IOSR-JAVS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

ABSTRACT: Indonesia's animal protein needs keep increasing. The rate of population increase followed by improvement of standard of living and changes of consumer'staste has changed consumption patterns toward animal protein from livestock.Integrated Farming System (Sistem integrasi tanaman–ternak or SITT), whether plantation crops or feed crops, is a potential alternative which can solve the problem of plantation business, feed crops and even livestock problems. The aim of this study is to investigate integrated farming system in North Sulawesi. Data analysis tool used was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analysis. ANOVA was used to compare income and cost of agricultural business on various types of business. Regression analysis was used to test factors influencing the income of integrated farming system. The result of this study show that integrated farming system which involves food crops in coconuts and cows systems produced higher income than coconuts-cows system, or non-integrated coconut and cows. The recommendation from the study is to optimize coconut farms with food crops and livestock to increase farmers' income. Thus, there should be further study to improve techniques of cultivating food crops between coconut trees, so that coconut and food crops production will increase.

Keywords: Integrated Farming System, South Minahasa, Coconut, Cow

[1] Diwyanto, K., R. Bambang dan D. Lubis. 2001. Integrasi Tanaman-Ternak dalamPengembangan Agribisnis yang berdaya Saing, Berkelanjutan dan Berkerakyatan (in Indonesian). National Seminar on Livestock on Veteriner 2001. p. 17-26.

[2] Diwyanto, K dan E. Handiwirawan. 2005. Peran Litbang dalam Mendukung Usaha Agribisnis Pola Integrasi Tanaman-Ternak (in Indonesian). National Seminar Integrated Farming System. p. 63-80.

[3] Diwyanto, K dan A. Priyanti. 2005. Prospek Pengembangan ternak Pola Integrasi Berbasis Sumberdaya Lokal (in Indonesian). Workshop onDevelopment ofPalm Coconut Systems Integration-Cow. p. 10-19.

[4] Elly, F.H., B.M. Sinaga., S.U. Kuntjoro dan N. Kusnadi. 2008. Pengembangan Usaha Ternak Sapi Rakyat Melalui Integrasi Sapi-Tanaman di Sulawesi Utara (in Indonesian). Journal ofAgricultural Research. 27 (2) : 63-68.

[5] Haryanto, B. 2009. Inovasi Teknologi Pakan Ternak dalam Sistem Integrasi Tanaman –Ternak Bebas Limbah mendukung Upaya Peningkatan produksi Daging (in Indonesian). Development ofAgricultural Innovation. 2 (3) : 163-176.

[6] Ifar, S. 2007. Peran Ruminansia dalam Sistem Pertanian (Referensi untuk Integrasi Sapi pada Crash Program Agribisnis Jagung di Sulawesi Utara) (in Indonesian). J. Tropicallivestock. 6 (2) : 71-78.

[7] Moog, F.A. 2006. Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles. FAO. p. 5-23.

[8] Paat, P.C. 2009a. Sistem Integrasi Tanaman dan Ternak pada Lahan Kering Berbasis Kelapa di Sulawesi Utara. Seminar Regional Inovasi Teknologi Pertanian, Mendukung Program Pembangunan Pertanian Sulawesi Utara (in Indonesian). p. 404-412.

[9] Paat, P.C. 2009b. Analisis Potensi Sumberdaya Pakan dan Kebutuhan Inovasi Ternak Ruminansia di Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara Sulawesi Utara (in Indonesian). RegionalSeminar onAgriculturalTechnologyInnovation. SupportsAgricultural DevelopmentProgramof NorthSulawesiProvince. p. 414- 425.

[10] Priyanto, D. 2011. Strategi Pengembangan Usaha Ternak Sapi Potong dalam Mendukung Program Swasembada Daging Sapi dan Kerbau Tahun 2014 (in Indonesian). Journal ofAgricultural Research. 30 (3) : 108 – 115.

ABSTRACT: This study aims to analyze the impacts of feedtechnology usage in raising the revenue of beef cattle farmers in North Dumoga Subdistrict, Bolaang Mongondow Regency, North Sulawesi Province. The results of study showed that:(1)Feed technology usage led to increased production costs, but it also led to increased revenue, resulting in increased revenue of household of traditional cattle farmers, (2)Expended labor of respondent farmers after using feed technology was higher than before using feed technology, which seemed different with Chayanov' theory stating that using technology would reduce expended working hours of family in their farming, so it provided leisure time for family members for recreation or other activities. This difference was due to the characteristics of traditional technology or hereditary technology with working time allocation of human labor that was still likely to be higher than advanced technology and intermediate technology, (3)The highest revenue raising of beef cattle farm equal to 18.29% occurred to the application of simulation usageof feed technology with subsidy policy by the government tocattle farm production cost reduction equal to 25%onthe economy of traditional beef cattle farmers; and (6) Some policies could improve the production and suppress cost factors sothey could increase the household economy of traditional beef cattle farmers. Some suggestions for policy makers based on the results of this study, it is expected to implement the policiesof(1)feed technology support in the economy of beef cattle farmers, and (2)subsidy of the increase in the number of cattle ownership.

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[3]. Chayanov, A.V. 1966. The Theory of Peasant Economy, eds. D. Thorner, B. Kerblay and R.E.F. Smith. Richard Irwin for the American Economic Association. Homewood, IL.
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[5]. Ellis, F., 1989. Peasant Economics, Farm Household and Agrarian Development. Cambridge University Press, New York.
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[9]. Hartono, B., 2011. Household Economy Analysis of Beef Cattle Breeders in District Damsol, Donggala, Central Sulawesi Province. J. Tropical Livestock 12 (1):60-70.
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ABSTRACT: A survey of medicinal plants used in the treatments of ruminant animals in the rural areas of Ekiti-State, Nigeria was conducted. A total number of 52 botanicals belonging to 25 families were identified for the treatment of 20 diseased conditions. The result also shown that some herbs were diseased-specific while others were effective as multipurpose remedies. Consequent upon this, features that enhanced the continuous utilization of these botanicals were identified and strategies that could enhance their sustainability were proposed.

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ABSTRACT: The study aimed at the examination of botanicals used for preservation in Ikere-Ekiti, Ekiti-State. The study was carried out by interviewing the respondents using a well-structured, open-ended questionnaire and guided techniques. A total number of 25 species belonging to 18 families were collected and identified. There were more female respondents (64%) than male (36%). The respondents' indigenous technical knowledge revealed that most of the botanicals were single-components preparation while few involved the combination of more than one plants in a single usage. Identified samples of the plant species used for preservation of plant produce were collected; their sources and method of application were defined. In addition, the folk medicinal values of the plants were also documented. Voucher specimens were deposited at the herbarium of Plant Science Department of Ekiti State University. However, some plants were found to be endangered, thus, strategies that could help in conserving them were proposed.

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ABSTRACT: Ten medicinal plants including Aframomumme leguata, Chromolaenaodorata, Cissampelousowariensis, Pergulariadaemia,Perquetinanigrensis, Ocimumbascilicum, Ocimumgratisimum, Tithorniadiversifolia, Venoniaamygdalina, Zingiberofficinale used for curing different ailments in the Oye Local Government area of Ekiti Stat, Nigeria were examined in this study. The contents of all the plants were found used for different types of ailments. The plants were found to contain alkaloids, saponin, tannins, phylobatanins, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Also the quantitative analysis was conducted to reveal amounts of phytochemicals in these plants. Results obtained revealed that ethnobotanical information obtained from these plants could constitute a baseline for the production of synthetic drugs from them.

Key words: Phytochemical analysis, medicinal plants, Oye Local Government area , southern Nigeria.

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ABSTRACT: The effects of magnetic water, NPK and B doses on some growth characteristics of two cultivars of (Pistacia vera L.) seedlings was studied. The following treatments were employed: 1- Kalle-Ghochi and Mussili cultivars; 2- magnetic water levels at 0, 155, 3000gauss; 3- NPK (20:20:20) at o, 250, 500 and 1000ppm; 4- B at 0, 5, and 10 and20ppm. The interaction among treatments had highly significant effects on most characteristics. Generally, effect of the two cultivars was varied, while magnetic water treatment was reducing root growth especially with NPK interaction when the highest values for root length, root wet and dry weights (34.00cm, 44.76gm and 36.07gm respectively) were recorded from untreated seedlings, while the interaction of magnetic water levels and NPK had promotive effects on the vegetative parameters. The interaction of B, cultivars and magnetic water levels had significant effects on studied parameters, the most effective dose of B was 20ppm. The interaction among the four studied factors had variable results, the best values as follows: Musilli seedlings irrigated with tap water treated with 500ppm NPK gave the highest values of leaf area and shoot length in different Boron doses (20 and 10 ppm respectively). The highest number of leaves (51.33) was recorded from Kalle-Ghochi seedlings treated with 1500 Gauss magnetic water, 1000ppm NPK and 10ppm Boron. The thickest diameter of seedlings (8.36mm) was measured from Kalle-Ghochi cultivar treating with 3000 Gauss magnetic water and 10ppm Boron. The highest shoot wet and dry weights (59.26gm and 44.13gm respectively) were resulted from Kalle-Ghochi seedlings irrigated with tap water treated with 1000ppm NPK and 20ppm Boron, and the longest root (41.50cm) was recorded with the same above treatment but with no NPK doses. the best chlorophyll content (60.85%) resulted in Kalle-Ghochi seedlings treated with 1500 Gauss magnetic water, 250ppm NPK and 10ppm Boron, while the best RWC (10.70%) was measured from Musilli seedlings irrigated with 3000 Gauss magnetic water, 1000ppm NPK and 5ppm Boron.

Keywords: (Pistacia vera L.)cultivars, magnetic water, NPK, B, growth parameter.

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ABSTRACT: A study on the food intake of Periophthalmus barbarus in New Calabar River was carried out for a period of twelve months using standard methods. A total of four hundred and fifty (450) samples were examined, the study showed that the a length range was 4.1-14,2cm and weight of 0.70-39.62g.twenty two food items were observed in the stomachs of the fish consisting of both plant and animal tissues. The dominant items were fish scale (23.20%) and crab parts (6.7%). There were several unidentified crabs, insects and plants. The most important food item observed was fish scale which scored 23.20% in the index of food significance (IFS). There was an increase in the incidence of empty stomachs in the rainy season.

Key words; Food, Feeding, mudskipper, Periophthalmus.

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ABSTRACT: The study determined the herbaceous and ligneous Plant Species in Giron Masa grazing reserve. The herbage samples were collected in July 2005- April, 2006 in four sub-seasons. The first collection was conducted in the early rainy season ERS (July), the second collection was done in the late rainy season LRS (October), the third collection was done in the early dry season EDS (January) and the fourth collection was conducted in the late dry season LDS (April). The data on herbaceous and ligneous species composition were analyzed by the use of frequency and percentages. Result of the herbaceous species identification has indicated a total of 26 species (14 legumes and 12 grasses) with the domination of two annual herbaceous legumes, senna obtusifolia and Hyptis suaveolens. A total of 24 ligneous species were identified in the reserve with 18 trees and 6 shrubs. The domination of combretum spp and Pilliostigma reticulatum in the ligneous species of the reserve indicated poor browse diet especially in the dry season. The herbaceous percent cover especially in ERS and LRS observed in the present study could be considered fair in meeting the grazing need of livestock especially if not over stocked.

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ABSTRACT: An investigation was carried out to study the physico-chemical characteristics of 10 selected ginger germplasm of South Western region of Bangladesh from August 2012 to January 2013. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design. The physico-chemical characters of 10 germplasms of ginger species were studied. There was significant variation among the germplasms in relation to rhizome characteristics and organoleptic evaluation. Better performance of ginger was found in germplasm No. 1 in respect of total rhizome weight, rhizome width, rhizome height, pulp weight, pulp thickness, skin thickness and percents of edible part. Ginger germplasm No. 7 gave better value in respect of pH (6.71) and vitamin C (5.70) content of rhizome pulp. The total soluble solids found higher (6.67 %) in germplasm No. 1 and titratable acidity (5.68 %) in germplasm No. 2. Carotenoids (0.200 mg/100g) found maximum in germplasm No. 10. Germplasm No. 3 and 2 was better in respect of anthocyanin (0.17 mg/100gm) and flavonoids (11.27 gm) content of ginger pulp. In case of product development from different ginger, sauce was successfully prepared by using 400 g sugar containing treatment consisting 300-500 g of sugar with 100 g variation of sugar in three treatments without changing other ingredient. Ginger pakora was successfully prepared by using 25 g flour containing treatment consisting 15-25 g of flour with 5 g variation in three treatments without changing other ingredient. All ginger germplasms are not available year round in the country. So it is possible to preserve these rhizomes by development of products like sauce, pakora, laddu, nimky etc. to meet the nutritional requirement of people of the country.

Keywords: Anthocyanin, Carotenoids, Germplasam, Rhizome and Titratable acidity.

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ABSTRACT: Piggery is an important livelihood for a large number of resource-poor rural households in India. Growth is an important trait of interest in any meat producing animal and body weight (BW) measurements are good indicators of growth rate. The present study focuses on identifying the factors influencing pre and post weaning BW and average daily gains (ADG) in Large White Yorkshire-Desi crossbred pigs (50% and 75%) using weekly BW measurements from birth to 8 weeks of age and monthly BW from 3rd to 9th month from 1,405 piglets born during the years 2002-2011. The overall least squares mean BW (kgs) at birth, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 12th, 16th, 20th, 24th, 28th, 32nd and 36th week were 1.090, 1.93, 2.76, 3.76, 4.518, 5.461, 6.591, 7.584, 8.670, 12.959, 18.211, 24.254, 34.052, 41.970, 48.414 and 59.889 respectively. The overall least squares mean ADG (kgs) during 0-1, 1-2, 2- 3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 0-8, 8-12, 12-16, 16-20, 20-24, 24-28, 28-32, 32-36, 8-36 weeks were 0.123, 0.118, 0.117, 0.137, 0.138, 0.152, 0.155, 0.191, 0.135, 0.119, 0.164, 0.180, 0.318, 0.249, 0.201, 0.272 and 0.255 respectively. Heritability estimated using full-sib analysis for BW at various ages varied from 0.577 to 0.966. Estimated genetic correlations among pre-weaning BW were positive and low in magnitude whilst among post-weaning BW, genetic correlations were high positive. The findings suggest that 12th week BW can be used for selecting increased BW at 36th week. The findings indicate scope for improvement through selection.

Keywords: Average daily gain, body weight, crossbred pigs, genetic correlation, heritability

[1] Joe Cassady. (2002) Genetic parameters and their uses in swine breeding. Swine genetics. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, West Lafayette, IN 47907.

[2] D.S. Falconer, Introduction to Quantitative Genetics (3rd edition ELBS/Longman, England. UK, 1994).

[3] A. Robertson, Experimental design in the evaluation of genetic parameters, Biometrics, 15, 1959, 219-226.

[4] SPSS Inc. Released PASW Statistics for Windows, Version 18.0. 2009, Chicago: SPSS Inc.

[5] J. Sai Prasanna, M. Gnana Prakash, B. Ramesh Gupta, M. Mahender and D. Srinivasa Rao, Factor influencing post weaning growth performance in crossbred pigs, Indian Journal of Animal Research 44 (1), 2010, 9-15.

[6] M.G. Prakash, A. Ravi, B.P. Kumari and D. Srinivas Rao, Reproductive and Productive Performance of Crossbred Pigs, Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 78, 2008, 1291-1297.

[7] P. Pandurangareddy, M. Gnana Prakash, B. Punya Kumari, J. Suresh and Alok Bharthi, Genetic analysis of preweaning body weights in crossbred pigs, Indian Journal of Animal Research 47 (1), 2013, 70 – 74.

[8] D. Deka, R.N. Goswami, D.C. Mili, and S. Saikia, Effect of some non genetic factors on Litter traits in Hampshire Pig, Indian Veterinary Journal 79, 2002, 588-90.

[9] B.P. Kumari, D.S. Rao and A. Ravi, Genetic and non-genetic factors affecting the litter traits in desi and crossbred pigs, Indian Veterinary Journal 85, 2008, 170-172.

ABSTRACT: Chickpea blight severity caused by Ascochyta rabiei, was evaluated by planting chickpea intercropping with three other crops namely wheat, faba bean, and oilseed rape in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Following winter sowing, the chickpea crop cultivar IPA-510 planted in Erbil region in the beginning of January. The results showed that the combination of these crops with chickpea affected significantly on the diseases incidence. The lowest degree of infection was with combinations of chickpea with faba bean followed by combination of chickpea with the oilseed rape then chickpea with wheat compared with the control treatment (monocrop). However, this intercropping system didn't have significant effects on the percentage of pod infection and weight of 100 seed. Intercropping chickpea with companion crops showed that both oilseed rape and faba bean didn't affect on the seed yield. However, wheat as a companion crop with chickpea, is decreased the chickpea yield.

Keywords: chickpea, ascochyta blight, Ascochyta rabiei, intercropping.

[1] Hawtin, G. C., and K. B. Singh. (1984). Prospects and potential of winter sowing of chickpea in Mediterranean region. Pages 7-16 in:
M.C. Saxena and K. B. Singh, (eds.). Ascochyta blight and winter sowing of chickpeas. Martinus Nijhoff, Dr. W. Junk publ. The
Hague.
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foliar spraying of chlorothalonil. Indian J. Plant Prot.18: 65-68
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International workshop, Zurich, Switzerland, 18 – 19 November (2004).
[5] Hamilton, L. Experiencing with intercropping. Roberts environmental centre, technical papers summery. Claremoint Macckenna
College {online}, 2003.
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Centre for Organic Farming. Online: http//www.darcof.dk/enews/mar05/intercrop. html. (2005).

ABSTRACT: The orange fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) which is so little known in Nigeria is extremely rich in bioavailable beta-carotene, which the body converts into vitamin A. As a result of the food benefit of OFSP, a full two year study was carried out at the experimental field of National Root Crops Research Institute- Umudike with the objectives to evaluate the yield and adaptability of the OFSP genotypes in Umudike rainfed forest agro-ecology of Southeastern Nigeria, to investigate the response of the foliage to sweetpotato virus disease and the response of the roots to sweetpotato weevils and nematode diseases and pests prevalent in the rainfed forest agro-ecology of Nigeria. The experimental design was randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Seven OFSP genotypes introduced from the highland areas of Uganda by the Sweetpotato breeding unit of National Root Crops Research Institute- Umudike plus one national check variety were used in the study. Data collected on total root number, large root number, percentage small root number, total root yield, large root yield, response of root to sweetpotato virus disease, root weevil and nematodes were statistically analyzed and means separated using standard error of difference means. Results obtained indicated that none of the OFSP varieties yielded more than the standard check variety. The consistent high percent small roots indicated that the OFSP were not adaptable to the high virus pressure of Umudike, in the rainfed agro-ecology of Southeastern Nigeria. Based on the nutritive quality of higher beta- carotene fleshed colour of orange which was an improvement over the standard check variety 87/0087 (which has cream fleshed colour), the following varieties: Centinnial, 440293 and Shaba were selected for multilocational evaluation across the agro-ecologies to select areas their performance is location specific before final release to farmers.

Key word: OFSP, highland, lowland rainforest, evaluation, adaptability

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ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University experimental farm to evaluate the performance of raised bed irrigation (RBI) system in comparison to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and flood irrigation (FI) methods for Boro rice (BR 45) during 2012-2013. Four treatments: irrigation in raised bed two rows (T1), in raised bed three rows (T2), alternate wetting and drying (T3) and flood irrigation (T4) were considered for performance evaluation. The highest grain yield of 5.09 t/ha was produced in treatment T3 (AWD) followed by treatment T4 (FI) (4.77 t/ha), T1 (RBI two rows) (4.69 t/ha) and T2 (RBI three rows) (3.91 t/ha). The highest water productivity was obtained in treatment T1 (66.41 kg/ha-cm) followed by treatment T2 (58.33 kg/ha-cm) and T3 (48.77 kg/ha-cm). The least amount of water required to produce one kilogram (kg) of rice grain was in treatment T1 (1556 l/kg) while the highest was in treatment T4 (2341 l/kg). Treatment T1 (RBI two rows) and T2 (RBI three rows) required 34% and 22% less water than the flood irrigation (T4). Therefore, raised bed irrigation can be adopted for Boro rice in water scarce areas. Keywords: AWD, Boro rice, flood irrigation, Raised bed irrigation, water productivity

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[5] M. M. Husain, M. H. Kabir, On-farm experience with AWD for reduced cost, enhanced yield and environment safely. Proc. National workshop on AWD technology for rice production in Bangladesh, 15 July, 2009:15-20.
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[7] M. I. U. Mollah, M. S. U Bhuiya, M. H. Kabir, S. M. A. Hossain and A. Saha, Evaluation of transplant Aman rice on raised bed in rice – wheat cropping sequence. Bangladesh Rice Journal. 14(1&2, 2009a, 127-132.
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[9] B. W. Dunn, S. K. Mathews, H. G Beecher, J. A. Thompson, and E. Humphreys, 2004. Growing rice on raised beds in south-east Australia. (Available at http://www.cropscience.org.au/ icsc2004/poster /1/2/705dunna.hlm, Retrieved on 23July, 2012).
[10] U. P. Singh, Y. Singh, H. P. Singh and R. K. Gupta, Performance of permanent raised bed planting in rice-wheat system in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India. Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. (available at http://aciar.Govau//files/ node/14068/ Performance_of_ permanent_raised_ bed_planting_in_ri_ 96387.pdf, Retrieved on 5August, 2012).