IOSR-JAVS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-1 ~ JAN-FEB-2013

ABSTRACT:Mutation breeding requires handling of large population as chances of induction and detection of mutation in a particular gene is rare. This increases the cost of breeding and makes the selection procedure time consuming and tedious. Detection of effective mutagenic treated population in early generations, particularly in M1 generation is no doubt reduce the population load in subsequent generation and thus cost of breeding and provide better scope of selection. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken in greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] using two varieties and the widely used physical mutagen gamma ray at five different doses to find out the possibility of existence of any relationship between M1 estimates and M2 mutation frequency. Results of the study indicated positive relationship between M1 injury and lethality with M2 macro- and micro-mutation frequency which may help in early prediction of mutation frequency
Key words: Gamma ray, Greengram, Induced Macro-mutation, Micro-mutation

[1] I. Blixt, O. Gelin, R. Mossberg, G. Ahnstrom, L. Eherenberg and R.A. Lofgraen, Studies of induced mutations in peas, Agri Hort.
Genet., 22, 1964, 1-2.
[2] J.R. Thakur, and G.S. Sethi, Mutagenic interaction of gamma rays with EMS and NaN3 in barley [Hordeum vulgare ( L.) em.
Bowden], Crop Research, 9(2), 1995, 303-308.
[3] B. Singh, and B.K. Mohapatra, Prediction of M1 mutation frequency based on M2 estimates in blackgram. Legume Research, 27(2),
2004, 137-139.
[4] H.A. Sneath and R.R. Sokal,. Numerical taxonomy (W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1973).
[5] H.A. Al-Jibouri, P.A. Miller and H.F. Robinson, Genotypic and environmental variances and covariances in upland cotton crosses
of interspecific origin, Agron. J., 50, 1958, 633-636.
[6] P.R. Tah, Induced macromutation in Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek]. International Journal of Botany, 2(3), 2006, 219-
228.
[7] A.A. Wani, Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays, EMS and their combination treatments in Chickpea (Cicer
arietinum L.). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 2009, 318-321.
[8] A. Chandra and S.N. Tiwari, Effect of fast neutrons and gamma irradiation on germination, pollen and ovules sterility and leaf
variations in mungbean, Acta. Bot. Indica, 6(2), 1979, 206–208.
[9] R.D.S. Yadav and V.P. Singh, Induced male sterile mutants in greengram. Current Science, 56(9), 1987, 419.
[10] K.V.S. Nalinikanth. Induced genetic variability in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek): study of M1 and M2 generation, M.Sc.
(Ag.) Thesis, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, 2005.

ABSTRACT:The aim of the study was to investigate and evaluate the occurrence of salinity in two soil profiles in irrigated soils of a 30 years long Brack – Ashkada agriculture project and classify their degree of salinity. The study was carried on in well No. 6 which covers twelve farms. Soil pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Exchangeable Sodium Percent (ESP) were measured at 25C; pH of soil samples ranged between 7.01 – 8.00; Electrical Conductivity (EC) is between 0.513 – 3.540 ds.m-1; and the Exchangeable Sodium Percent were ranged between 0.72 – 12.84. The pH of the soils that had been influenced by salinity farms 8 and 9 is 7.49 – 8.05, EC 1.076 – 4.421. ESP is 4.03 – 17.56 for the second and first soil depths respectively. According to the American classification of soil salinity, five sites which represent 8.3% of the studied sites were found either salted or effected by salt.
Index Terms. EC, ESP, pH, salinity.

[1] R. L. Dehaan, and G. R. Taylor, "Field-derived spectra of salinized soils and vegetation as indication of irrigation-induced soil
salinization," Intr. J. of Remote Sensing, vol. 80, pp. 406 – 417, 2002.
[2] A. Fernández-Cirelli1, J. L. Arumí, D. Rivera, and, P. W. Boochs, "Environmental effects of irrigation in arid and semi-arid
regions, Chilean," J. Agri. Res., vol. 69, pp. 27-40, 2009.
[3] P. Rengasamy, "World salinization with emphasis on Australian," J. Exp. Bot., vol. 57, pp. 1017 – 1023, 2006.
[4] J. D. Rhoads, "Use of saline and brackish water for irrigation implications and role in increasing food production, converging water,
sustaining irrigation and controlling soil and water degradation," in R. Ragab and G. Pearce, Ed. Proceeding of International
Workshop on "Use of saline and brackish water for irrigation implications, for the management of irrigation drainage Crops," Bali,
Indonesia, pp. 23- 24. 1998.
[5] E. Huok, M. Frasier, and E Schuck, "The agricultural impacts of irrigation induced waterlogging and soil salinity in the Arkansas,"
Basin. Agri. Water Mange., vol. 85, pp. 175 – 183, 2006.
[6] E. Burger and A. Celkova, "Salinity and sodicity hazard in water flow processes in the soil and plant," Soil Envr., vol. 49, (7), pp.
314 – 320, 2003.
[7] B. A. Ould Ahmed, M. Inoue, S. Moritani, "Effect of saline water irrigation and manure application on the available water content,
soil salinity, and growth of wheat," Agri. Water Manage, vol. 97, pp. 165 – 170, 2010.
[8] M. G. Barbour, J. H. Burk, W. D. Pitts, F. S. Gillan, and M. N. Schwartz, Terrestrial Plant Ecology, Menlopark, California:
Benjamin / Cummings, 1998.
[9] H. B. Chaniho, I. Rajpar, U. A. Talpur, N. B. Sial, and Zia-ul-hassan. "Evaluating soil and groundwater salinity in TALUKA
TANDO BAGO, SINDH. Pak. " J. Agri. Engg. Vet. Sci, vol. 26 (2), pp. 19 – 26, 2010.
[10] R. W. Miller and R. L. Donahue, Soils in Our Environment, 7th Ed. NJ: Prudence Hall, Englewood, Cliffs,1995, p.323.

ABSTRACT:The effect of intercropping of Sesbania rostrata with Transplant Aman rice on yield and profitability was determined at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, from July to December 2009. The experiment consisted of five treatments viz.; i) intercropping Sesbania in between two rows of rice, ii) intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice , iii) intercropping Sesbania around the rice field, iv) sole rice and v) sole Sesbania rostrata. The results revealed that rice grain yield decreased to a significant level by Sebania intercropping compared to sole rice which varied from 11.43 to 28.21%, with the maximum (28.21%) by intercropping Sesbania in between two rows of rice followed by intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice (12.5%) against the minimum (11.43%) by intercropping Sesbania around the rice field. In terms of total rice grain yield equivalent (TRGYE), the highest TRGYE (6.88 ton ha-1) was recorded for the treatment of intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice followed by intercropping Sesbania in between two rows of rice (6.00 ton ha-1) and intercropping Sesbania around the rice field (5.87 ton ha-1) against the minimum (5.60 ton ha-1) for sole rice clearly indicating yield advantages of intercropping over monocropping of rice. Similarly the net field benefits obtained from different intercropping systems were considerably higher than the sole cropping of rice. The maximum net benefit of Tk.73531 ha-1 was recorded for intercropping Sesbania in two rows interval of rice which is 26.68% more than sole rice (Tk. 59620 ha-1).
Key words: Intercropping, Rice equivalent yield, LER

[1] Alam, M. S. 1995. Effect of intercropping arrangements of Sesbania rostrata in transplant aman rice. An M.S. thesis. Dept. Agron.
Bangladesh Agril. Univ. Mymensingh.pp.1-40.
[2] Banik, P. and D.K. Bagchi. 1994. Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) and legume intercropping in Bihar plateau. Indian J. Agric Sci.,
64: 364-368.
[3] BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). 2009. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Stat. Div., Minst. Planning, Bangladesh Bur.
Stat., Govt. People's Repub. Bangladesh, Dhaka, pp. 123.
[4] Bhuiya, M. S. U., Islam, N. Das, T. K. and Hossain S. M. A. 1993. Effect of intercropping of Sesbania rostrata on the growth and
yield of rice. Bangladesh J. Agril. Sci. 20(2):285-290.
[5] Biswas, J. C., Roy, B. C. and Siddique, S. B. 1991. Establishing green manuring crops with irrigated boro rice. Annals of
Bangladesh Agric. 1(2):113-115.
[6] Chandra, D., Raju A. R. and Singh, U. D. 1992. Evaluation of suitable rice and pigeon pea varieties for intercropping under upland
conditions. Int. Rice Res. Newsl. (IRRN), pp.17:19.
[7] Dhimmar, S. K. 2003. Effect on growth and yield of rabi caster in pulses intercropping under varying planting geometry. American
J. Sci. Res. 4: 165-168.
[8] Economic Review of Bangladesh. 2006. Economic advisory subdivision, Economic Divi. , Ministry of planning, Govt. The
People's Repub. of Bangladesh, Dhaka, p. 130.
[9] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1988. Land Resources Appraisal of Organization for Agricultural Development. Report
2. Agro-Ecological Regions of Bangladesh. pp. 212-221.
[10] Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A. 1984. Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Statistical Procedures for Agril. Res. 2nd Edn., A Wiley Inter. Science Publication, John and Sons, New York. pp. 202-215.

ABSTRACT:A field study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of on – line non pressure compensating drip emitters of 2, 4 and 8 lph discharge ratings. The system was tested for its uniformity coefficient, emission uniformity, manufacturing coefficient of variation and head discharge relationship. The study revealed that for better discharge of on-line emitters of 2, 4 and 8 lph capacity, optimal pressure of 40, 70 and 100 KPa is required respectively to achieve uniformity coefficient of more than 90%. In 2, 4 and 8lph capacity emitters, emission was 86.73, 84.37 and 91.6 per cent respectively. Manufacturing coefficient of variation for different emitters having 2, 4 and 8 lph capacity was 0.165, 0.171 and .101 respectively. For inline emitter of 1.3 lph capacity, optimal pressure 100 kPa is required to achieve uniformity coefficient of 85% and emission was 85.81 per cent respectively. Manufacturing coefficient of variation for the 1.3lph capacity emitter was .128 respectively.
Key words: Discharge, pressure, irrigation, emitter, manufacturing coefficient of variation, uniformity coefficient.

[1] Pandey, A.(2005) Hydraulic Performance of Drip Emitters under Laboratory Condition. J.Soil Wat. Conserv. India,4(3&4)
[2] ASAE(1989) American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Design , installation and performance of trickle systems.EP405.1 St.
Joseph , MI.
[3] Christiansean,JE.(1942) Hydraulics of sprinkling systems for irrigation . Trans.ASCE. 107:221-239
[4] Kumar ,A. (2001) State of art and research and development needs in micro irrigation . Proceeding of Manufacture.
[5] Meet cum Workshop on Automated Irrigation Equipment Testing Report No.CAIE/IDED/2002/277.pp. 51-57.
[6] Madramotto, C.A.(1988) Effect of pressure changes characteristics on the discharge characteristics of pressure compensating
emitters. J.Agri. Engg. Res. 40: 159-164.Wu, I.P. and Giltin , H.M. (1977) Drip irrigation efficiency and schedules . Trans of the
ASAE,26(I) :92-97
[7] Satpute,G.V and Pandey,N.N. (1988) Effect of drip layout and planting geometry of tomato and cost of drip system. Proc .
Agri.Engg. Conference Bangkok, Thailand ;AIT(1992),773-781 pp.

ABSTRACT:Deficit of high quality animal feed is an important obstacle for raising poultry farm. So, a mixture of animal and vegetable protein mixed with vitamin (lysine) which is an enriched feed for chicks. The percentage of proteins, fat. fiber, ash, and moisture were 28.35%, 3.78%, 9.33%, 18.06% and 11% in our prepared feed, where 19%, 6%, 5%, 8% and 13% in market's food. The chicks gain weight after 90, 135 and 180 days were 3.43.89± 8.93, 557.44 ± 13.27 and 673.5 ± 9.87 by supplied our own product where as 287.00 ± 16.00, 519.88 ± 15.43 and 631.16 ± 5.44 were in chicks by supplied market's food. DGC (Daily growth coefficient), SGR ( Specific growth rate), PCR ( Food conversion ratio) and SGI (specific growth index) were 2.44, 244.44, 40.09 and 0.613 in chicks supplied by our own food whereas the parameters were 2.16, 216.66, 53.96 and 0.969 in chicks supplied by the market's food respectively.
Key words: Chickens, shrimp shell, antibiotics, balanced and nutrient diets

[1] Han, Y. and D.H. Baker 1994. Digestive lysine requirement of male and female broiler chicks during the period three to six weeks
post hatching. Poultry Sci. 77: 864-869.
[2] Kidd, M. T., B. J. Lerr, K. M. Halpan, G. W. Mcward and C. L. Quarles, 1998. Lysine levels in starter-finisher diets affects broiler
performance and carcass traits. J.Appl.Poult.Res. 7: 351-358.
[3] Garu, C. R. 1984 . Effect of protein level on the lysine requirement of the chicks. J. Nutr., 36: 99-108.
[4] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1990).Official methods of Analysis of the AOAC (W. Hotwithz Ed), (13th
Edn).
[5] Kim Klotins 2005.Antibiotic use for growth improvement controversy and resolution. FACTSHEET .
[6] Kerr ,B. J. ,M. T. Kidd, K .M. Halpan, G. W. Mcward and C. L. Quarles 1999. Lysine level increases live performance and breast
yield in male broiler. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 8 : 381-390.
[7] Lehmann, D. M. Pack and H. Jeroch, 1996. Responses of growing and finishing turkey toms to dietary lysine. Poultry Sci. 75 :
711-718.
[8] Morris,T.R.,K.Alazzawi,R.M.Gous and G. L. Simpson 1987. Effect of protein concentration on response to diatary lysine by
chicks.Br.Poult.Sci., 28: 185-195.
[9] Maxime Quentin, Isabelle Bouvarel and Michel Picard 2005.Effects of crude protein and lysine contents of the diet on growth and
body composition of slow-growing commercial broilers from 42 to 77 days of age. Anim.Res .54. 113-122.
[10] Patience, J.F 1990. Potential for the use of antibiotics and probiotics as growth promotors. Proceedings of the Banff Pork Seminar.
Vol.1, Faculty of Extension, University of Alberta ,PP 29 . 44.

ABSTRACT:The insecticidal efficacy of the African rock fig leaf powder, (Ficus congensis Engl.) as an alternative source of control against the groundnut bruchid (Caryedon serratus Olivier) on stored groundnut was evaluated in the Laboratory of the Department of Crop Production and Horticulture/Crop Protection, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola. The results obtained reveals that, the plant material leaf powder had a remarkable effects on all the parameters measured. The least mean percentage damaged seeds was observed in the chemical actellic dust at 1g/100g seeds (7.00), followed by Ficus congensis Engl. leaf powder at 8.0g/100g seeds (19.00) and the highest was recorded in the control (80.33). The highest mean percentage undamaged seeds and the least mean percentage weight loss was seen in the chemical actellic dust at 1g/100 seeds (93.00 and 8.00) followed by plant material leaf powder at 8.0g/100g seeds (81.00 and 13.67) and the least and the highest was in the controls (19.67 and 61.75) respectively. It was also found out that, the plant material, Ficuscongensis Engl. is a promising candidate for developing botanical, biodegradable and ecologically friendly insecticides and could replace the use of synthetic insecticides on a small farmers holding. The study further stressed that, the impact on the stored product depends on the quantity or dosage level. This shows that, the higher the quantity of the leaf powder, the more effective the plant material was. Therefore, the leaf powder is recommended for storing groundnut for at least 12 weeks at the rate of 8.0g/100g grain. All the treatments had significant control of the bruchid compared to the controls at P≤0.05 level of significance using the Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test for variables.
Key words: Damage, Bruchid, Pest, Mortality, Control, Groundnut, Oviposition.

1] Adebayo, A.A. (1999). Climate II In: Adebayo, A.A. and Tukur, A.L. (eds) 1999 Adamawa State in Maps. Pp. 23-25. Paraclete
Publishers, JimetaYola.
[2] Adedire, C. O. and Lajidire, L., (2000). Toxicity and Oviposition Deterancy of some Plant extracts on cowpea Storage
BruchidCallosobruchusmaculatus Fab. Journal of Plants Diseases and Protection 106, 547 -651.
[3] Adeyemi, S.A. (1968). Storage Entomology; Proceedings of Agricultural Society of Nigeria.Vol. 34.
[4] Ashley, J. (1993). Drought and Crop Adaptation InDry Land Farming in Africa (Rowland, R.J. ed). Macmillan Education Ltd.
London Pp. 10.
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India. Pp. 241-242.
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(F) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) in Mungbeans
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[8] Degri, M.M. (2000). Comparative Efficacy of Some Insecticides for the Control of Leaf Footed Bug, LeptoglossusAustralist (F.) on
Stored Cowpea. Entomological Society of Nigeria. (32): 191-194.
[9] Dick, K.M. (1987). Pest Management in Stored Groundnut. Chapman and Hall, London. Pp. 365.
[10] Hooker, J.D. (1991). The Flora of British India.Viol. II. L. Reeve and company Ltd, London. 25Pp.

ABSTRACT: A field study was carried out at Department of Crop Science and Horticulture experimental field, Anambra State University, Igbariam Campus, to study the response of Bambara groundnut Vigna subterranean (L.) verdc to phosphate fertilizer levels. The treatments consisted of four levels of Single Super phosphate 0 kg P/plot (SSP1), 0.37 kg P/plot ( SSP2), 0.73 kg P/plot (SSP3) and 1.1 kg P/plot, (SSP4) equivalent to 55 kg P/ha, 110 kg P/ha and 165 kg P/ha respectively. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) and the treatments were replicated four times. Data collected were subjected to an analysis of variance test based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) and treatment means were separated using least significant difference (LSD=0.05). The result obtained from the field study showed that Bambara groundnut responded well to all the levels of P applied and was significant (P=0.05) in all the parameters assessed. Yield increased with the increasing rate of phosphate fertilizer in weight of pod, number of pod, number of nodules, length of the root, and number of leaf/plant, leave area/plant, number of branches, number of flowers and plant height that were measured at 6, 8, and 10 weeks after planting (WAP). The value of plant height and number of flowers obtained in SSP2 (67.04cm, 3.63) and SSP3 (71.01cm, 4.69), at 6WAP were statistically similar and significantly better than the control SSP1 (9.79cm, 2.82). The weight of pod in SSP2 (1.27 kg/ha) and SSP3 (1.36 kg/ha) were statistically similar and SSP2 (1.27 kg/ha) is not statistically better than the control (1.16 kg/ha). The SSP4 recorded the highest value and was significantly different from the other rates in all the parameters assessed with a yield value (1.62 kg/ha). Hence single super phosphate fertilizer at the rate of 1.1kgP/ha is considered adequate for Bambara groundnut in the studied area since it increases the productivity of the crop.
Key words: Bambara groundnut, growth, phosphate, yield, fertilizer, soil, Igbariam.

[1] Baryeh, E.A. (2001). Physical properties of Bambara groundnut. Journal of Food Engineering 47:32-36.
[2] Benedyeka Z, Benedijeki, S. and Grzegorezyk, S. (1992). Phosphorous utilization in the dependence on nitrogen fertilization of green sward. Forth International Imphos conference. Phosphorous life and environment, Grand Belgium.
[3] Black, C.A. (1965). Method of Soil Analysis II Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Am.Soc. Agron., Madison, Wisconsin
1572p.
[4] Brink, M., Ramolemana, G.M. and Sibuga, K.P. (2002). Vigna Subterranean (L.) verdc. Recorded from protabase. Oyen, L.P.A and
Lemmens, R.H.M.J (editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical frica/Resources Vege tales de I' Afrique tropic ale), Wageningen
the Netherlands.
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Agron. 8:124-130.
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physiologists 166: 231-239.
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south eastern agricultural zone of Nigeria. Paper presented at the Natural farming system research work shop Jos, Plateau State,
Nigeria, 26-29.
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[10] Okito, A., Alves, B.J.R., Urquiaga, S., and Boddey R.M. (2004). Isotopic Fractionation during nitrogen fixation by four tropical
legumes, Soil Biology and Chemistry, 36:1179-1190.

ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted during the cropping seasons of 2003 and 2009 on the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Crop production and Horticulture Federal University of Technology, Yola to evaluate the growth potentials of three cultivars of roselle (Hibiscus sabdarriffa L) (using two plant population densities of 60cmx30cm and 80cmx40cm. The experiment design was a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated four times. Parameters such as plant height at 3,5,7, plant height at harvests and number of leaves at 3,5,and 7 weeks after sowing were taken. The parameters measured at required height showed significant differences between cultivars and spacing. Plants with the tallest height of 58.75cm were observed from cultivars 3 (Pink) at a spacing of 80cmx40cm in 2008 cropping season, while in 2009 cropping season, the tallest plant of 21.75cm were recorded from pink cultivar at a spacing of 80cmx40cm. There was significant interaction at P=0.05 for plant height, number of leaves/plants at 3,5, and 7 weeks after sowing. There was also significant interaction between cultivars and spacing at P=0.05 for plant height and other parameters measured
at 3, 5,and 7weeks after sowing. Due to high performance of cultivar (3) at a spacing of 80x40cm it is recommended that cultivar 3 which is pink and spacing of 80x40cm in 2008 and 2009 cropping season be adopted in Yola and its environs for growth parameter of roselle
Keywords: evaluation, growth, potential, cultivar, and plant population.

[1] Abu- Tarboush, H.M, Ahmed, S.A.B. and Atkahtain, H.A. (1977). Some nutritional and functional properties of Karkade (Hibiscus
sabdarriffa L) seed products. The department of food science, college of Agriculture, King Sand University, Riyadh-Saudi-Arabia
74; (3) 352-355.
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and Applied science Vol.7No 1, 133: 135.
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Federal University of Technology, Yola Pp.3-4
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ABSTRACT: Greenhouse system is an alternative to economic problems faced as a result of climate variability which has so far hindered agricultural practices, hydropower, hydrological cycle and drought relieve. The survey covers green house system and management within humid tropical area of Nigeria. The study includes crops of different types such as Cucumber and Sweet Melon. It cover within the period of sowing (nursery), transplanting and harvesting. The result revealed that the necessary microclimate factors such as Temperature of 280C and Relative Humidity of 85% are necessary for the maximum growth, development and productivity of
these crops. Higher temperature aids flowering and support photoperiodism. Crops suffer low quality output and invasion of pests and diseases when humidity threshold is at minima.
Keywords: Green house, nursery, transplanting, harvesting and photoperiodic

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