IOSR-JAVS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-2 ~ SEP-OCT-2012

ABSTRACT:In recent years, the diseases of shrimp slowed down the development of shrimp culture. Swollen hind gut syndrome (SHG) of tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon postlarvae is common problem in shrimp hatcheries. Post larvae infected with SHG are generally rejected by the hatcheries and farmers, as stocking of SHG seeds or postlarvae are supposed to cause several problems such as size variation, white fecal disease. Loose shell syndrome etc., resulting is severe loss in form production and earning. In the present study an attempt carried to culture the giant tiger shrimp, P.monodon by using post larvae having swollen hindgut syndrome (SHG). In the present study an attempt has been made to culture the SHG infected post larvae of giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon in six ponds each with 0.5 ha near Karlapalem village of Guntur district in Andhra Pradesh, India. In 3 ponds the seeds were stocked in high stocking density (18/ m2) and remaining 3 ponds in low stoking density (9 / m2). In both the cases, the Cyclop-eeze feed was mixed with Godrej (Godrej Agro Vet - Vijayawada) feed and provided to the seeds and survival was calculated and compared. The salinity of the ten ponds was ranging between 12 to 28 ppt and pH was 7.8 to 8.4. Minimum 3.6 ppm dissolved oxygen and maximum 5.5 ppm was recorded during the culture period. The temperature was ranging between 26 to 31ºC and the transparency was 35 to 55 cm. Harvesting was done in low density ponds (A1, A2 and A3) at DOC 140 and high density ponds (B1, B2 and B3)) it was harvested at DOC (Days of culture) 170. Average body weights of the low density ponds were 40.5 g and high density ponds were 32.6 g. Highest survival (82%) was recorded in low density ponds and the lowest survival was (64 %) recorded in high density ponds. Maximum production was reported in low density ponds (1,494 Kg / 40.5 g / 140 Doc) and minimum production was observed in high density ponds (1,878 kg / 32.6 g / 170 Doc). The maximum amount of feed was consumed by> the shrimps in high density ponds (3474 kg) and minimum was in low density ponds (1973 kg). So the FCR (Food conversion ratio) for low density ponds were 1.32 and high density ponds were 1.85. The net profit obtained from the shrimps in high density ponds is Rs.57, 691 and net profit obtained from low density ponds is Rs. 2, 15,300. The results of the present study showed that there is significant difference (P<0.05) in growth and survival and FCR between two stocking densities of the SHG infected postlarvae. Present study revealed that high profit in the shrimp farming was obtained by the optimum or low (8-10 Pl's/M-2) stocking density. Above> results revealed that the effect of the SHG infected P.monodon postlarvae can be cultured in low stocking densities and harvested as similar to the normal seed provided the best farm management practices are followed by the shrimp farmer. To get better profit, proper nursery stocking, feeding with Cyclop-Eeze, proper water quality management and feed management is crucial.
Key words: Penaeus monodon, Cyclop eeze feed, FCR, stocking densities, survival and profit

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4(1).
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1994. Health management in shrimp ponds. Aquatic Health Research Institute, Department of Fisheries, Kasetasart Uniersity,
Bankok, pp: 91.
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Institute, Department of Fisheries, Kasetasart University, Bankok, pp: 91.
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conference on culture of Penaid prawns/ shrimps, edited by Y, Take, J.H. Primavera and J.A. Liobrea, pp: 165.
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salinity ground water. Global aquaculture advocate, pp: 74-75.
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[8] Jaganmohan, P and Prasad, S. V. 2010. Effect of probiotics on the growth and survival of Penaeus monodon, infected with
Swollen Hind Gut (SHG) at post larval stage. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 2(4): 311-316.
[9] Jaideep Kumar, P. Chearan, E and Thampi Sam Raj. 2011. Growth and survival of Swollen Hind Gut (SHG) infected Penaeus
monodon (Fabricus, 1798) post larvae, in farm Grow-out system. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences 3(3): 190-193.
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ABSTRACT: Cell culture from ovarian tissue of healthy female fingerlings Oreochromis niloticus was established with average weight of 20 to 30 gm/female. Three culture media were screened and tested: Leibowitz L-15), Minimum essential medium (MEM) and RPMI 1640 medium. Cells were maintained at 16, 27 or 30oC for screening the favorable optimally incubation temperature. Culture medium was refreshed every 5 days. Among the three tested media, L-15 supplemented with 20% (FBS) supported higher cells attachment leading to cell proliferation than MEM and RPMI that didn't enhance the cell development and no cell proliferation was obtained with them. At different incubation temperature no proliferation were obtained when cells were incubated at 16oC compared with 27oC and 30oC. This work is one of the rare reports of a cell culture system establishment in Egypt and unique from the ovarian tissue of O. niloticus. By using this technique, it should now be possible to develop different method of curing treatments and pathogens diagnosis because the fish can be bred in captivity and fingerlings reared under laboratory conditions.

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ABSTRACT: Caecum, the largest part of duck's intestine has an important role in liquid absorption, cellulose digestion and defensive mechanism. Age related changes in the histomorphology of the caeca in Kuttanad ducks were studied in 72 birds from day-old to adult at fortnight intervals. After recording the biometry and gross features, the material was fixed in neutral buffered formalin and standard procedures were adopted for histological and histochemical studies. The paired caeca extended cranially from the ileo-colic junction. Each caecum showed three regions, viz., the base, middle part and an apex. The apical portion was caudally directed and free. In day-old birds, the caecum had a uniform diameter .The adult length was attained by eight weeks of age. Histologically, ileo-caecal-colic junction showed a papilla-like protrusion made up of circular smooth muscle layer. Large nerve bundles were found in the inner circular layer of tunica muscularis in this region. Mucosa of the caecum carried tooth shaped villi, which were more prominent and longer in the basal part. Their height reduced towards the middle portion and again increased in the apex in the non-distended caecum. In dayold birds, histological picture was same as in the adult except in that there was no lymphatic tissue in the lamina propria. Lamina epithelialis was formed of simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells, the number of which decreased towards apex. Lymphatic tissue decreased towards the apex. Lamina propria was separated from the submucosa by a thin muscularis mucos. At the basal region, tunica muscularis was extremely thick forming the caecal sphincter.
Key words: caeca, Kuttanad, postnatal

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ABSTRACT: The assay aimed to evaluate the cell viability of commercial yeast strains for bakery purpose in comparison to a selected strain (Yea-Sacc®1026, Alltech®) indicated as a probiotic to be added to animal feed, promising yield gains. The objective of this first study was to check the number of viable cells, once the indicated product to be classified as probiotic needs to provide live cells. We tested the viability of one commercial probiotic strain (Yea-Sacc®1026 ) in comparison to four bakery commercial yeast. Our results showed a low viability of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which was 7.7 % and the bakery yeasts around 35 % of viable cells. The sustainability calls for alternative sources for animal feeding and the use of microorganisms is very welcome in the livestock chain, provided that the product presented has the characteristics inherent to it.
Key words: animal diet, livestock improvement, yeast

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[2] R.A. França, E.J. Rigo, Utilização de leveduras vivas (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) na nutrição de ruminantes – Uma revisão. FAZU em Revista, 8, 2011, p. 187-195.
[3] M. Thurne, A. Bach, and M. Ruiz-Moreno Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal pH microbial fermentation in dairy cows yeast supplementation on rumen fermentation. Livestock Science, 124, 2009, p. 261-265.
[4] L.F. Costa, Leveduras na nutrição animal. Revista Eletrônica Nutritime, 1(1), 2004, p.01-06.
[5] F.S. Martins. Utilização de leveduras como probióticos. Revista de Biologia e Ciências da Terra, 5(2), 2005, 13-17.
[6] M. Abadias, A. Benabarre, N. Texidó,J. Usall and I. Vinãs, Effect of freeze drying and protectants on viability of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 65, 2001, p. 173-182.
[7] P.A. Marechal, I. Martinez de Marnañon, I. Poirier and P. Gervais, The importance of the kinetics of application of physical stresses on viability of microrganisms: significance for minimal food processing. Trends Food Sci. Techonol.,10, 1999, 15-20.
[8] E.S. Callaway and S.A. Martin Effects of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae culture on animal bacteria that utilize lactate and digest cellulose. Journal of Dairy Science, 80,1997, 2035- 2044.
[9] J.L. Arcos-Garcia, F.A. Castrejom, G.D. Mendonza and E.P. Perez-Gavilan, Effect of two commercial yeast cultures with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on ruminal fermentation an digestion in sheep fed sugar cane tops. Livestock Production Science, 63, p. 153-157, 2000.
[10] W. Yanbo and X. Zirong Effect of probiotics for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 127, 2006, 283–292.

ABSTRACT: Twenty five groundnut genotypes were field screened for leaf miner and defoliator incidence. The study was conducted at Dryland Agricultural Research Station, Chettinad during Kharif 2011and Rabi 2011-12. Periodic observations on leaf miner and defoliator damage were recorded in all the genotypes. Incidence of leaf miner was increased with raise in maximum temperature and decrease in relative humidity, rainfall and leaf wetness. The field screening results revealed that less leaf miner incidence was recorded in the genotypes viz., ICGV 06424, ICGV 07220, ICGV 07222, ICGV 07240, ICGV 07245, ICGV 07247, ICGV 07268, ICGS 11 and VRI (Gn) 6 in both the seasons. To identify the resistant genotypes to leaf miner, further screening studies under in vitro conditions with the identified genotypes with less incidence of leaf miner are required.
Key words: Peanut, leaf miner, defoliator, Field screening, Arachis hypogaea

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ABSTRACT:Drip irrigation is one of the important area which affects the livelihood of farmers directly. In this paper a survey is carried out far the drip irrigation to be using electronic devices. The drip irrigation system will increase the productivity of the crop. Fertilizers used in irrigation are recommended by various agriculture universities will help the farmer to increase the productivity. Increasing the productivity of different crops soil and water contains are more important. The drip irrigation helps to save the water and increase the productivity of crop. After using embedded system proper mixing of the fertilizer will be possible for improve the productivity of crop. When we use the embedded system more complexity will reduce, but wiring in the field will create problem. Day by day the rainfall goes on decreasing, to save the water for irrigation drip irrigation is important tool in future.
Keyword: crop, productivity, drip irrigation, embedded system

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[2] Institute of Engineers, PP 5-13, volume 61, March 2012
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pp 14-20, volume 61, March 2012.
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man, &
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ABSTRACT:The effects of replacing 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of maize with Acha grains in broiler chicks' diets on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and carcass and organ weights was studied in a 8 week experiment using 150 unsexed 7 days-old Abor-Acre broiler chicks. The results showed that Acha grains could be used to replaced maize up to 100% without significantly (P>0.05) affecting body weight gain, ADC and percentage carcass and cut-up parts and organ weights of finisher broilers, except the abdominal fat deposit. Acha grains is therefore recommended for use to replace maize as a good energy source in poultry rations.
Keyword: Acha grains, growth rate, digestibility, carcass, broiler chicks

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Journal of Sustainable Agric and the Environment, Umudike, Abia State Vol. 5 (2), 2003,313-318pp
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for improvement in Nigeria. In: Genetics and food security in Nigeria. GNS Publication, Nigeria, 1999, 71-76.
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ABSTRACT:Equine colic has been a devastating endemic disease condition confronted by horse owners in Malaysia. However, little attention is paid to the management aspect of these horses and the prevalence of colic. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between colic cases and horse usages, gender, breed, management system of establishments and the status of horses. Data were obtained from the University Veterinary Hospital, Universiti Putra Malaysia particularly from the equine and pathology units from January 2005 to December, 2011. Of the 92 number of horses studied for colic cases referred to the hospital, 40% were both stallions and mares respectively while 20% were geldings. 42% were used for patrolling, 18% for multipurpose, 14% were used for endurance followed by 10% for riding school, while 7% were used for both leisure ride and polo respectively and the least 2% were used for dressage. Three types of colic disease conditions were diagnosed and treated and these include tympanic (66%), spasmodic (23%) and impaction (11%) colic. Thus, these findings could assist veterinarians engrossed in the diagnosis and treatment of the conditions to put in place laudable measures in the prevention of the disease conditions.
Keyword:Colic, prevalence, University Veterinary Hospital, 2005 to 2011,

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620-1103.
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ABSTRACT:Changes in soil properties, soil organic C (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks associated with different heating temperatures from 50, 100, and 150 kg/m2 dry biomass that provided for different heat intensities were compared with natural soil temperature of continuous cultivated arable land adjacent to the burnt plots. Soil samples were collected in three replicates from control and burnt plots and soil temperatures were measured with fire resistance soil thermometer placed at surface and sub-surface layers, while gases emission were measured with sensitive gas dictators. The induced temperatures were highly variable at the soil surface whereas below 15cm depth, the temperature rise was not more than 370C. The passage of fire promoted SOC and TN stocks, mean weight diameter, the aggregation of 2 mm stable structures which become even more resistant to disrupting action of water. Air quality measurement revealed that NO2, SO2 H2S and CO2 were above the Federal Ministry of Environment & Protection (FME&P) permissive limits indicating air pollution through these activities.
Keyword:Slash-and- burn, traditional farming, air quality, modification, temperature

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2004. World Teleological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 2006urgical colic in racing endurance horses. Equine Veterinary Education. 24(4), 2012, 193-199.

ABSTRACT:The importance of erosion in relation to variability of water and soil losses from a parcel of land can be revealed in the measurements of the infiltration characteristics and runoff under a comparable vetiver grass strips and collection tanks within the plots. This experiment is aimed at assessing the variability of runoff and soil loss due to infiltration characteristics of the runoff plots. This study involved three vetiver plots of 20 m interval measured out of six plots (40 m × 3 m each) randomly distributed over a land area of 0.072 ha. The study was conducted on a 6 % slope experimental plot, along Parry Road of the University Ibadan, during the 2007 raining season. The texture of the soil was generally loamy sand. Mean total runoff among the plots was in the trend of no-vetiver plots > vetiver plots (13.50mm > 4.99 mm), the same was true for mean total soil loss (28.78kg/ha > 12.96kg/ha). Variability in the amounts of runoff was moderate in vetiver plots and highly variable in no-vetiver plots (CV = 24 % and 40 % respectively. The correlation between measured soil physical properties and infiltration characteristics with runoff revealed that fine sand content of the soil was negatively related with runoff (r = 0.6450*), but the reverse relationship was true for porosity inferred from soil bulk density and sorptivity of the soil (r = -0.7650*, and -0.8956* respectively).
Keyword:Vetiver, Infiltration capacity, kaolinite, Alfisol, Erosion and Root zone

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ABSTRACT:Mulberry, Morus Alba, (L.)Leaves are the predominant food source for silkworm, Bombyx mori rearing. Pink mealy bug infests the mulberry plants and cause Tukra diseases that leads to qualitative loss of mulberry plantation. Hence a preliminary study was carried out using plant extracts as natural botanicals origin by spraying tukra infested mulberry leaves. The botanical extract sprayed to tukra infested mulberry leaves fed to the silkworms and its impact on Trehalose, Phosphorylase activity in tissues like fat bodies and haemolymph was studied. For the study, good healthy leaves(Control)and plant extracts viz., Azadirachta indica,Ocimum Sanctum,&parthenium hysterophorus were sprayed to tukra infested V1 mulberry variety and fed to Silkworm (CSR2 Bivoltine hybrid). The trehalose activity gradually increased, this increase however was significant (P>0.05). The elevation in total phosphorylase activity gradually progressed from day 3 to day 6, in the order: day 3<4<5<6; and the magnitude of increase between one day to the other were statistically significant when fed with natural extracts sprayed mulberry to silkworm Foliar spray of the extracts hold greater promise for control of tukra infested mulberry leaves and did not affect enzyme activity in silkworms. This can sturdily suggest that the aqueous Extract sprayed infested mulberry leaves can be effectively utilized for the silkworm rearing instead of pesticides insecticides for mulberry sericulturistes.
Keyword:Tukra, plant extracts, Trehalose, phosphorylase.

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