IOSR-JAVS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-3 ~ SEP-OCT-2013

ABSTRACT: Sixteen West African Dwarf (WAD) goats of mixed sexes, aged between 5 -7 months of age and having an average weight of 6.80 kg were used to assess the nutrient digestibility and intake of diets containing graded levels of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM) in a completely randomized design. Four diets A, B, C and D containing 0%, 12.5%, 25% and 50% SOPM respectively were formulated and fed to the WAD goats for 84 days. Results show that there was no effect (p>0.05) of treatment on dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract and ether extract digestibility of WAD goats. Nutrient intake was also not affected (p>0.05) among the treatment groups except ether extract intake where treatments A, B, and C were significantly higher (p>0.05) than treatment D, while between treatment A, B and C there was no difference (p>0.0). The study shows that SOPM can be used to replace maize offal up to 50% without negative effect on nutrient digestibility and intake of WAD.

Key words: Sweet orange peel meal, maize offal, WAD goats, nutrient digestibility, nutrient intake

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ABSTRACT: Four types of sweet orange peel meals: Ibadan sweet peel meal (ISPM), Valencia peel meal (VPM), Washington peel meal (WPM) and composite sweet orange peel meal (CSOPM) were assessed using the in vitro gas technique. The proximate constituents were analysed, and also milled samples of the four types of sweet orange peel meals in triplicates were incubated using 200mg/30ml innoculum for 24hrs. At post incubation, total methane gas produced was measured using 4 ml of 10M NaOH. The metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were estimated. Dry matter was highest in CSOPM (87.66%) and lowest in WPM (80.50%), while crude protein (CP) and nitrogen free extract (NFE) values were highest in WPM (9.95% and 69.28% respectively). In vitro gas production volume (IVGP), ME, OMD and SCFA were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the sample types. However, absolute values showed that WPM had highest values of IVGP (48.33ml/200mgDM), ME (9.36MJ/kgDM), OMD (66.71%) and SCFA (1.09mmol/200mgDM). The potential extent of gas production 'b' of WPM (75.82ml/200mgDM) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other peel meal types and VPM (36.86) was the lowest. The potentially degradable fraction 'a+b' for WPM (81.96ml/200mgDM) was significantly higher than all the other peel meal types, while VPM (44.72) was the least. The rate constant 'c' of VPM, WPM and CSOPM were similar (p>0.05) among the treatments.

Key words: Sweet orange peel meal types, chemical composition, in vitro fermentation

[1]. Abegunde, T.O., Babayemi, O.J and Akinsoyinu A.O. (2009). Chemical composition, In vitro digestibilityand gas production characteristics of six ficus species based diets with panicum maximum in the dry season. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 2009. 36(1): 143 – 152.
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ABSTRACT: The nutritive value of four diets containing different levels of sweet orange peel meal (SOPM), D1(0%SOPM), D2(12.5% SOPM), D3(25% SOPM) and D4(50% SOPM) were evaluated in terms of their chemical composition, in vitro gas production (IVGP), metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and in vitro gas production characteristics. Results showed that the in vitro gas production characteristics did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) among treatments. The values for potential gas production 'b' and the potentially degradable fractions 'a+b' for all the dietary treatments were similar (p>0.05), but absolute values of D4(50% SOPM) for 'b' and 'a+b' (30.88 and 38.59) respectively, were higher than those of D1, D2 and D3. The rate of fermention 'c' was also similar across the treatments. In vitro gas production volumes were significantly affected (p<0.05) among the treatments. Metaboliazable energy for D4(6.56MJ/kgDM) was significantly higher than D1(5.30 MJ/kgDM), D2(5.32 MJ/kgDM) and D3(5.39 MJ/kgDM). The OMD and SCFA followed the same trend.

Key words: Sweet orange peel meal, in vitro fermentation, in vitro gas production parameters, in vitro gas production characteristics,

[1]. Abegunde, T.O., Mako, A.A., Adene, I.C., Akinsoyinu, A.O and Babayemi, O.J. (2010).
[2]. Chemical compostion and in vitro gas production parameters of Ficus exasperate diets in the dry and wet season of Nigeria. Proc. 35th Conf., Nig. Soc. for Anim. Prod. held on the 14th - 17th March, 2010, Univ. of Ibadan. Nig. Pp. 580 – 583.
[3]. Adegbola, A. A. and Asaola, V. O. (1986). Preparation of cassava peels used in small ruminant production in Western Nigeria. Proc. of workshop held at the University of Alexandria. Egypt. Oct. 1985. ILCA. Addis Ababa. Ethiopia. Pp. 109 – 115.
[4]. Aganga, A. A., Umunna, N. N., Okoh, P. N. and Oyedipe, E. O. (1986). Water metabolism of ruminants. J.Anim. Prod. Res. 6 (2): 171 – 187.
[5]. Akindele, S. O. (1996). Basic Experimental Designs in Agricultural Research. Montem paperbacks ,akure Nigeria. Pp. 25 - 34.
[6]. AOAC (1995). Official method of Analysis (16th edition) Association of official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC.
[7]. Babayemi, O.J., Bamikole, M.A and Odunguwa B.O. (2003). Haematological and biochemical components of West African dwarf goats fed Tephrosia bracteolata – based forage. Trop. Anim. Prod. Invest. 6:31-38.
[8]. Babayemi, O. J. and Bamikole, M. A. (2006). Nutritive value of Tephosia candida seed in West African Dwarf goats. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 7:4, 731 – 738.
[9]. Binuomote, R. T. and Babayemi, O. J. (2010). Nutritive evaluation of ensile cassava (Manihot esculentus, crants) tops and guinea grass mixtures. Proc. 35th Conf., Nig. Soc. for Anim. Prod. 14th – 17th March, 2011, Univ. of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pp. 601 – 603.
[10]. Blummel, M., Makkar, H.P.S., Chisanga, G., Mtimuni and Becker, K. (1997). The prediction of dry matter intake and in vitro digestibility of African roughages in relation to ruminant live weight gain. Anim. Feed Sci. and Tech. 69:131 – 141.

ABSTRACT: A study with completely randomized design in factorial arragement and under in vitro conditions was conducted to assess the allelopathic effect of Albizia saman F.Muell leaf leachate on three popular crop species, namely Amaranthus viridis L.(vegetable crop), Brassica campestris L. var dichotoma Wall. (oil crop) and Oryza sativa L.cv.Pankaj (cereal crop). Different concentrations (0, 1, 2 and 4%) of leaf leachate were applied to seeds of all test plants to investigate their effect on germination and seedling growth. Result showed that rice (O. sativa) is least sensitive both in terms of germination and of seedling growth to the leaf leachate. The mustard plant (B. campestris) was found to be affected highly in the presence of leaf leachate. Germination percentage was gradually decreased over the control with increasing concentration of leaf leachate. In 4% leaf leachate application, the germination was inhibited about 91% over the control. A viridis was proved as moderately sensitive to the leaf leachate. Gradual decrease in root length of A. viridis was observed with increasing concentration of leachate. Hypocotyls length of A. viridis at 2% and 4% was found to be stimulated than the hypocotyls length at 1%. The study revealed that the plant S. saman has inhibitory effect on B. campestris and A. viridis, whereas rice plant is resistant to the effect of leaf leachate.

Keywords: Albizia saman, Allelopathy, Amaranthus viridis, Brassica campestris, Oryza sativa.

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ABSTRACT: This work examined the production efficiency of cassava farms in Taraba State. A purposive sampling method was used to select 300 cassava farmers in the study area. Important information on inputs used and outputs realized in cassava production were collected from cassava farmers using structured questionnaire. The datacollectedwere analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier production function and cost function. The estimated gamma parameter of stochastic frontier production function showed that about 92% variation in output among cassava farmers in the study area was due to differences in technical efficiency. The estimated elasticities of production with respect to farm size, family labour, hired labour and fertilizer were statistically significant at 1% and 5% level of significance respectively. The mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency were 0.887, 0.856 and 0.825 respectively, meaning that the sample farmers were relatively very efficient in allocating their limited resources with technical efficiency appears to be more significant than allocative and economic efficiency. The result of the study showed that the major factor affecting cassava productions in the study area were farm size, family labour, hired labour, fertilizer, house hold size, years of schooling and source of funds. These factors were significant and have positive influence on cassava output. It is thus recommended that farmers should be encouraged to adopt more intensive cultural practices instead of continued expansion in land put to cassava production.

Key words: Technical, allocative, economic efficiencies stochastic frontier production function and cost functions.

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ABSTRACT: In the present study pathological investigations of two year old stray dog carcass were carried out. This had history of swelling at right forelimb with snake bite marks, salivation, restlessness followed by death. Gross and histopathological lesions shown by affected dog were suggestive of snake bite of Viperidae family, as the lesions were hemotoxic as evidenced in heart, lungs, kidney and trachea.

Keywords: Cyanosis, Necropsy, Venom

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[3] V. Yogiraj, R. Chaithanya, B. Jatti Vijayakumar, N. Patil Anand and C. Bharat, A study of post mortem histopathological findings in snake bite poisoning ,13 (1), 2013, 203-208.

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ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to determine the effect of wood species on physical and mechanical properties of some selected wood in the Tropical Rainforest Ecosystem, Ondo State, Nigeria. The experiment was laid out in Complete Block Design (CBD). Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University of Technology Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, between May 2012 and September 2012. The wood species includes Meliceae excelsa, Khaya ivorensis, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Afzelia africana and Celtis mildbraedii. The wood were machined and trimmed to standard size of 20mm X 20mm X 60mm for the determination of physical properties and 10mm X 10mm X 300mm for mechanical properties. All the samples were replicated five times. The green weight was determined with a digital weighing balance; the longitudinal, radial and tangential axes were measured with a veneer caliper. All samples were oven dried at initial temperature of 70⁰C for 6 hours and thereafter increased to 100⁰ ± C to complete 24 hours. This procedure was repeated until a substantial constant weight was obtained and the physical properties calculated. The test for mechanical properties (modulus of rupture and elasticity-MOR and MOE) were performed on an Improvised Universal Testing Machine. The samples were subjected to three point bending test with varying load. At the point of failure, the force exerted that causes the failure was recorded and the MOR and MOE calculated. The results of this study shows a significant (P=.05) variation in wood density (Afzelia africana>Celtis mildbraedii>Meliceae excelsa>Khaya ivorensis>Triplochiton scleroxylon) The MOR (N/mm2) and MOE (N/mm2) of these wood species indicates that Celtis mildbraedii and Afzelia africana has the highest values (149.94/7088 and 136.71/6313), Khaya ivorensis, Meliceae excelsa and Triplochiton scleroxylon has relatively lower values. The test of selected wood species shows that strength of a timber depends on its species and hence different wood species have different strength characteristics. The results obtained in this study has provided quantitative information on the mechanical properties of selected wood species which can be used in determining the application of these wood for either heavy and for building, construction or for other purposes such as the manufacture of furniture. Keywords: Mechanical, Physical, Tropical Rainforest, Wood species, Elasticity

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ABSTRACT: Chromium is released into the environment by a number of processes such as steel manufacturing, pulp processing, wood preservation, leather tanning, metal plating, metal cleaning and processing and alloy formation, mostly with-out proper treatment. As a consequence, elevated concentrations of chromium become a major threat to the environment. Among the different forms of chromium, hexavalent chromium is highly soluble in water, and mutagenic and carcinogenic. Recently, concern about Cr as an environmental pollutant has been escalating due to its build up to toxic levels in the environment as a result of various industrial and agricultural activities. In the present study, the hexavalent chromium was reduced into trivalent chromium from chromium contaminated (300 μg g-1) soil. The vermicompost and microbial cultures (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride) were used for chromium detoxification studies. The chromium (VI) reduction was observed in best treatment like vermicompost alone reduced the chromium up to 85 per cent and vermicompost along with Pseudomonas fluorescens reduced the hexavalent chromium up to 84.6 per cent. The large amount of hexavalent chromium was detoxified due to application of vermicompost. The chromium hexavalent reduction was confirmed with maize plant uptake. The plants grown on the control soil (T1) had the highest content of Cr (39.2 μg g-1) and the plants grown on the soil with the application of Trichoderma viride (T9) had the lesser value of Cr content. These biological materials were reduced the toxicity of chromium and bioavailability to the maize plant uptake.

Key words: Bioremediation, biotransformation, Cr (VI), Vermicompost, Pseudomonas fluorescens

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ABSTRACT: As part of development of agrotechnology package of practices for large scale cultivation of Plectranthus vettiveroides experiments were conducted to study the effect of soil texture using different ratios of sand and loam soil. Experiments were also conducted to study the influence of land preparation methods for optimum growth and yield attributes. The results revealed that in pure sandy soil raised bed of 60 cm height with a layer of coconut husks at entire edges of top boundary can be recommended for the optimum growth and yield attributes in P. vettiveroides.

Key words: Growth, Plectranthus vettiveroides, Sand, Soil, Yield, Raised bed

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[8]. Jolly Garg and Ashwani Kumar, Effect of different soil types on growth and productivity of Euphorbia lathyris L. a hydrocarbon yielding plant, International Journal of Life Science & Pharma Research, 2(3), 2012, 164-173.
[9]. R. Singh and R.B. Alderfer, Effect of soil moisture stress at different periods of growth of some vegetable crops, Soil Sci., 101, 1966, 69-80.
[10]. M. Peet, Sustainable practices for vegetable production in south crop profile pepper. (NCSU, USA, 2002).

ABSTRACT: Biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger hitherto neglected in the control of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing inflorescence blight disease of cashew were evaluated in-vitro in the mycology laboratory, Plant Pathology Section, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria by dual culture technique; pathogen and the bio-agent at equal-distance, pathogen at periphery and pathogen at the centre respectively to determine their antagonistic effects and find out suitable management strategies. The results revealed that the selected bio-agents were able to inhibit the growth of the pathogen's mycelial significantly (P = 0.05) A. niger (31.87, 74.74, 80.12% respectively) and T. viride (25.38, 60.36, 90.48%respectively) and also reduce the mycelial extension of the pathogen significantly at the adopted dual culture techniques.

Keyword: antagonistic potential, bioagents, cashew, culture technique, Inflorescence blight

[1]. O. A. Olunloyo, Results of three years spraying of with fungicide-insecticide combinations against Inflorescence dieback disease of cashew. Plant Disease 67, 1983, 1319 - 1320.

[2]. M. Bondad-Reantaso, R.P. Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur, K. Ogawa, S. Chinabut, R. Adlard, Z. Tan and M. Shariff, Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture. Vet. Parasitology, 132, 2005, 249-272.

[3]. O. A. Olunloyo, Efficiency of a simple spray application of fungicide/insecticide combination in the control of Inflorescence blight disease of cashew. Ann. Respt. Cocoa Res. Inst. Nigr. 1979, 64 - 65.

[4]. E. Punithalingam,, Botryodiplodia theobromae. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. No. 519. Kew, Surrey, UK: Commonwealth Mycological Institute, 1976.

[5]. E. Punithalingam, Plant diseases attributed to Botryodiplodia theobromae, in: J. Cramer, Biblioteca Mycologica.( Berlin), 1980

[6]. M. G. Mortuza, and L. L. Ilag, Potential for Biocontrol of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griff. & Maubl. in Banana Fruits by Trichoderma species. Biological Control 15, 1999, 235 - 240pp.

[7]. H. Y. El-Kassas, and H. M. Khairy, A Trial for Biological Control of a Pathogenic Fungus (Fusarium solani) by Some Marine Microorganisms by Some Marine Microorganisms. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (3), 2009, 434-440.

[8]. F. Amin, V.K. Razdan, F. A. Mohiddin, K. A. Bhat, and S. Banday, Potential of Trichoderma Species as Biocontrol agents of soil borne fungal propagules. Journal Of Phytology, 2(10), 2010, 38-41.

[9]. G. S. Chitarra, P. Breeuwer, M. J. R. Nout, A. C. Van Aelst, F. M. Rombouts and T. Abee. An antifungal compound produced by Bacillus subtilis ym10-20 inhibits germination of Penicillium roqueforti conidiospores, J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 2003, 159.

[10]. N. H. Tran, Using Trichoderma species for Biological control of Plant pathogens in Vietnam. J. Issaas vol. 16(1), 2010, 17-21.

ABSTRACT: Whole seeds and pulp of Dialium guineense have been used as medicinal remedies, as source of vitamin C and as flavour in snacks and non alcoholic beverages but not much work has been done on its proximate composition. This study is aimed at analysing the proximate composition of Dialium guineense. The method applied in this analytical determination were mainly that of the association of official analytical chemist (AOAC) which includes spectrophotometer, gravimetric and titrimetric and all determination were carried out in duplicate. Values obtained for the proximate analysis of whole seeds and pulp were; moisture (10.13% and 10.53%), dry matter (90.15% and 88.4%), ash (2.55% and 12.52%), organic matter (12.62% and 41.55%), crude fat (35.33% and 5.34%), crude fibre (13.52% and 1.05%), carbohydrate (43.9% and 58.65%), protein (17.44% and 3.94%) and total nitrogen free extract (2.79% and 0.65%) respectively. The results obtained from the proximate mineral composition of the whole seeds and pulp were; magnesium (0.16mg/l and 0.40mg/l), sodium (2.42mg/l and 2.88mg/l), iron (0.91mg/l and 1.43mg/l), calcium (0.54mg/l and 0.35mg/l) and potassium (0.34mg/l and 1.21mg/l) respectively. Values are significantly different from each other at P< 0.05. The results suggest that the whole seeds and pulp of D. guineense can serve as a good source of essential nutrients for human and livestock.

Keywords: Dialium guineense, proximate analysis, minerals, nutrients, pulp, whole seed.

[1[1]. Szolnok, T.W., 1985. Food and fruit trees of Gambia Hamburg. Federal Republic of Germany.

[2]. Hong, T.D., S. Linington and R.H. Ellis, 1996. Seed Storage Behaviour: A Compendium. Handbook for Genebanks: No. 4. International Plant Genetic Resources Instiute, Rome, Italy.

[3]. George Mateljan Foundation, 2011. Vitamin and mineral. Elevier Science. Pub. Co., pp: 1220.

ABSTRACT: Microbiological studies were carried out in a small poultry farm in a Community in South West Nigeria following a report of acute diarrhea in 6-week old broilers, catarrh and cough in the poultry attendants. Nasal swabs were collected from 25 symptomatic and 5 asymptomatic attendants. Swabs were collected from the cloacae of 100 birds with diarrhea. Twenty-five (100%) symptomatic attendants carried Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in their nostrils. Five asymptomatic attendants carried Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Ninety five (95%) cloacae swabs yielded MRSA and five (5%) yielded Lactose-fermenting (LF) isolates suggestive of Escherichia coli on MacConkey agar. There was an incidence of 83.3% MRSA in the poultry attendants, and 95% in chickens in the poultry. Cross infection of MRSA seems to occur from chickens to the attendants in the poultry farm.

Keywords: Chickens, MRSA, Poultry attendants

[1]. Persoons D, Van Hoorebeke S, Hermans K, Butaye P, de Kruif A, Haesebrouck F, Dewulf J. 2009. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Poultry. Emerg Infect Dis. 15(3):452-453. Erratum in 15(5):853.
[2]. Morgan M. 2008 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and animals: Zoonosis or humanosis? J Antimicrob Chemother. 62:1181-1187.
[3]. Cefai C, Ashurst S, Ownens C. 1994 Human carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus linked with a pet dog. Lancet 344:539-540.
[4]. Marian FA. 2003. Asymptomatic nasal carriage of mupirocin-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a pet dog association with MRSA infection in household contacts. Clin infect Dis. 36: e26-e28.
[5]. O'Mahony R, Abbott Y, Leonard FC Markey BK, Quinn PJ, Pollock PJ, Fanning S, Rossney AS. 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated form animals and Veterinary personnel in Ireland. Vet Microbiol. 109: 285-296.
[6]. Moodley A, Stegger M, Bagcigil AF, Baptiste KE, Loeffler A, Lloyd DH, Williams NJ, Leonard N, Abbott Y, Skov R, Guardabassi L. 2006. spa typing of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from domestic animals and veterinary staff in the UK and Ireland. J Antimcrob Chemothr. 58:1118-1123.
[7]. Rankin S, Roberts S, O'Shea K, Maloney D, Lorenzo M, Benson CE. 2005. Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) toxin positive MRSA strains isolated from animals. Vet Microbiol. 108:145-148.
[8]. Walther B, Wieler LH, Friedrich AW Hanssen A, Kohn B, Brunnberg L, Lübke-Becker A. 2008 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from small and exotic animals at a university hospital during routine microbiological examinations. Vet. Microbiol. 127:171-178.
[9]. Kitai S, Shimizu A, Kawano J, Sato E, Nakano C, Uji T, Kitagawa H. 2005. Characterization of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Japan. J Vet Med Sci. 67:107-110.
[10]. Rich M, Roberts L, Kearns A. 2005 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from animals. Vet Microbiol. 105:313-314.

ABSTRACT: The Angiospermic fern Cyrtomium cyrotideum C. Chr. was collected from Chikar and Kachelli, under the shade of Pinus wallichianum (A. B. Jackson) at an altitude of 7000 feet, Jehlum Valley District Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir. The sporangia globose, sori are small and scattered, stripes tufted, densely clothed below with large dark scales, scattered, texture coriaceous with naked surface, the upper surface glossy with primary veins from the midrib of the pinnae. Each meristele has thick walled pericycle within which a crescent-shaped xylem is located with exarch protoxylem. Phloem cells are thin walled and filled to make a round mass of the cells. Average size of capsule is 250 x 100 across wide, 180 in height. Spore manostele is 90 thick, isospore, bilateral, proximal, flat, perine, and delicate. Spore dimension is 92 x 66. Distal surface heavily warty with the exine thickness of 3.5

[1]. P. N. Mehra, Macronesian heathland. In: Heathlanda of the world (Ed. E. L. Specht), (Elsevier publishing Co., New York, 1939).
[2]. R. R. Stewart, 1957. The ferns and ferns allies of West Pakistan and Kashmir, Biologia, 3(2), 1957, 1-32.
[3]. A. H. Sheikh, Ferns of Kaghan valley, Pak. Jour. Sci. Res., 14(4), 1962, 195-209.
[4]. R. R. Stewart, E. Nasir and S. I. Ali, Flora of West Pakistan, ( An annotated catalogues of Vascular Plants of West Pakistan and Kishmir, Karachi University, 1972) 1028.
[5]. A. A. Bhutta and A. Sadiq, A modified technique to study the xylem of whole plants or plant organs, Bull. Palaeobot. Palynol. Club Pak.,1, 1987, 43-45.
[6]. A. A. Bhutta, On the spore (including germinating spores) of Horneophyton (Hornea) Lignieri (Kidston and Lang) Barghoom Darrab (1938). Pak. J. Bot., 5(1), 1973, 45-55.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effect of age of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) broodstock on quantity of eggs and milt produced and subsequent growth of fry. Six ponds were used to stocked with different ages of male and female broodstock which varied from 12 to 30 months. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used. A total of thirty six male and female broodstock each were used. There were four replicates per treatment. Spawning was induced by the use of ovaprim® injection. The eggs were fertilized with milt collected from the male broodstock. The quantities of eggs and milt produced, eggs hatched and raised to fry stage were monitored. A proximate analysis of the feed indicated that Artemia contained 55.27% crud protein and 27. 12% Nitrogen Free Extract, while Dizengoff had 57.06 crude protein and 12.61% Nitrogen Free Extract. The content of crude fibre was 4.01 and 0.90% for Artemia and Dizengoff repectively. Result showed that age of female catfish broodstock positively affected the number of eggs produced with 24 and 30 months old broodstock producing 260 and 300g of eggs respectively, while 15 and 18 months old had 150 and 160g of eggs respectively. Hatchability also increased with age of broodstock. The older the female, the higher the egg hatchability. Fry obtained from 24 and 30 months old broodstock had a significantly (p<0.05) higher weight (18g and 24g) at four weeks of age compared to fry obtained from 15 and 18 months old female broodstock which weighed 8.33g and 10.00g respectively. In order to obtain good egg number, high hatchability and optimum performance of the fry it is recommended that broodstock should be at least 24 months of age before being used for breeding.

Keywords: Clarias gariepinus, Age of broodstock, performance.

[1]. A Practical Guide to Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding of catfish (2011). Bulletin 1113. 2nd ed . http://msucares.com/aquaculture/catfish/feed.html. webmaster@ext.msstste.edu
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[4]. Jokthan, G. E. (2010). Integrating Aquaculture with Horticulture. Entrepreneurial Skill Acquisition Training Workshop: Fish Farming, Processing and Marketing. Held at the Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research 23rd -26th Feb. 2010
[5]. Okoye, F.C. (1994). Status of fish farming in Nigeria. Report of National Aquaculture Diagnostic Survey. 1994
[6]. Omole, A.J., Fapohunda, J.B., Bankole M., Owosibo, A. and Omidiran V.A., (2006). Practical Catfish Nutrition and Growth Guide. Green Choice Agric Publication.
[7]. SAS. (2006). Institute inc. SAS/STAT user's guide. 6.03 Edition, Gray NC, USA.

ABSTRACT: Ecosystem-based approach in fisheries management is still a new concept in fisheries management in Malaysia. This is in contrast to 'traditional' approach adopted by Department of Fisheries (DOF) mainly to suppress fishing effort through the enforcement of the Fisheries Act 1985. It was later admitted that the approach had failed to meet its objective. This paper describes the implementation of ecosystem approach in managing the mangroves ecosystem using the Before After Control Impact (BACI) design to detect the cause of perturbation as a result of management decision. If the cause of the perturbation is confirmed, and it is caused by the management decision, then the decision is to be reconsidered. The pilot project proposed is to assess the suitability, preparedness and the acceptance of the eco-approach by society and the authority. In managing mangroves ecosystem, both society and the authority sit together in a committee to formulate a management plan that in general oversees the wellbeing of the mangroves benefiters using scientific data and knowledge.

Keywords: BACI, mangroves ecosystem, ecosystem-based

[1] C. P. Ean (1987) The small purse seine fishery of Kampong Gajah, Penang and Tanjung Piandang, Perak, Fisheries Bulletin no.48, Dept. of Fisheries, Malaysia.

[2] MFRDM (2000) Fisheries resource survey in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of Malaysia 1997-1999 (ISBN 983-9819-18-6). Kuala Lumpur; Marine Resource Development and Management, Department of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia.

[3] Fisheries Annual Statistics 1990 -2007
[4] http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1576 dated 27 August 2009

[5] United Nations (1992). Convention on Biological Diversity. UN, New York. 31pp.

[6] ecosystembasedmanagement.com dated 26 August 2009
[7] www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1576 dated 27 August 2009
[8] http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2518-theme=textonly dated 19 Oct 2012

[9] MOSTE (2000). Malaysia "Initial National Communication‟ submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ministry of Science, Technology & Environment, Malaysia. July 2000

[10] Odum, Eugene P.( 1993 ) Ecology and Our Endangered Life- Support Systems. (Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts pp. 47)

ABSTRACT:Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 7H2O) was toxicologically , biologically, and physiologically evaluated as insect development inhibitor and endocrine disruptors against the fourth instar larvae of the cotton leaf worm, S .littoralis . Zinc sulfate significantly increased both larval and pupal duration and decreased pupal weight and pupation percentages if compared with control. The fecundity and fertility of females resulted from fed larvae in all mating combinations were remarkably decreased , compared with control. Results showed that females were more sensitive to Znic sulfate than males.Ultrastructure changes of the endocrine glands of larvae as detected by (TEM) were discussed. Zinc sulfate may be used as growth disruptor for S . littoralis among other control methods for S.littoralis management.

Key words: S .littoralis larvae, zinc sulfate, growth disruption , endocrine glands, ultrastructure, histological changes , Electron microscope .

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