-110.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Maternal Effects on Reciprocals for Some Yield and Yield Components in Upland Cottons (Gossypium Spevies L.)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	S.Y. Simon A.M. Kadams , S.J. Louis
	:	10.9790/2380-07315153

ABSTRACT: Crosses were made between eight cotton genotypes in a full diallel crossing pattern in 2005/2006 at the Research farm of the School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Yola. The resulting 56 F1 hybrids along with their parents were evaluated in the cropping seasons of 2007 and 2008 at Yola, Adamawa State and Sibre, Taraba State, Nigeria in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study investigated the reciprocal and maternal effects on the parents and reciprocal crosses; SAMCOT 8 x SAMCOT 9, TAMCOTCAMD-E x EX-Benin and SAMCOT 13 x SAMCOT. SAMCOT 12 was the maternal parent that showed the highest maternal effect for yield and yield components, which could be said to be responsible for the phenotypic expression of the reciprocals.
Key words: Maternal effects, hybrids, cotton, reciprocal effects and yield components.

[1]. Aliyu, B. (2001). Inheritance of pubescence and genetic compatibility between cowpea (vigna unguiculata (L) Walp.) and V. rhomboidea Burtt. Davy. Ph.D Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
[2]. Edwards, K.J.R. and Emara, Y.A (1970). Variation in plant development within a population of Lilium multiflorum, Heredity, 25: 179-194
[3]. Falconer, D.S (1989). Introduction to quantitative genetics. 3rd ed. Longman scientific and technical, Essex, England.
[4]. Gardner, E.J., and D.P. Snustad, (1981). Principles of Genetics. John Willey. 510p
[5]. Jinks, J.L., J.M. Perkins and S. Gregory, (1972). The analysis and interpretation of difference between reciprocal crosses of Nicotiana rustica varieties. Heredity. 26:363-377.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A rare case of ovarian granulosa cell tumor in Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. P. Kamdi, P. M. Sonkusale, S. W. Raut, R. K. Pande, A. G. Bhandarkar and N. V. Kurkure
	:	10.9790/2380-07315455

ABSTRACT: In the present study ovarian granulosa cell tumour was diagnosed during necropsy of a turkey. Grossly the ovary was enlarged appeared nodular, friable and lobulated. Microscopically, the type cells were identified as granulosa cells. The tumour showed folliculoid pattern in larger masses of cells along with severe hemorrhages.
Key words: Granulosa cells, Turkey, Call–Exner bodies.

[1] R. P. Awadhiya, and S. K. Jain, Studies on the pathology of neoplasms in animals,Indian Veterinary. Journa,44, 1967, 917-919.
[2] D. J. Meuten, (Tumors in domestic animals fourth edition, Iowa state press. 55, 2002)
[3] R. L. Reece, Other tumours of unknown etiology. In: Saif YM, Barnes HJ, Glisson JR, Fadly AM, McDougald, L. R. and Swayne, D. E.
(Edn).Dis. Poultry. (11thEdn. Blackwell Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 542-545, 2003)
[4] R. N. Sharma, Ovarian tumour and teratoma in poultry. Indian J. Vet.Pathol. 14, 1990, 79-81.
[5] S. D. Sharma, and P. B. Kuppuswamy, Granulosa cell tumour in poultry. Indian Vet. J. 47, 1970, 630-632.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Estimating the Phosphate Fertilizer Need of Soybean (Glycine Max (L) Merr.) In Some Ultisols In Benue State, Nigeria From Their Solution Phosphate Concentration
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Bemgba Anjembe, O. Olatunji, C. O. Adejuyigbe
	:	10.9790/2380-07315661

ABSTRACT: Ultisols in Benue state were studied to determine the solution phosphate concentration (SPC) required to obtain optimum yield of soybean for estimating the P fertilizer requirement of soybean. Soil inorganic P was fractionated using standard procedures. Sorption characteristics were determined in 0.01 M CaCl2 solutions of various P concentrations. Amounts of P that gave 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.100, 0.125, 0.150, 0.175, 0.200, 0.225, 0.250 mg kg-1 solution concentration were estimated from adsorption curves. In the greenhouse, 4 kg of soil from each location was placed in plastic pots. P estimated was added as KH2PO4. Treatments were laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design. Soybean (TGx 1448-2E) was planted to maturity. The shoot was dried, weighed, milled and digested in a 4:1 HNO3:HClO4 mixture and analyzed for P. SPC was determined in relation to yield. Field trial was conducted at Vanam and phosphate fertilizer quantity that resulted in 0.0, 0.5 SPC, 1.0 SPC, and 2.0 SPC was added per plot, seeds were drilled and replicated thrice. At harvest, SPC that gave highest grain yield was evaluated and the quantity of P required (SPR) to achieve this concentration was calculated. High grain yield was obtained at Vanam and Abaji-Kpav at SPC of 0.025 mg P kg-1, Ogyoma attained optimum yield at 0.050 mg P kg-1 and Ofugo of 0.075mg P kg-1, in the green house experiment. The estimated SPC value gave high grain yield in the field trial. Highest P fertilization would be required at Ofugo while Vanam would require the least.
Key words: solution, phosphate, concentration, fertilization, ultisols, optimum, yield.

[1]. Adetunji M.T (1995). Equilibrium phosphate concentration as an estimate of phosphate needs of maize in some tropical Alfisols. Journal of tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 72:285-289
[2]. Aduayi, E.A,V.O. Chude, B.A. Adebusuyi and S.O. Olayiwola eds.(2002). Fertilizer use and management practices for crops in Nigeria. 3rd ed. S.B.Garko international limited. 67-70.
[3]. Barrow, N.J and T.C Shaw. (1975). The slow reactions between anions and soil. 2: Effect of temperature and time on the decrease in phosphate concentration in soil solution. Soil Sci. 119: 167-177
[4]. Bouyoucos, G.H.( 1951). A recalibration of the hydrometer method for testing mechanical analysis of soils. Agronomy Journal. 43:434-438.
[5]. Brady, N.C. and R. R. Weil. (2008). Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils, 4th ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Upper saddle River NJ 726-731.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of pH and Temperature on the Efficiency of Indigenous Algae to Remove Contaminants from Artificial Wastewaters
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Abdus Salam, Zahir Shah, Khitab Ullah, Imran Khan
	:	10.9790/2380-07316272

ABSTRACT: A series of Lab incubation experiments were conducted to assess the effect of different pHs (5.5., 7.0 and 8.5) and temperature ranges (25, 30 and 35 0C) on the ability of indigenous algal species for removal of contaminants and other heavy metals, from artificial contaminated water during 2012-13. For this purpose, algal samples were collected from different areas in district Buner. Artificial contaminated waters were prepared and amended to pH 5.5, 7.0 or 8.5 using dilute alkali or acid and then each set was inoculated with mix culture of Microspora, Navicula, Chaetophora, Spirogyra, Apanothece, and Hydrodictyon as these were most abundant and common algal species in Buner. After inoculation, each set was incubated at 25, 30 or 35 oC for 10 days. The results obtained on the efficiency of indigenous algae collected from Buner to remove contaminants and other heavy metals from artificial wastewaters under different pH levels (5.5, 7.0 and 8.5) and temperature ranges (25, 30 and 35 0C) showed that a mix culture of algae viz., Microspora, Navicula, Chaetophora, Spirogyra, Apanothece, and Hydrodictyon removed variable amount of heavy metals ranged from 37 % in case of Cu up to 96 % in case of Ni from wastewaters. The results revealed that change in pH between 5.5 and 8.5 and in temperature between 25 and 350C had no remarkable influence on the efficiency of algae to remove these elements from contaminated water.

[1]. Bailey, S.E., T.J. Olin, R.M. Bricka, and D.D. Adrain. 1999. A Review of Potentially Low-cost Sorbents for Heavy Metals. Water. Resour. 33(11): 2469-2479.
[2]. Bhatti, A.U. 2006. Statistical Procedure for Analysis of Agriculture Research Experiments. Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, pp 293.
[3]. Nomanbhay, S.M., and K. Palanisamy. 2005. Removal of Heavy Metal from Industrial wastewater Using Chitosan-coated Oil Palm Charcoal. Electronic J. Biotech. 8 (1): 0717-3458.
[4]. Megharaj, M., H.W. Pearson, and K. Venkateswarlu. 1992. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by immobilized cells of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus bijugatus isolated from soil. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 14: 656-658.
[5]. Oswald, W.J. 1995. Ponds in the twenty-first century. Water Sci. Technol. 31: 1-8.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Residual effect of nutrient integration on some selected soil chemical properties of the guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olatunji, O., S. A. Ayuba, A. Ali
	:	10.9790/2380-07317377

ABSTRACT: The effects which integrated Nutrients (organic, inorganic and Biological Nitrogen fixer) had on soil chemical properties were evaluated after the conduct of the main experiment using maize as the experiment unit in 2008 and 2009. Treatments and treatment rates used were as follows. Poultry manure (0, 30 and 6 tha-1), NPK 20-10-10 (0, 150 and 300 Kg ha-1), cowpea (ITAS EARLY). Treatments were combined pair-wise to give ten treatments. The experiments were conducted at the University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Teaching and Research Farm. The experimental design used was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replication was done thrice. Plot size measured 3 m X 4 m with an alley of 1 m between blocks and 0.5 m between plots. Maize was planted on rows spaced 75 cm apart and 50 cm within the row, three seeds were planted per hole and latter thinned to two plants per stand at 2 weeks after planting (2 WAP), this gave a total plant population of 53,333 plants per hectare. Before the on set of the experiment soil samples to a depth of 15 cm were collected to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil. Soil samples were also analyzed at harvest in 2008 and 2009 to determine the chemical properties of the soil as affected by various treatment combinations. Integrated application of organic manure + NPK 20 – 10 – 10 + Cowpea (ITAS EARLY) have positive impact (P < 0.05) on soil organic manure (SOM), soil Nitrogen P, soil exchangeable cations in terms K, Ca, Mg and Na. In 2009, the combination of 6 t ha-1 poultry manure + 300 kg ha-1 NPK 20 – 10 – 10 gave the highest in terms of exchangeable bases K, Ca, Mg, Na (0. 42, 4.01, 3.20 and 0.64 c mol kg-1 respectively). For soil fertility sustenance 6 t ha-1 poultry manure + 300 kg ha-1 NPK 20 – 10 – 10 and cowpea (ITAS EARLY) will be recommended for the study area.
Keywords: Nutrient Integration, soil chemical properties, Integrated application, Savanna agro-ecological zone.

[1]. Alfaro, M. A. Jarvis, S. C. and Gregory, P.J. 2004. Factors affecting leaching in different soils. Soil use and management. 20 : 182 – 189
[2]. AOAC. (1990). Official methods of analysis Association of official analytical chemists, Washington DC., Pp. 123 – 126
[3]. Bekunda, M. A., Bationa, A., and Ssali, A. (1997). Soil fertility management in Africa. A review of selected research trails. In: Burresh, P.J., Sanchez. P. A., Calhour, F. (eds) replenishing soil fertility in African. Soil science society of American special publication No. 51. Soil Science Society of American, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin, USA Pp. 63 – 79.
[4]. Bremner, J. S and Mulraney, C.S (1982). Nitrogen total. In: Methods of soil analysis, part 2 chemical and microbial properties. Page, Al (ed.) 2nd ed. Agronomy monograph No. 9 American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WL, ISBN: 0 – 89118 – 810 – X Pp : 100 – 224.
[5]. Bray, R. H and Kurtz, L.T. (1945). Determination of total organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science 59 : 39 – 45

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Women and Post Harvest Fish Production in the Niger Delta Area
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ibim Adaba Tonye, Amiye Francis
	:	10.9790/2380-07317882

ABSTRACT: The Niger Delta Area of Nigeria is synonymous with large expanse of water bodies: wetlands, coastlines and pondable land areas. Subsequently, the main stay of the people is fishing and fish farming. It is, therefore, of great necessity that persons capable of post harvest production (handling, processing and preservation) be available to utilize the landed catch, in so doing prevent spoilage and financial losses, and adding taste/value to the fish product. Furthermore, food security and sustainable development will be ensured. It has been noted that the sole and primary persons involved in post-harvest production of landed fish in the Niger Delta are women, as they receive the landed fish from the fishers. However, this role of women and the associated challenges are unrecognized. This neglect resulted in the women abandoning their role for "greener pastures", thus creating a vacuum in the food production chain. It is imperative therefore, that these women be empowered, if continuous and improved post harvest production of landed fish is to be enjoyed. Accruing benefits from such developmental programmes summarily, include; improved post harvest products, improved income and living standards of women, prevention of fish spoilage and financial losses , and the ensuring of food security and sustainable development.
Key words: Fish, food security, post harvest production, Niger Delta Area, sustainable development and women.

[1]. Alamu Aiamu, S.O.,1992. The role of women fish monger on commercial handling and Marketing in JebbaLake Basin. NIFFR Annual Report pp.142-150.
[2]. Ayanwu, P. E., Gabriel, U. U., Akinrotimi, O. A., Bekibele, D. O. and Onunkwo, D. N. 2007. Brackish Water Aquaculture: A Veritable Tool for the Empowerment of Niger Delta communities, (Review). Academic Journals Scientific Research and Essay Vol. 2 (8) 295 – 301 ISSN 1992 – 2248 ©.
[3]. Ayinla, O. A.,2003. Integrated Aquaculture: A Veritable Tool for Poverty Alleviation/Hunger Eradication in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, In: Proceedings of the Conference of Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON) 2003, A.A. Eyo, J. O. Ayanda (eds).Pp. 41 -49.
[4]. Catagay, C.,2001. Trade, Gender and Poverty United Nation Development Programme, New York Central Bank of Nigeria. Annual Agric. Survey. 2 (3): 6-7.
[5]. Bako, W. S.,2004. The Role of Women in Fish Processing, Handling and Marketing in Kainji Lake Basin.Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Soc. of Nigeria (FISON) Ilorin 29th – 3rd Dec. 2004.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Extent of extraneous water and detection of various adulterants in market milk at Mirpurkhas, Pakistan
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Ghulam Shabir Barham, Muhammad Khaskheli, Aijaz Hussain Soomro, Zaheer Ahmed Nizamani
	:	10.9790/2380-07318389

ABSTRACT: In Pakistan, milk adulteration is a growing issue of significant importance. This problem persists at every level; from production point to consumption. Adulteration poses ill effects on the public health. This study was designed to screen the various adulterants in the market milk sold in the vicinity of Mirpurkhas district of Sindh, Pakistan during the year 2013. A total of 100 milk samples were collected. Twenty milk samples (n= 20) from each of milk producers (MP), milk collectors (MC), middlemen (MM), processors (P) and dairy shops (DS) were examined for various adulterants. Among these adulterants water (73%) was found in majority of milk samples, followed by detergent (32%), cane sugar (22%), caustic soda (20%), rice flour (17%), sodium chloride and skimmed milk powder (15%), hydrogen peroxide (13%), starch (12%), formalin (11%), urea and vegetable oil (10%), boric acid (8%), ammonium sulfate (6%), glucose (5%), sorbitol (4%) and arrowroot (1%), respectively. Freezing point of 65% milk samples of MP, 75% of MC, 75% of MM, 80% of P and 85%% of DS appeared towards 0 oC rather than that of control milk, and assumed to be adulterated with extraneous water. The averaged extent of water in milk sold by P remarkably higher than that of other milk marketing channels, but statistically non-significant (P>0.05) with all milk intermediaries; MP, MC, MM and DS. The risk of adulteration at DS was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) than MC and MP, but not significant (P>0.05) with P and MM.
Key words: Adulterants, extent of extraneous water, freezing point and market milk.

[1] Neumann, C.G., D.M. Harris and L.M. Rogers. Contribution of animal source foods in improving diet quality and function in children in the developing world. Nutrition Research, (22), 2002, 193-220.
[2] Farooq, O. Agriculture. In: Pakistan economic survey, 2012-2013. Economic Advisers Wing, Finance Division, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.
[3] Zia, U. (2006). Analysis of milk marketing chain, Pakistan. FAO. Food Laws Manual. 2006.
[4] Lateef, M., A. Faraz, M.I. Mustafa, P. Akhtar, and M.K. Bashir. Detection of adulterants and chemical composition of milk supplied to canteens of various hospitals in Faisalabad city. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, (9), 2009, 139-142.
[5] Haasnoot, W., N.G. Smits, A.E.K. Voncken and M.G. Bremer. Fast biosensor immunoassays for the detection of cows' milk in the milk of ewes and goats. Journal of Dairy Research, 71, 2004, 322-329.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A comparative study on the effect of salt stress on seed germination and early seedling growth of two Hibiscus species
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rashmi Gadwal, G. R. Naik
	:	10.9790/2380-07319096

ABSTRACT: Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa are two economically important plants from Malvaceae family. The germination and growth of plant is an important phonological stage, where the plants survival depends to it, especially in the saline conditions. Salinity tolerance in the arid and semiarid regions is one of the most important factors that effect on the agricultural production. The ability of seeds to germinate at high salt concentration in the soil is crucial importance for the survival and perpetuation of many plant species. Present study was carried out to test the effects of different salinity levels on germination and early seedling growth of Hibiscus cannabinus and Hibiscus sabdariffa, seedlings collected from different populations. The experiment was carried out using completely randomized design in three replication. Experimental treatment includes four levels of sodium chloride concentrations (-0.05MPa, -0.15MPa, -0.30MPa and -0.49MPa). The results showed rate of germination, radicle, hypocotyl and plumule length, moisture content, fresh wet and dry seedling weights and seed viability index were higher in control treatment when compared to treated seeds. At -0.15MPa and more concentration, germination decreased significantly. This reduction in germination indicates that seeds of Hibiscus cannabinus showed more resistant to salt stress when compared to Hibiscus sabdariffa.
Key words: Biomass, Hibiscus cannabinus, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Germination, NaCl, salt stress & seedling.

[1] Zhu & J K, Plant salt tolerance, Trend Plant Science, 6 (2001) 66-71.
[2] Brady, N C and R R Weil, The Nature and Properties of Soils, 13th edn, (New Jersey, Environmental Sciences) 2002, 1192 - 1216.
[3] Harris D, The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, depth and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of Sorghum bicolor Moench in semi-arid Botswana, Soil Till Res, 40(1996)73–88.
[4] Khajeh Hosseini, M, Powell A A and Bingham I J, The interaction between salinity stress and seed vigor during germination of soybean seeds, Seed Science and Technology, 31(2003)715-725.
[5] Almansouri M, J M Kinet and S Lutts, Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum aestivum), Plant soil, 231(2001) 243-254.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	In vitro micro propagation of Rheum explants supplemented with various types of growth hormones
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shagoon Tabin, R. C. Gupta, Azra N. Kamili
	:	10.9790/2380-073197100

ABSTRACT: Rheum species is a perennial stout herb, distributed in the temperate and sub tropical regions of Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim . The genus Rheum have been domesticated as medicinal plants for human consumption as its roots and stem are rich in anthraquinones such as Emodin and Rhein.Standardization of protocol for the micro propagation of Rheum using different types of explants and culture media supplemented with various types of growth hormones was carried out. Different parts (seeds, leaves, shoots and rhizomes) of Rheum were used as explants for tissue culture. These explants were first washed in laboline and tween 20 and after surface sterilization using different chemical sterilents, were cultured on different media and in combinations of phytohormones. All the explants showed good germination response with whole plant and roots exhibited about (98%) response each while as seeds exhibited only 95% germination.
Key words: Rheum explants, growth hormones, chemical sterilents.

[1]. B. A. Zargar, M. H. Masoodi, B. Ahmed, and S. A. Ganie, "Phytoconstituents and therapeutic uses of Rheum emodi wall.exMeissn," Food Chemistry, vol. 128, no. 3, pp. 585–589, 2011.
[2]. B. P. Nautiyal, V. Prakash, U. C. Maithani, R. S. Chauhan, H. Purohit, and M. C. Nautiyal, "Germinability, productivity and economic viability of Rheum emodiWall. exMeissn. Cultivated at lower altitude," Current Science, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 143–148, 2003.
[3]. Borgia M, Sepe N, Borgia R, Ori-Bellometti M. Pharmacological activity of an herbal extract: controlled clinical study. Curr Ther Res 1981; 29: 525-536
[4]. Borgia, M.; Sepe, N.; Borgia, R.; Ori-Bellometti, M. Pharmacological activity of an herbal extract: controlled clinical study. Current Therapeutic Research. 1981, (29), 525-536.
[5]. Castleman M. The Healing Herbs: The Ultimate guide to the curative powers of nature's medicine. Emmaus PA: Rodale Press, 1991: 305-307

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of Nutrient Dynamics Affected By Different Levels of Lime in a Mungbean Field of the Old Himalayan Piedmont Soil in Bangladesh
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Md. Abdul Halim, Md. Noor-E-Alam Siddique, Bikash Chandra Sarker, Md. Jahidul Islam
	:	10.9790/2380-073101112

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of liming in the Himalayan Piedmont acid soil of Bangladesh on nutrient dynamics under different levels of lime in mungbean (Vigna radiate) field followed by T. Aman (transplanted rice) cultivation, during the period of December 2010 to October 2011. Five levels of lime were applied, viz, T1: control, T2: 1.0, T3: 1.5, T4: 2.0, T5: 2.5, ton lime ha-1. The pH of soils after liming was increased steadily with the increased rate of liming. The different treatments were showed up varying results where more plant nutrients became available by increasing the concentration of K, Ca, Mg, N, P, S, B, Cu and Mn; and slight decreased in the concentration of OM, Fe and Zn that make the soil environment favorable for plant growth.The changes of soil properties like pH, OM and some plant nutrients availability were significantly increased due to application of lime resulted in increased summer mungbean yield. The number of pods plant-1, number of seeds pod-1, 1000 seeds weight and grain yield were significantly affected by liming. The treatment T3 (1.5 t lime ha-1) produced Mungbean grain yield of 1.6 t ha-1 respectively which was significantly greater than those found in T1, T2, T4 and T5 treatments. Thus, the application of 1.5 t lime ha-1 is recommended for the cultivation of summer mungbean and the desired soil pH (>6.5 but < 7.0), which increased availability of nutrients in the study area.The study revealed that liming increases soil pH as well as changes other chemical properties of soil, which is beneficial to sustain high yield and may be an important soil management tool for mungbean cultivation in acid piedmont soil in the North East Bangladesh where soil acidity is predominant.
Keywords: Acid soil, Lime, Old Himalayan Piedmont Soil, Mungbean, Nutrient Availability.

[1]. Adams F. 1980. Soil Acidity and Liming, Crop response to lime in the western United States, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
[2]. FRG (Fertilization Recommendation Guide). 2005. Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Bangladesh.
[3]. SRDI (Soil Resource Development Institute), Soil and Land Utilization Guide (Upazila Nirdeshika).2008. Birol Upazila, Dinajpur District, MOA, Dhaka.
[4]. Karim Z and Anwar I. 2001. Impact of Land Degradation in Bangladesh, BARC (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council) Farmgate, Dhaka.
[5]. Arshad MA, Gill KS, Turkington TK and Woods DL.1997. Canola root and yield response to liming and tillage. Agron. J. 89: 17-22.