IOSR-JAVS   Volume-1 ~ Issue-6 ~ NON-DEC-2012

ABSTRACT:Salinity stress affected severely plant growth and production. Indeed, soil salinity represented one of the most important environmental stresses, which caused serious threats to agriculture and also results in the deterioration of environment. Accumulation of sodium, chloride, proline and soluble sugars was investigated in leaves, stems and roots of three alfalfa varieties (Hunterfield, Hyb.555 and Gabès) at the late bloom-early pod stage. The study was conducted in a greenhouse for 90 days of salt stress in whole-plants. Plants were irrigated with top water with four NaCl concentrations: (0 – 2.5 – 5 and 10g.l-1). Results showed that all varieties accumulated high Na+ and Cl- contents in leaves and stems. Gabès variety differed from Hunterfield and Hyb.555 with Na+ and Cl- contents significantly lower in leaves at the stressful treatments. Furthermore, Gabès proline content at 5 and 10g.l-1 NaCl in three organs was significantly higher than in the introduced varieties. Proline content in leaves, stems and roots increased with the rise of salt in pots, reaching a significantly higher level for Gabès at the stressful treatment (10g.l-1). Soluble sugar content in leaf tissue was higher in Gabès than those in the introduced varieties at the stressful treatments (5 and 10g.l-1). Contrary to the air parts (leaves and stems), soluble sugar contents in roots for Hunterfield and Hyb.555 are significantly higher, compared to Gabès variety, at the stressful treatment. This could be probably related to the difficulty in generating new leaves in Hunterfield and Hyb.555 varieties.
Key words:Alfalfa; chloride; proline; Salinity; sodium; soluble carbohydrate.

[1] Abebe T., Guenzi A.C., Martin B., Cushman J.C., 2003. Tolerance of mannitol -accumulating transgenic wheat to water stress and
salinity. Plant Physiol., 131: 1748-1755.
[2] Abraham E., Rigo G., Székely G., Nagy R., Koncz C., Szabados L., 2003. Light-dependent induction of proline biosynthesis by
abscisic acid and salt stress is inhibited by brassinosteroid in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol. Biol., 51: 363-372.
[3] Ahmad M.S.A., Ali Q., Bashir R., Javed F., Khadija Alvi A., 2006. Time course changes in ionic composition and total soluble
carbohydrates in two barley cultivars at seedling stage under salt stress. Pak. J. Bot., 38(5): 1457-1466.
[4] Ahmed A., Khalafallah T., Zinab K.M., Abd El-Gawad A., 2008. Tolerance of seven faba bean varieties to drought and salt stresses.
Res. J. of Agri. and Biol. Sci., 4(2): 175-186.
[5] Ashraf M., Bashir A., 2003. Salt stress induced changes in some organic metabolites and ionic relations in nodules and other plant
parts of two crop legumes differing in salt tolerance. Flora, 198(6): 486-498.
[6] Ashraf M., Harris P.J.C., 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci., 166: 3-16.
[7] Azevedo Neto A.D., Prisco J.T., Enéas-Filho J., Lacerda C.F., Vieira Silva J., Alves da Costa P.H., Gomes-Filho E., 2004. Effects
of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and solute accumulation of different maize genotypes. Braz. J. Plant Physiol.,
16(1): 31-38.
[8] Ben Khaled L., Gõmez A.M., Honrubia M., Oihabi A., 2003. Effet du stress salin en milieu hydroponique sur le trèfle inoculé par le
Rhizobium. Agronomie, 23: 553-560.
[9] Cha-Um S., Kirdmanee C., 2009. Effect of salt stress on proline accumulation, photosynthetic ability and growth characters in two
maize cultivars. Pak. J. Bot., 41(1): 87-98.
[10] Chen T.HH., Murata N., 2002. Enhancement of tolerance of abiotic stress by metabolic engineering of betaines and other
compatible solutes. Plant Biol., 5: 250-257.

ABSTRACT:Bacteriophages or phages are the viruses that infect bacteria. Phages like all viruses are made up of a nucleic acid core which is surrounded by a protein coat. The majority of phages are known to contain DNA but some contain RNA also. In this study, four salmonella phages were isolated and were subjected to molecular characterization. All the four Salmonella phages were found to contain DNA as their genetic material. Comparison of protein profiles of phages by SDS-PAGE revealed near identical protein profiles for phages SaP2 and SaP4. Study of storage stability of phage indicated that the titer of the Salmonella phage SaP1 almost remains unaltered during the 14 days storage at different temperatures ranging from - 20oC, 4oC and 37oC. This study shows that the isolated phage have good storage stability. The isolated phages also show narrow host range.
Key words:host range, SDS-PAGE, titer, strains

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ABSTRACT:Sardinella lemuru or Sardine is a marine fish that contains a high amount of omega-3 that is abundant in Lombok Strait. Therefore, the genetic variation of the S. Lemuru and its omega-3 production has not been widely studied yet. Furthermore, we have analyzed the correlation between genetic variation and omega-3 content in S. lemuru in Lombok strait. The variations of the S. lemuru were analyzed by using morphology and RAPD method. The result suggested that the S. lemuru in Lombok Strait has three variants that were associated with omega-3 production. Although differences of omega-3 content in marine fish could be caused by various factors, but the differences in the omega-3 content of Sardine in Lombok strait can be assumed due to genetic variations. This study also has discovered a molecular marker based on RAPD method by using primer 5'-AAGAGCCCG to identify Sardine that has high production of omega-3 cheaply, which is very beneficial for managing the conservation of Lombok Strait.
Key words:Sardinella lemuru, omega-3, RAPD, Genetic Variations, Lombok strait.

[1]. I Gede Hendrawan, Koji Asai. Numerical Study of Tidal Upwelling Over The Sill In The Lombok Strait (Indonesia). In: Proceedings of the Twenty-first (2011) International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference. Maui, Hawaii, USA: the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE); 2011:949–956.
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ABSTRACT:The morphology and postnatal development of isthmus region of the oviduct in the Kuttanad duck was studied using 78 ducklings from day-old to 24 weeks in 13 different age groups. Isthmus was not differentiated grossly from the magnum and uterus up to 10th week of age in Kuttanad duck. Differentiation of the isthmus region occurred at the same time as that of more cranial segments of the oviduct, that is, at 12th week of age. Isthmus showed a small diameter when compared to the magnum, since the time of its differentiation at 12th week to 24th week of age. A spurt in growth of magnum occurred between 18 to 20 weeks of age, when egg laying started in these birds. In differentiated oviduct, similar to magnum, the weight, length and width of the isthmus region showed highly significant positive correlation with the age and weight and length of oviduct but no significant correlation with the body weight. The present study thus indicated presence of a longer isthmus region in native Kuttanad ducks similar to that of Japanese quail and Nothura spotted quail which might explain thicker shell membranes in these birds.
Key words:Isthmus, Kuttanad Duck, Morphology, Postnatal Development

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ABSTRACT:Three ruminally cannulated bulls were used to determine variations in dry matter (DM) degradability of forage consumed by ruminants in the semi-arid region of north Nigeria. Organic matter and crude protein (CP) contents were higher (P< 0·05) in all the browse forages. Higher numerical values of neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), lignin and cellulose were recorded. Condensed tannin varied from 0.08 mg/g DM in Kigalia africana to 0.41 mg/g DM in Maerua angolensis. A range of 0.24 mg/g DM in Olea hochstteteri to 0.48 mg/g in Khaya senegalensis was obtained for phenolic. Saponin content of the experimental leaves range from 1.08 mg/g DM in Poupartia sirrea to 2.95 mg/g DM in Garderna sokotensis. Oxalate in the browses used ranged from 4.59 mg/g DM in Maerua angolensis to 8.14 mg/g DM in Olea hochstteteri. The highest value of 5.81 mg/g DM was obtained in Khaya senegalensis while Olea hochstteteri had the lowest value of 2.02 mg/g DM for Phytic acid in the browses studied. The hydrogen cyanide and Fluoroacetate are generally low in all the browse samples studied. The result showed no significant difference among the browse forages.NDF degradability after 24 and 48 h of ruminal incubation were higher (P< 0·05) in all the browses. Higher values (P< 0·05) in DM bag losses at zero time ('a' fraction) were high for the browses. The insoluble but fermentable NDF ('b' fractions) were low (P< 0·05) among browse forages. Numerically lower values of NDF 'c' fraction were found in browses except for Kigalia africana, whereas NDF potential degradability were higher (P< 0·05) in all the experimental leaves. High (P< 0·05) contents of CP in the browse forages, NDF degradability after 48 h of ruminal incubation, and a+b, were observed in the browse leaves. Thus, these results may be related to both the better feeding value of forage consumed by the animals and better performance of livestock during in these areas. Then, the NDF degradability after 48 h, together with the soluble fraction 'a' and insoluble but fermentable fraction 'b' and the c fraction permit the nutritive value of the forage consumed by grazing goats to be accurately described. The rate of OM disappearance was highest for Garderner sokotensis 97.20% though the values were generally high for all the browse forages studied. The soluble fraction 'a', rate of degradation 'c' and effective degradability 'ED' were generally low for all the browse forages while the insoluble but degradable fraction 'b' and potential degradability a+b were high for all the browse forages. Base on these findings, it can be concluded that the browse forages are of good nutritive value and can be use as supplement.
Key words:In situ, browse, antinutritive, degradation, neutral detergent fibre, organic matter

[1] Shelton, H.M. (2004). The importance of silvopastroal systems in rural livelihoods to provide ecosystem services. Proc. Of the 12th
International Symposium on Silvopastoal Systems. In: 't. Marnietje, L., Ramirez, L., Ibrahim, M, Sandoval, C. Ojeda, N and Ku, J.
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eight tropical browse, shrub and pulse legumes. Communication in Applied Biological Science. Ghent University, 69/1: 103-110.
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ABSTRACT:The research was carried out to study the physiological traits among local chickens by determining the effect of genotype on the rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate. A total of two hundred and fifty (250) chickens were used for this study. These consisted of 50 birds each of normal feather, naked neck and frizzled matured chicken's genotypes. Under natural heat stress environment genotype were significantly (P<0.05) affected by rectal temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate. The naked neck had the highest value of rectal temperature, while normal feather recorded the lowest values of 40.09±0.21oC to 41.05±0.08oC beat/min. The highest value for respiratory rate was observed in naked neck strain, while normal feather strain had the least value of (64.80±2.60 to 22.00±149 breath/min). On pulse rate, naked neck feather strain had the highest value and the least value was recorded in normal feather (234.00±17.21to 397.00±19.15) beats/min. Haematological and serum biochemical parameters of chickens were also evaluated. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between the genotypes in the mean values of packed cell volume (PCV) red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). However the frizzle was significantly superior in all the parameters examined. Also RBC was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the frizzle (3.18±0.09, 3.32±0.01and2.85±0.15). There were significant (P<0.05) differences between the genotypes in the total protein, albumin, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, full blood count, calcium and phosphorus of the genetic groups. The normal matured chicken genotype however, had the highest significant albumin (1.61±0.03 1.74±0.05, and 1.90±0.07 ml) and a lower creatinine value (0.45±0.11, 0.86±0.08, and 0.44±0.04ml) compared to the other chicken genotypes. It can therefore be concluded that variations in the genetic make-up of the chickens accounted for the observed differences in heat tolerance traits, haematology and serum biochemical. It can therefore be concluded that variations in the genetic make-up of the chickens accounted for the observed differences in physiological traits. The present result showed that genotype can significantly affect the physiological of chickens with respect to blood, rectal temperature pulse rate, and respiratory rate can be used for selection in order to select the best performing genotype for the environment.
Key words:Haematological, Genotype, Naked neck. Frizzle. Normal feather, chickens.

[1] Justin,E (ADAS)( 2004), "Heat stress in poultry-solving the problems‟‟.In The 14th Annual Conference of theAnimal Science
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ABSTRACT:The histology of farmed African catfish was investigated. The testis was encapsulated by connective tissue fibres which contained blood vessels. The seminiferous tubules epithelium contained spermatogenic cells at various stages of development. The interstitial tissue of PAS positive connective tissue fibres contained blood vessels. The testis epithelium and interstitial tissue was AB negative. The seminal vesicle secreting epithelium was of simple cuboidal cells. This accessory gland was compartmentalized by connective tissue fibres. The compartments were filled by eosinophilic colloidal-like material. This seminal vesicle content was PAS positive but AB negative. The absence of AB positive materials in both the testis and seminal vesicle indicates the an alkaline environment is needed for optimum functioning of the male reproductive system in this species.
Key words:Testis, Seminal Vesicle, Histology, Farmed African Catfish.

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ABSTRACT:The accessory glands of the adult farmed African catfish were studied. The dark brown coloured liver histologically was covered by simple squamous cells. The hepatic parenchyma presented hepatocytes in a diffuse or radial arrangement. Some hepatocytes surrounded the central vein in a rosette–like pattern. The hepatic sinusoids contained erythrocytes and leukocytes. The liver was PAS positive. The club shaped gall bladder was green coloured. It presented simple columnar epithelium containing intra-epithelial lymphocytes. The lamina propria contained loose connective tissue. The diffuse pancreas was histologically seen to span from the borders of the stomach to the proximal intestine. The main pancreatic duct whose luminal surface was modified into mucosal folds emptied into the proximal intestine. The pancreatic parenchyma was mostly of basophilic serous acini containing zymogen granules. Islets of Langerhans were seen interspersed in the majority exocrine cells. These accessory glands are involved in exocrine and endocrine secretions; bile, lipid, and glycogen storage.
Key words:Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Farmed African Catfish, Histology.

[1] Adebayo, A.A (1999) Climate II. In Adebayo, A. A and Tukur, A.L. (eds) Adamawa State in Maps pp 23-25 Paraclete Publishers,
Jimeta – Yola.
[2] Brink, M. and Belay, G. (2006) Plant Resources of East Africa. PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box
341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. 351pp
[3] Dick, K. M. (1987) Pest Management in Stored Groundnut. Information Bulletin No 22. Patancheru, A. P. 502, 324, India:
International Crop Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics.
[4] Hammons, R.O. (1994) The origin and history of the groundnut. In Smart, J. (ed) The groundnut crop: A scientific basis for
improvement. Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp76
[5] ICRISAT (2008) Groundnut Insect Pest- Pod sucking Bug. http.// www.krisat.org/vasat/learning. resource.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Groundnut Sucking Bug (Rhyparochromus Littoralis Dist.) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) On Kampala Groundnut Cultivar in Yola, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Samaila, A. E., Malgwi, A. M.
	:	10.9790/2380-0164752

ABSTRACT:The study on the groundnut-sucking bug (Rhyparochromus littoralis Dist) was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farms of the Modibbo Adama University of Technology Yola in order to establish its abundance and damage potential on groundnut in the 2009 and 2010 cropping seasons. The experiment was a split plot design (SPD) with three replications. The main treatments were the groundnut cultivar, while the subtreatments are the harvesting days. Results showed that abundance of R. littoralis was at 28 days after harvesting (DAH) with a least mean of 1135.33 and 1274.00 at 3 days after harvesting and 5036.33 and 5079.67 as the highest mean abundance in 2009 and 2010 respectively. Results showed that prolonging the number of days for groundnut to dry in the field creates convenient environment for breeding and multiplication while continuous damage is exerted on the pods on the field.
Key words: incidence, distribution, abundance, damage potential, alternate host

[1] Adebayo, A.A (1999) Climate II. In Adebayo, A. A and Tukur, A.L. (eds) Adamawa State in Maps pp 23-25 Paraclete Publishers,
Jimeta – Yola.
[2] Brink, M. and Belay, G. (2006) Plant Resources of East Africa. PROTA Network Office Europe, Wageningen University, P.O. Box
341, 6700 AH Wageningen, Netherlands. 351pp
[3] Dick, K. M. (1987) Pest Management in Stored Groundnut. Information Bulletin No 22. Patancheru, A. P. 502, 324, India:
International Crop Research Institute for the semi-Arid Tropics.
[4] Hammons, R.O. (1994) The origin and history of the groundnut. In Smart, J. (ed) The groundnut crop: A scientific basis for
improvement. Chapman and Hall, New York. Pp76
[5] ICRISAT (2008) Groundnut Insect Pest- Pod sucking Bug. http.// www.krisat.org/vasat/learning. resource.
[6] ICRISAT, (2009) Annual report Patancheru, Andra Pradesh, India. Patancheru, Andra Pradesh, India.
[7] Johnson, R.A., Lamb, R.W, and Wood, T.G. (1981) Termite damage and crop loss studies in Nigeria – a survey of damage to
groundnut. Trop.Pest Manag 27:325 – 342.
[8] Malgwi, A. M and Onu, J. I (2004) Insect pest of cowpea and groundnut in Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State. Nigeria
Journal of Entomology (2004) 21: 137 – 151
[9] Malgwi, A. M. (2007) Bioecology, damage potential and control of Cylas puncticollis BOH.(Coleoptera:Brentidae): A New Pest of
Cotton in Nigeria. PhD Dissertation submitted to the Postgraduate School, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
[10] Ranga Rao, G. V., Ramashwar Rao, S. and Nyam, S. N. (2010) Post-harvest Insect pests of Groundnut and their Management.
Information Bulletin No.84: Patencharu 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi Arid
Tropics. 20pp

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Biology of the Groundnut Sucking Bug (Rhyparochromus Littoralis Dist.) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) On Groundnut in Yola, Adamawa State – Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Samaila, A. E., Malgwi, A. M.
	:	10.9790/2380-0165357

ABSTRACT:Groundnut sucking bug, Rhyparochromus litotoralis (Dist.), is one of the most important postharvest field insect pests of groundnut in Northern Nigeria. The biology of R. littoralis was studied under laboratory conditions at temperature range of 30 – 330C on freshly harvested groundnut with its leaves and haulms while making notable observations as well on the groundnut fields. This study was conducted in Yola, Adamawa State during 2010 and 2011 seasons to investigate the insect life history and damage caused by R. littoralis on groundnut. Duration of each of the developmental stages of the pest was determined in laboratory. The results indicated that egg incubation period was 4.0 ± 0.15 days, while the respective nymphal duration from the 1st , to the 6th instar were 1.65 ± 0.11,5.3 ± 0.18, 5.25 ± 0.14, 5.0 ± 0.25, 4.35 ± 0.26 and 4.0 ± 0.18 days, respectively. The developmental period from egg to adult stage was 30.1 ± 0.42 days. The lifespan of adult female and male was 18.2 ± 0.38 and 8.80 ± 0.36 days, respectively. The lifespan from egg to adult death was 48.0 and 39.4 days for female and male, respectively. The male to female sex ratio was 1:. Oviposition period was 4.9 ± 0.05 days and the peak laying period was on the third day. The results showed that the insect caused losses in seed weight from 4 to 45%, reduction in oil content from 8 to 70%, increases in free fatty acids and causes kernel to shrivel in comparison with the control.
Key words: Groundnut, Sucking bug, incubation, lifespan, developmental

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Management 34: 328 – 330; 365, 369.
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Mg.,6.p.200. Rev. Appl. Ent.(A)5, p.101
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[4] Ghosh, C. C. (1923 –24) Reports by the Entomologist; Mandalay for years ended 30th June, 1922 and 1923 PP 1 – 14 and 1 – 19.
(A) 12, p.549; pp465 – 466
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Fabricius) for resistance. Madras Agric. J. 89(7-9): 407 – 409.
[7] Knauft, D.A. & Ozias-Akins, P., (1995). Recent methodologies for germplasm enhancement and breeding. In: Patte, H.E. & Stalker,
H.T. (Editors). Advances in peanut science. American Peanut Research and Education Society, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States.
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[8] Malgwi, A. M and Onu, J. I (2004) Insect pest of cowpea and groundnut in Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State. Nigeria
Journal of Entomology (2004) 21: 137 – 151
[9] NAERLS (National Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services (2006) Groundnut Production in Nigeria. NAERLS
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sordidus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) on groundnut Sudan Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 14. PP. 69-80

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Damage Potential and Loss Caused By the Groundnut Bruchid Caryedon Serratus Olivier [Coleoptera: Bruchidae) On Stored Groundnut and Tamarind in Yola
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Oaya, C.S., Malgwi, A. M., Samaila, A. E.
	:	10.9790/2380-0165862

ABSTRACT:The Damage Potential, Loss and Physical Damage done to shelled, unshelled ground nut and tamarind by the groundnut bruchid were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Crop Production and Horticulture, Federal University of Technology, Yola, at room temperature 38 – 390C and relative humidity 45 – 500C. It was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results obtained showed that the groundnut bruchid Caryedon serratus has the Potential and ability to destroy stored groundnuts and tamarind, making it unfit for consumption. Up to 90%, 80% and 79% damage and 70%, 68% and 64% weight loss were recorded in shelled, unshelled groundnut and tamarind respectively. All the treatments had high significant damage and loss caused by the test insect compared to the controls at P<0.05 level of significance using the Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test for variables. Percentage mortality of adult bruchid was highest in unshelled groundnut (46.27) compared to tamarind (44.1) and females lay upto 305 eggs on shelled groundnut than unshelled groundnut (280.0) and tamarind (283.3).
Key words: Damage, Bruchid, Pest, Mortality, Control, Groundnut, Tamarind.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Relationship between Endocrine System and Immune System In The Pregnancy and Lactation in the Female Human
Country	:
Authors	:	Assist. lecturer, Moafaq Samir
	:	10.9790/2380-01066369

ABSTRACT: Pregnancy is an active and highly regulated immunological process: for 9 months, the mother's body must bear a fetus of which half of the genetic capital is that of its father. It is a state of semi-allogeneic transplant. It should therefore be recognized as a foreign body by the maternal immune system, but this is not the case: many changes take place so that it can tolerate the fetus, and that it is protected during the 9 months of gestation. The placenta and the maternal immune system are closely linked to create a tolerant environment for the unborn child. The backbone of all of these changes is the trophoblast, which is the main cell that makes up the placenta. The innate immune system is at the forefront: Natural Killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Sucking leads to stimulation of the areolo-mammary complex, this in turn leads to action of the hypothalamo- hypophyseal complex. Under the influence of prolactin production, lactocytes ensure the synthesis and storage of milk. Under the effect of the secretion of oxytocin, the myoepithelial cells surrounding the lactocytes contract and allow the milk to be ejected outwards, via the milk ducts.

Key words: endocrine, immune, pregnancy, lactation, female

[1]. Al-Chalabi M, Bass AN, Alsalman I. 2020 Jan, Physiology, Prolactin, In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;
[2]. Blois, Sandra & Kammerer, Ulrike & Alba Soto, Catalina & Tometten, Mareike & Shaikly, Valerie & Barrientos, Gabriela & Jurd, Richard & Rukavina, Daniel & Thomson, Angus & Klapp, Burghard & Fernández, Nelson & Arck, Petra. (2007). Dendritic Cells: Key to Fetal Tolerance? Biology of reproduction, 77; 590-8
[3]. Cacho, N. T., & Lawrence, R. M. (2017). Innate Immunity and Breast Milk. Frontiers in immunology, 8, 584. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00584
[4]. Chatterjee, Piyali & Chiasson, Valorie & Bounds, Kelsey & Mitchell, Brett. (2014). Regulation of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 during Pregnancy. Frontiers in immunology. 5. 253. 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00253.
[5]. Chong HP, Quenby SM. 2016, Natural killer cells and reproductive health. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist; 18:91–7. DOI: 10.1111/ tog.12256.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Long Term Effect of Organics and Fertilizers on Some Physical Parameters of Soil on Vartisols Under Sorghum Wheat Sequence
Country	:
Authors	:	P.A Deshmukh || A.S. Bonde || S.N. Gawande || D.G. Padekar || S.B. Band
	:	10.9790/2380-01067073

ABSTRACT: The study on long term effect of organics and fertilizers on physical properties of soil conducted at Cropping System Research at PDKV Akola revealed that application of 50 % recommended NPK through fertilizers + 50 % N through FYM lead to better improvement in the physical properties of soil viz, water retention, hydraulic conductivity , bulk density , porosity and mechanical composition, percent water stable aggregates> 0.25 mm. MWD and GMD. The study also revealed that FYM along with fertilizers , helped in improving soil physical properties rather than fertilizers alone and fertilizer in combination with wheat straw and green manures......

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[4]. Biwas ,T.D.B.L. Jani and S.C. Mandai 1071 Cumulative effect of different levels of manures on the physical properties of soil J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 19 (1) : 31-37.
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