IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-4 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: Three vegetables, lycopersicon esculentu (tomato), Telfaria occidentialis (Pumpkin leaves) Allium cepa (onion) were purchased from various markets in Osogbo metropolis and studied to determine their level of contamination and safety for human consumption. All the vegetables were washed with distil water, cultured with blood agar and subculture in nutrient agar to obtain pure cultures. 153 bacteria isolates made up of seven species of bacteria were made from the three vegetable groups. Bacillus species 70(45.16%) Microcaus spp .6 (3.87%), Escherichia coli 46(27.74%), Proteus vulgaris 6(3.87%), lactobacillus acidophilus 8(5.16%). Enterobacter aerogeres 12(29.68%), Alcaligen faecalis 7(4.52%) were the bacteria species were isolated bacillus, E.coli, were isolated from all the vegetables. All the seven bacteria species that isolated from tomatoes and fluted pumpkin leaves. Bacillus isolates were significantly higher than other bacteria isolates (P<0.5), variable bacteria counts from the vegetables were highest in tomatoes 9.3x107cfu 1ml; vegetable contamination with bacteria was observed in all the market highest in Alamisi market and least in Igbona market but statistically not significant (P>0.05). Poor processing by retailers and handling by sellers with unwashed hands was the attributed sources of vegetable contamination with bacteria. Row vegetable from the markets were considered unfit for human consumption and adequate cooking with proper handling before consumption is suggested.

[1]. Banwart, G.J (2001). Bacteria as food organisms. Basic food microbiology. Avi publishing Co-West port conn. Pp 119-125.
[2]. Bessie E., Breadley, H and Sundberg C (2007). Keeping food safe Doubleday and company Inc.Garden city New York.
[3]. Brewster, James L. (1994). Onions and other vegetables aluminum (1st Ed). Waltinford, Uk: CAB International p 16 ISBN 0-85798-753-2
[4]. Canadian produce Marketing Association Home storage Guide for Fresh fruits and vegetables. Retrieved August 2010.
[5]. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). "Allium cepa information from NPGS/GRIN. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Retrieved 22 April 2011.
[6]. Frazier W.C and Westhoff. D.C (2005). Food Microbiology. McGraw-Hill publishing company Ltd, New Delhi Pp 217-240.
[7]. Major Food and Agricultural commodities and Producers – Countries By commodity. FAO. Org. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
[8]. Peirce, L.C (2005): Vegetables: Characteristics, Production and Marketing. John Wiley, New York Pp. 55-90.
[9]. Rice, R.P., Rice L.W., and Tyndall, H.D (2002): Fruit and Vegetables production in Africa (2nd edition). Macmillan Press Ltd, Hongkong, Pp. 8-12.
[10]. Schwab, A.H, Duran A.P., Barnard, R.J and Read, R.B (2008). Microbial quality of some spices and herbs in retail markets. Journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology 24(3): 627-630.

Abstract: This study assesses the level of potability of water samples harvested from different sources roof in Bosso LGA in Niger state, Nigeria. To achieve this goal a physiochemical analysis was carried out on three water samples collected from galvanized iron roofing sheets, a well and a borehole. The harvested water samples were analyzed for major physical and chemical quality parameters as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and results compared. The results showed for pH (7.2, 6.6 and 7.5), alkalinity (48.7, 52, and 81.1), electrical conductivity (176, 104, and 230), total dissolved solids (88, 52, and 115), total hardness (55, 39, and 93), colour (4.0, 8.4, and 3.3), Temperature (23.2, 23.2, and 23.2), Zn (6, 4 and -), sulphate (0.9, 29, and 26), turbidity (2.1, 6.7 and 1.8), iron (0.14, 0.21, and 0.03) and TSS (0, 2.8 and 0) for galvanized iron roof sheet, well and borehole respectively. Some of the results observed met the recommended standards for drinking. Thus, rainwater from these rural settlements can be harvested and stored domestic purpose. Similarly, significant differences exist amongst the water samples collected from the three sources. Thus, rainwater from these sources should be purified before consumption.

Keywords: Borehole, domestic, physicochemical properties, rain, well

[1]. Adeoye, A, P. and Musa, J. J., (2012): Appraisal of rural water supply for food security: Case study of Kwara State, north central Nigeria. 3rd national Water Conference. Pp. 246-255
[2]. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1990): AOAC Official Method of Analysis, 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC.
[3]. Bada, B. S., Olatunde, K. A. and Bankole, O. D. (2012): Chemical and Physical Properties of Harvested Rainwater from Different Roofing Sheets in Abeokuta, Ogun State. Special Publication of the Nigerian Association of Hydrological Sciences, pp. 173-179
[4]. Geetha .A, Palanisamy P. N, Sivakumar .P, Ganesh K. P. and Sujatha .M. (2008): Assessment of Underground Water Contamination and Effect of Textile Effluents on Noyyal River Basin In and Around Tiruppur Town, Tamilnadu. E-Journal of Chemistry
[5]. Jehangir, A., Tanveer, A., Yousuf, A. R., Masood, A., and Naqash, A. H., (2011): Geochemistry and Irrigation Quality of Groundwater along River Jhelum in South Kashmir, India. Recent Research in Science and Technology 3(6): 57-63
[6]. Luke, M. (2005): Water Quality of Rainwater Harvesting Systems SOPAC Miscellaneous Report 579 pp. 4 – 6.
[7]. Musa, J. J., and Ahanonu, J. J. (2013): Quality Assessment of Shallow Groundwater in Some Selected Agrarian Communities in Patigi Local Government Area, Nigeria. International Journal of Basic and Applied Science, Vol. 01, No. 03, Jan 2013, pp. 548-563
[8]. Musa, J J; Ode, O G; Anijofor, S C; and Adewumi; J K (2011): Quality Evaluation of Household Wastewater for Irrigation. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 15 (3) 431 – 437
[9]. Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) (2007). Nigerian Industrial Standard. NIS 554: 2007 ICS 13.060.20
[10]. Pritchard, M., Mkandawire, T., and O'Neil, J. G., (2008): Assessment of groundwater quality in shallow wells within the southern districts of Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 33: 812-823.

Abstract: The escalating cost and the incidence of untoward effects associated with the use medicines of allopathic origin make the consumers incline towards alternative therapeutic agents. As dietary supplements are the most consumers' acceptable therapeutic agents used to mitigate malnutrition-induced diseases, this study was carried out to develop a symbiotic soft cheese. The Soft cheese was manufactured using substrates or starter cultures under standard physico-chemical and microbiological conditions. The moisture content, the pH values, acidity, as well as the bacteriological and organoleptic properties during storage of the soft cheese produced were evaluated. The results revealed that there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in all the properties of soft cheese evaluated. The results obtained from this research revealed that the soft cheese produced under standard physico-chemical conditions such as temperature, acidity, humidity and pH, and microbiological conditions such as the addition of starter cultures as well as Penicillium camemberti, could be a promising high quality nutraceutical for the treatment of malnutrition-induced diseases.

Keywords: Starter cultures, Nutraceuticals, Soft cheese, Whey, Rennet.

[1] Agrawal, R. (2005). Probiotics: an emerging food supplement with health benefits. Food Biotechnology, 3(19): 227–246.
[2] Anal A.K., Singh, H. (2007). Recent advances in microencapsulation of probiotics for industrial applications and targeted delivery. Trends Food Science and Technology, 5(18): 240 – 251.
[3] Bergamini C., Hynes V., Quiberoni E.R., Suarez A., Zalazar C. A., (2005). Probiotic bacteria as adjunct starters: influence of the addition methodology on their survival in a semi-hard Argentinean cheese. Food Research International, 5(38): 597-04.
[4] Chapman C., Gibson M., Rowland G.I., (2011). Health benefits of probiotics: are mixtures more effective than single strains. European Journal of Nutrition, 1(50):1- 17.
[5] Charalampopoulos D., Pandiella S.S., Webb C., (2003). Evaluation of the effect of malt, wheat and barley extracts on the viability of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria under acidic conditions. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 1(82): 133 - 141.
[6] Corcoran B., Stanton M., Fitzgerald C.G. F., Ross R.P., (2005). Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolisable sugars. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 8 (71): 3060- 3067.
[7] Effat B. A., Mabrouk A. M., Sadek Z. I., Hussein G. A., Magdoub M. N., ( 2012). Production of Novel Functional White Soft Cheese, Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 1 (5): 1259-1278.
[8] Glynn, C. (1977). Cheese and cheese making. Macdonald Education Ltd, london. 4 - 32.
Kailasapathy K., (2009). Encapsulation technologies for functional foods and nutraceutical product development. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science. Nutrition and Natural Resources, 33(4):1-19.
[9] Karimi R., Mortazavian A. M., Cruz A.G., (2011). Viability of probiotic microorganisms in cheese during production and storage: a review. Dairy Science and Technology, 2(91): 283-308.
[10] Kathy Blis (1988). Practical Cheesemaking. The Crowood press, Ramsbury UK, ISBN 1-85223-023-1.

Abstract: Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is an important global health problem especially in developing countries like Egypt. . Estimation of erythrocyte cholinesterase (EChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as an evidence of OP poisoning is costly, not regularly performed and shows wide inter-individual variability. Therefore, this study was designed to assess if serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) can be used as a cheaper and easily available biomarker alternative of cholinesterase to stratify OP poisoning severity. All symptomatic patients within 6 hours of exposure to OP and without prior treatment who were admitted to Benha poisoning control unit (BPCU), Benha university hospitals, Egypt, during the period from 1st October 2012 to 31st March 2013 were enrolled in this study. The clinical severity of patients was categorized according to Peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning (POP) scale. The Glasgow coma scale (GCS), total dose of atropine "mg" and obidoxime "g" until final clinical outcome were calculated. BChE, pH and serum CPK levels were estimated following admission. ANOVA (F) test, Paired "t" test and Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) were used as tests of significance. The total number was 60 patients; 51.7% were mild, 33.3% were moderate and 15% were severe. There was a highly significant correlation between initial serum CPK levels and severity of acute OP poisoning. This study recommends CPK as an alternative biomarker for acute OP poisoning.

Keywords: Creatine phosphokinase, Organophosphorus, Butyrylcholinesterase, Peradeniya organophosphorus Poisoning scale

[1] Terry A V, Functional consequences of repeated organophosphate exposure: Potential non-cholinergic mechanisms. Pharmacol. Therapeut.134: 355–365 (2012).

[2] Chen Y, Organophosphate-induced brain damage: Mechanisms, neuropsychiatric and neurological consequences, and potential therapeutic strategies. Neurotoxicol, 33: 391–400(2012).

[3] Sungur M and Güven M, Intensive care management of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Critical Care, 5 (4): 212-215(2001). [4] Buyukokuroglu M E, Cemek M, Tosun M et al, Dantrolene may prevent organophosphate-induced oxidative stress and muscle injury. Pesti. Biochem. Physiol., 92:156–163(2008).
[5] Liu J, Chou C, Liu Y et al, Acid-base interpretation can be the predictor of outcome among patients with acute organophosphate poisoning before hospitalization. Am. J. Emerg. Med., 26: 24–30(2008).

[6] Cemek M, Buyukokuroglu M E, Buyukben A et al, Effects of vitamin E and selenium on tissue bio-element status in organophosphate toxicity of rats. Pesti. Biochem. Physiol., 98: 9–18(2010).

[7] Clark R F, Insecticides: Organic Phosphorus Compounds and Carbamates. In: By: Flomenbaum N E, Goldfrank L R, Hoffman R S et al (eds.), Goldfrank'sToxicologic Emergencies, 8th Edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, chapter (109), (2006) pp: 1497 – 1513.

[8] Uzunhisarcikli M and Kalender, Y, Protective effects of vitamins C and E against hepatotoxicity induced by methyl parathion in rats. Ecotoxicol.Environmen.Safety. 74: 2112–2118(2011).

[9] Szatkowska B, Kwiatkowska M, Michałowicz J et al, Impact of chlorfenvinphos, an organophosphate insecticide on human blood mononuclear cells (in vitro). Pesti. Biochem. Physiol., 102: 175–181(2012).

[10] Rubin C, Esteban E, Kieszak S et al, Assessment of human exposure and human health effects after indoor application of methyl parathion in Lorain County, Ohio, 1995–1996. Environment Health Perspectives,110: 1047- 1051(2002).

Abstract: In the present work, synthesis of a new inorganic Cation exchanger is done & the synthesized exchanger is characterized by determining its ion exchange capacity, thermal stability, chemical stability and distribution studies. It has also been characterized by IR, TGA and XRD studies. The state of the exchanger is found to be semicrystalline. The ion exchange capacity of the synthesized ion exchanger has been found 0.80 meq/g. The exchanger has a high stability against temperature and chemicals. Kd Values were also calculated. The inorganic ion exchanger has the maximum Kd value for zinc and minimum for lead ions. As an application part binary separations and removal of toxic metal ions were done.

Key words: Bismuth(III) tungustosilicate Inorganic Cation exchanger, ion exchange capacity, Thermal study, chemical study and distribution studies.

[1]. F. Helfferich; Ion Exchanger (Mc. Graw hill USA), 1962.
[2]. Some Basic Principles and Techniques; National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2006.
[3]. A. Nilchi, B. Maalek, A. Khanchi, M. Ghanadi Maraghen and A. Bagheri; Radiation Physics & Chemistry, Vol. 75, Issue 2, February 2006, Pg. 301-308.
[4]. M. Qureshi and K.G. Varshney Eds; Inorganic Ion Exchangers in Chemical Analysis, CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida (1991).
[5]. N.H. Furman; Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, Vol I, 6th Ed. Van Nastrand, Princeton, N.J. 1963.
[6]. Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West and F. James Holder; Analytical Chemistry, Sixth Edition, Saunders College Publishing, 1994.
[7]. F.P. Treadwell and W.T. Hall; Quantitative Analysis, Vol II John Willey & Sons, 1935.
[8]. Olof, Samuelson: Ion exchangers in Analytical Chemistry, (1954).
[9]. G. Alberti, M. Casciola, C. Dionigi, R. Vivani, Proceedings of international conference on Ion-Exchange ICIE 95, Takamtsu, Japan, 1995.
[10]. A.I. Vogel, G.H. Jeffery, J. Bassett, J, Mendham and R.C. Denney; Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis, Fifth Edition, 1989.

Abstract: Condiments as spices are widely used in Nigeria, they provide taste and flavour to meals. In the present study, these condiments; dadawa, ogiri, and okpehewere estimated for aflatoxin contents, their phytochemicals and effects on some biochemical and haematological parameters were also carried out. Twenty four Wistar rats of body weight between 130 – 180 g were randomly distributed into four groups of six rats each; Group 1 were control rat which received 0.5 ml of distilled water per day while Groups 2, 3 and 4 received 400 mg/kg bw. aqueousextracts of dadawa, ogiri and okpehe respectively for 21 days. Phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, flavonoid, terpenes and steroids while tannins and balsams were not detected in all condiments. Okpehe has the highestaflatoxin content per kg followed by dadawa and ogiri respectively. Aqueous extracts significantly (P˂0.05) decrease White bloodcells (WBC) in all treated rats while no significant effects (P˃0.05) were observed in monocytes of dadawa and ogiritreatedwhen compared to the control. Total protein was significantly decrease (P˂0.05) in all treated groups and in albumin content of Ogiri and Okpehe. Also, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) showed significant increase (P˂0.05) in all treated groups when compared to the control.Removing aflatoxin from contaminated food and foodstuffs remains a major problem, thereforeaGood Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is highly encouraged in production of these condiments aswellas a close monitoring of their storage and shelf life.

Keywords: Aflatoxin, dadawa, haematological parameter, ogiri, okpehe, phytochemicals

[1] NW Turner, S Subrahmanyam, SA Piletsky, "Analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins: a review", Anal. Chim.Acta, 632 (2), 2009, 168–80.

[2] ML Martins,HMMartins, F Bernardo, "Aflatoxinsin spices marketed in Portugal", Food AdditContam, 18 (4), 2001, 315–9.

[3] YN Yin, LY Yan, JH Jiang, ZH Ma, "Biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops", J Zhejiang UnivSci B, 9(10), 2008, 787–92.

[4] GE Wood, "Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States", J. Anim. Sci., 70 (12), 1992 3941–9. [5] J Williams, TD Phillips, PE Jolly, JK Stiles, CM Jolly, D Aggarwal, Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80, 2003, 1106–1122.

[6] F Wu, C Narrod, M Tiongco, and Y Liu, The Health Economics of Aflatoxin: Global Burden ofDisease, Aflacontrol, Working Paper 4, P4. http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/aflacontrol_wp04.pdf

[7] K Mahendra. Rai, Shital R. Bonde, Avinash P. Ingle and Aniket K. Gade, Mycotoxin: rapid detection, differentiation and safety, J Pharm Educ Res, 3 (1), 2012. [8] OK Achi, Microorganisms associated with natural fermentation of prosopisAfricana seeds for the production of Okpiye plant Foods, Hum. Nutr., 42, 1992, 297-304.

[9] O. K. Achi, Traditional fermented protein condiments in Nigeria, African Journal of Biotechnology, 4 (13), 2005, 1612-1621. [10] J. B. Harborne, Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London 1973, 49-188.

Abstract: To plan a municipal solid waste management strategies for a given region, it is essential to know the quantity of waste generated. Past research have shown that amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average income of the people. This paper presents the findings of the study carried out in rural area at Parwah village of Block Marh, Jammu to determine solid waste generation rate on income bases. Average solid waste generation/ week, /month and per year of study area was calculated. Co-relation coefficient (r) between no. of individuals (human and animals) and solid waste generation /house/day in high, middle and low income households were also calculated and the results of the present study revealed that wealthier strata produces higher waste generation followed by low and middle income respectively. Overall compilation of the data of all the households of the study area reveal that the average solid waste generation in average household of the study area was observed to be 6561.543  1837.35g/house/day i.e.6.561  1.837kg/house/day. The generation of solid waste was observed to be positively correlated with family size in all types of households i.e. high income households (r =0.77, p< 0.05), middle income households (r =0.59, p< 0.05) and low income households ( r =0.1, p< 0.05).

Keywords: Waste, Households, Income, Rural.

[1]. Qdais, H.A.A., M.F.Hamoda, J.Newham (1997) Analysis of Residential Solid Waste At Generation Sites. Waste Manag Res.
15(4):395-405.
[2]. Ansari, M. S. Al. (2012) International journal of water resources and environmental engineering, 4 (5): 152-161.
[3]. Chakarabarti, T. (1993) Legal aspects of hazardous waste management in India. Journal of Ind. Assoc. of Environ. Management,
20(1-3):1-5.
[4]. Gamse, T. and C. Medina (2010) Development of Solid Waste Management practices in Indonesia-European journal of scientific
research, 40(2):199-210.
[5]. Mukherjee, A.B and P.Roy (1989) Calcutta metropolitan waste, its characteristics, Pollution load and disposal problem. Env. Eco. 7
(4):1019-1022.
[6]. Pasrija, H.B.D., S. Chander and S. Kumar (1995) Solid waste management in Chandigarh city. In: Environmental pollution and
protection (Ed. M.R Garg V.K. Bansal, N.S. Tiwana Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi.
[7]. Rao, J. K. and M.V. Shantaram (1996 a) Solid pollution due to the disposal of solid waste at landfill site at Hyderabad. Ind. J. Env.
Prot., 16(5):373-385.
[8]. Rao, J. K. and M.V. Shantaram (1996 b) heavy metals and micro nutrient contents and their relative availability in stabilized urban
solid waste of Hyderabad. Poll. Res., 15(3)271-272.
[9]. Sharholy, M., K. Ahmad, G. Mahmood, and R.C. Trivedi (2007) Municipal Solid Waste Management in Indian cities. International
Journal of Integrated Waste Management, 28(2):459-467.
[10]. Sinha, R.K. and R. Rawat (1991) Waste recycling and reutilization essential for environment safety and sustainable development-a
case study. J. Eco. Bio., 3(3):193-195

Abstract: In this project, a cutting-edge idea is shown which demonstrates the way to generate electricity using wastage water from textile industries using unified Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). Discharged water path is from industries to river. This idea is not only a renewable project, but also saves the environment from toxic textile chemicals and unified ETP will save a huge amount of expense. As the discharged water is of low head, this problem is solved by massive discharge rate as textile industries are using huge amount of water. Necessary graphs, diagrams, charts, power calculations, efficiency etc. are shown in this paper to represent the aspect of this project.

[1]. Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturer & Exporters Association, BKMEA.
[2]. Micro Hydropower, oksolar.com.
[3]. Jacques Chaurette, eng., Solving the Gravity Flow Equation for Flow Rate Using The Newton-Raphson Iteriation Technique, pp. 1-10. Feb 6, 2008.
[4]. MECH7350 Rotating Machinery, Hydraulic Turbine, chap.10, pp. 10.1-10.9, 2001.

Abstract: Bacteriological examination of twenty hand dug well water samples was carried out in Gambari, South western, Nigeria. Fifteen isolates were screened for their ability to tolerate NaCl and the results obtained revealed that 9 of the isolates were able to tolerate more than 140mM, while the remaining 6 isolates also tolerated up to 128mM. In other to establish link between NaCl tolerance and antibiotic resistance, antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out using Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, the tested antibiotics and their concentrations are Septrin (30μg), Chloramphenicol (30μg), Sparfloxacin (10μg), Ciprofloxacin (10μg), Amoxicillin (30μg), Gentamycin (10μg), Augmentin (25μg), Pefloxacin (10μg), Tarivid (30μg) and Streptomycin (30μg). The results obtained when interpreted according to the interpretative standard of National Council for Clinical Standard showed that majority of the isolates were resistant to the tested antibiotics. This study however, established link between NaCl tolerance and antibiotic resistance among the isolates, a trend that implicated the hand-dug wells in Gambari as sewers of pollutants.

Key Words: Antibiotics,Public Health, Resistance, Tolerance,Water

[1]. Aarestrup A, MØller F 1999. Association between the consumption of antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry and the occurrence of resistant bacteria among food animals. Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 12: 279 – 285.
[2]. Baquero F. Martinez J.L., Canton R. 2008. Antibiotic and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 19: 260 – 265.
[3]. Barza M, Traverts K 2002. Excess infections due to antimicrobial resistance: the "Attributable fraction", In: The need to improve antimicrobial use in agriculture: Ecological and Human Health Consequences. Clin. Infect. Dis., 34: 126 – 130.
[4]. Bauer A.W ,Kirby W.M.M, SherrisJ.C,Turck M 1966.Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method.AM. J. Clin.Pathol. 45: 493 – 496..
[5]. Cheong Y.M., Jegathesan M., Ansary A., Othman M. 1990. Comparison of methods in the detection of enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli in a Malaysian laboratory. Med. J. Malaysia, 45: 42 – 48.
[6]. French G.L, Luig J., Chow K.W., Mark K.K. 1987. Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and R – Plasmid in gram – negative bacteria isolated from fecally contaminated freshwater streams. Epi Infect., 98: 285 – 299.
[7]. Hughes JM, Koplan JP 2005. Saving lives through global safe water. J. Emerging Infect. Dis. 11(10): 1636-

Abstract: Migration of nomadic gujjars is a traditional, seasonal activity associated with economic interest. Since the Neolithic revolution pastoral nomads have roamed along the fringes of settled society. Their economy mainly depends on the products of their flocks and the use of natural pastures. The reliance of nomads on their animals brings them closer to the lands where agricultural based societies are present. They are poor, illiterate and without sufficient food and other basic facilities of life and hence are dependent on natural pastures. The harmonious interaction of nomads and their environment enables them to live a sustainable existence with some detrimental impacts on local ecosystem like overgrazing, soil erosion, cutting of trees, and pollution of water bodies, air pollution etc. While no system pastoralists or nomads is in perfect symbiosis with their environment. The associated ecological problems of their lifestyle or subsistence strategies are thereby effecting the environment. There is a dire need to manage the environmental problems associated with the cattle rearing of nomads. The present study is based on primary and secondary data. With the help of questionnaire, a stratified random sample survey was undertaken, 200 local residents were interviewed, 100 in each block i.e. Marh and Satwari of Jammu District. The response to each question was calculated on five point Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. Taking into consideration the importance of pastoral mobility, necessity to equally exploit the rangelands of summer and winter pasture, their rights for grazing, and ecological imperatives for co-existence that points to a promising new direction for long-term sustainability, we only need to educate the pastoralists and local people regarding proper lifestyle that should not harm the environment.

Key words: Nomadic gujjars, cattle rearing, environmental impact, local residents.

[1] Alkemade, R RS Reid, M van den Berg, J de Leeuw, and M Jeuken. 2012. Assessing the impacts of livestock production on biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA (PNAS). doi : 10.1073/ pnas.1011013108.

[2] Galvin, KA RS Reid, RH Behnke, and N Thompson Hobb (eds.). 2007. Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes: consequences for human and natural systems. Dordrecht: Springer.

[3] Gerber, P HA Mooney, J Dijkman, S Tarawali, and C de Haan (eds.). 2010. Livestock in a changing landscape experiences and regional perspectives. Washington DC: Island Press.

[4] Herrero, M P Gerber, T Vellinga, T Garnett, A Leip, C Opio, HJ Westhoek, PK Thornton, J Olesen, N Hutchings, H Montgomery, J-F Soussana, H Steinfeld, and TA McAllister. 2011. Livestock and greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of getting the numbers right. Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167: 779–782.

[5] Nagarale, V., D. Harpale (2012) An Assessment of Environmental Impact on Bhimashankar and Lonavala with the help of Likert Scale. Trans. Inst. Indian Geographers. 34(1):127-136.

[6] Perce Douglas (1989): Tourist Development, Longman Scientific & Technical Longman Group, U.K. Limited, London Co – published in the United States with Jhon Wiley and sons, INC, New York.

[7] Steinfeld, H HA Mooney, F Schneider, and LE Neville (eds.). 2010. Livestock in a changing landscape: drivers, consequences, and responses. Washington: Island Press.

Abstract: Extracts of Aspilia Africana as organic corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in corrosive media of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been investigated at room temperature of 25.6 oC using gravimetric (weight loss) technique. Mild steel coupons of 30 mm2 and 0.45 mm thickness were exposed for varying durations in steps of 24 hours, in 0.5M of H2SO4 and 0.5M HCl mixed with varying concentrations of Aspilia Africana extract (100mg/L-700mg/L). The results show that corrosion rates dropped from maximum value of 8.3x10-3 mpy (mills per year) for the uninhibited medium to maximum value of 1.5x10-3 mpy for the inhibited medium of 0.5M H2SO4 with extract concentration of 100 mg/L. Corresponding values for 0.5M HCl are 10.0x10-3 to 2.5x10-3 mpy. Further increases in the extract concentrations result in less drastic decrease in the corrosion rate as reported in this paper. Values of corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 58.5-98.8% for H2SO4 and 70-90.9% for HCl media occurred for various extract concentrations with the highest values occurring at 600mg/L. Thus, Aspilia Africana extracts whose plants are bountiful in the tropical forests of West, East and Central Africa, provide good corrosion inhibition for mild steel.

Keywords: Aspilia Africana extract, corrosion inhibition, gravimetric technique, inhibition efficiencies.

[1] Raja, P. B., Sethuraman, M. G., Strychnos nux- vomica an ecofriendly corrosion inhibitor for milld steel in 1M sulfuric acid medium. Mater. Corros. 60, 2009, 22-28 [2] Trabanelli, G, Inhibirors an old remedy for a new Challenge. Corrosion. 47, 41. 1991, 0-419.

[3] Saleh, R. M., Ismail, A. A., El Hosary, A. A., Corrosion inhibition by naturally occurring substances. VII. The effect of aqueous extracts of some leaves and fruit peels on the corrosion of steel aluminum, zinc and copper in acids. Br. Corros.J. 17, 1982, 131-135

[4] Saleh, R. M., Ismail, A. A., El Hosry, A. A., Corrosion inhibition by naturally occurring substances. IX. The effect of aqueous extracts of some leaves and fruit peels on the corrosion of aluminum in Sodium hydroxide.. Corros. Sci. 23, 1983, 1239-1241

[5] Ekpe, U. I., Ebenso, E. E., Ibok, U. J., Inhibitory actions of Azadirachta Indica leaf extract on the corrosion of mild steel in H2SO4 J. W. Afr. Sci. Assoc. 39, 1994, !3 -30

[6] Loto, C. A., The effect of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaf) solution extract on corrosion inhibition of mild steel. Nig. Cor. J. 19, 1997, 20-28

[7] Al- Sehaibani, H., Evaluation of extracts of henna leaves as environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for metals. Mater. Wissen Werkst. Tech. 31, 2000, 1060-1063

[8] Chetouani, A., Hammouti, B., Corrosion inhibition of iron in hydrochloric acid solution by naturally henna. Bull. Electrchem. 19, 2000, 23-25

[9] Ostovari, A., Hoseinieh, S., Peikari, M. Shadizadeh, S., Hashemi, S., Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M Hcl solution by henna extract: a comparative study of the inhibition by henna and its constituents (lawsone, Gallic acid, a-DGlucose and tannic acid). Corrosion Science. 51, 2009, 1935-1949

[10] El-Etre, A., Abdallah, M., El-Tantaway, Z. E., Corrosion inhibition of some metals using lawsonia extract. Corros. Sci. 47, 2005, 385-395

Abstract: The relations between malignant hematological diseases and trace heavy metals in blood have not been understood clearly. Alterations in serum Zn and Cu levels may frequently occur in many neoplastic diseases, including leukemia. Therefore, it is necessary from an analytical point of view to develop sensitive and economical methods for the determination of trace amount of heavy metals and the relationship between changes in concentrations of these metals and the development of hematological malignancies. Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry (DPAdSV) is relatively inexpensive and is one of the most sensitive and selective techniques in the determination of trace amounts of metals. The levels of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd were determined in the serum of 20 patients with acute leukemia before initial chemotherapeutic treatment and compared to 15 apparently health control group using two different analytical techniques; (DPAdSV) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The selection criteria for the patients and controls were the lack of recent blood transfusion history and taking any medication with mineral supplement. The Serum levels of Cu, Zn and Cd were significantly lower with acute leukemia than controls (p=0.003, p=0.035, p=0.014, respectively), while Pb was insignificantly elevated (p=0. 381). Conclusion: In this study, we found the levels of Cu, Zn and Cd to be lowered and of lead to be elevated in patients with acute leukemia. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of these elements in pathogenesis of acute leukemia. And also a comparative study was carried out between the results using DPAdSV and ICP-OES techniques, which are in very good agreement.

Keywords-Acute Leukemia, Serum, Stripping Voltammetry, Zinc

[1] T. Everington, R. J. Liesner and A. H. Goldstone, The Acute Leukaemias. In "ABC of Clinical Haematology, Ed Provan D (BMJ Books, London, 2003) 23-27.

[2] T. Wang, J. Fu, Y. Wang, C. Liao, Y. Tao and G. Jiang, Use of scalp hair as indicator of human exposure to heavy metals in an electronic waste recycling area, Envrion. Pollut., 157(24) , 2009, 2445–2451.

[3] M. F. Robinson, J. M. McKenzie, C.D. Thomson and A. L. van Rij, Metabolic balance of zinc, copper, cadmium, iron, molybdenum and selenium in young New Zealand women, Brit. J. Nutr., 30, 1973, 195–205.

[4] M. Wilhelm, U. Ewers and C. Schulz, Revised and new reference values for some trace elements in blood and urine for human bio-monitoring in environmental medicine, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 207, 2004, 69–73.

[5] M. Krachler, E.Rossipal and D. Micetic-Turk, Concentrations of trace elements in sera of newborns, young infants and adults, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 68, 1999, 121–35.

[6] D. Smith, M.Hernandez-Avila, M.M. Tellez-Rojo, A. Mercado and H. Hu, The relationship between lead in plasma and whole blood in woman, Environ. Health Perspect., 110 (26), 2002, 3–8.

[7] G. Parkin, Chemistry. Zinc–zinc bonds: a new frontier, Science, 305, 2004, 1117–1118.

[8] D.G. Barceloux, Zinc, J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 37, 1999, 279–292.
[9] İ. Durukan, Ç. A. Şahin and S. Bektaş, Determination of copper traces in water samples by flow injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometry using a novel solidified floating organic drop microextraction method, Microchemical Journal, 98 (2) , 2011, 215–219.

[10] O.A. Lukasewycz, and J.R. Prohaska, Immunization against transplantable leukemia impaired in copper-deficient mice, J. Nati. Cancer Inst., 69, 1982, 489-493.

Abstract: Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas of the world which stands in a very much climate vulnerable geographical location. The country is a low lying one and frequently tossed up by numbers of extreme environmental events such as flood, cyclone, draught, river erosion, sea level rise, salinity surrounded by others. These contribute huge destruction to lives and property and continuously increases the number of climate vulnerable people. Most of the time, after the devastating event, people loses almost everything and passes their days under the open sky. As the extreme events occur frequently, the number of affected people is also increasing in a continuous basis. A large portion of the affected people migrates towards the big cities to find their better survival. But the frequent movement towards cities is not a good sign for the long run. Every city has its own capacity to serve its citizen. Whenever the number of citizen goes beyond the capacity, certainly it will react. Now the question is how long the big cities like Dhaka can take this pressure and whenever it will fail then what will be the reaction of the city and how it will affect the citizens' life.

Keywords: Climate change, vulnerability, migration.

[1]. Bangladesh Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (2009). Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, ISBN: 984-8574-25-5.
[2]. Climate change induced displacement: Migration as an adaptation strategy. (2011, November 15). The Daily Star.
[3]. Global Post International News, (2013)."Who can solve a problem like Dhaka?" Retrived on 16 April 2013 from http://www.globalpost.com/
[4]. IOM, (2010). Assessing the Evidence: Environment, Climate Change and Migration in Bangladesh. ( Matthew Walsham,2010, p.22)
[5]. Islam, N. (2013, March). Vulnerability to Climate Change: Perspectives from Bangladesh. Paper presented at the Conference Hall, India-Arab Cultural CentreJMI, New Delhi.
[6]. Kumar, U., Baten, A., et.al (2010) Cyclone Aila: One Year on Natural Disaster to Human Sufferings. Unnayan Onneshan-The Innovators.
[7]. Litchfield, A (2010). Climate Change Induced Extreme Weather Events & Sea Level Rise in Bangladesh leading to Migration and Conflict. ICE Case Studies, Number 229.
[8]. PPCR (2010). STRATEGIC PROGRAM FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE BANGLADESH. Bangladesh: Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR), PPCR/SC.7/5.
[9]. Roy, D.C. (n.d) Vulnerability and population displacements due to climate-induced
disasters in coastal Bangladesh. Centre for Geoinformatics (Z_GIS), University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Retrieved on 20 March 2013.
[10]. Tanner, T. et.al (2009). Urban Governance for Adaptation: Assessing Climate Change Resilience in Ten Asian Cities. Institute of Development Studies at the University of Sussex Brighton BN1 9RE UKIDS WORKING PAPER 315

Abstract: This study was carried out to critically evaluate the impact of maritime tanker accidents in the Nigerian coastal Environment with its objective to determining the causes of the maritime tanker accidents and the effects on the coastal environment. Data was collected by both primary and secondary sources with a personal interview of ninety respondents out of a target population of 200 officially recognized maritime tanker operators in Nigeria. Secondary data was also generated by the consultation of periodicals, journals and magazine. Demographic characteristics of the respondents was analyzed using both descriptive statistical tools like the percentage, tables while the hypothesis was tested utilizing a chi square statistical tool in order to determine the acceptance or the rejection of the stated hypothesis. The study revealed that marine tanker oil accidents were caused mainly by human errors also that marine tanker accidents actually do have a negative effect on the Nigerian coastal Environment and that these tanker accidents in the Nigerian coastal environment affects the nation's economy by the detrimental effects it places on aquatic habitat , farmland and the climate as a whole. Consequently, it was recommended amongst others that the need for and enforced coast guard agency should be on ground to check mate operations along the Nigeria coastal environment and penalties be placed on defaulters of coastal environmental regulations.

Keywords: coastal, accidents, tanker, marine, environment, economy, regulations.

[1]. Akpofure,E.A.,Efere,M.L.andAyawei, P., (2000).The Adverse EffectsofCrude OilSpillsinthe NigerDelta.UrhoboHistoricalSociety.
[2]. Allen,J.R.,1965.LateQuaternary oftheNigerDelta,andAdjacent Areas.Sedimentary EnvironmentsandLithofaciesAAPGV.49.p547-600.
[3]. Nwillo, A,andBadejo, O. (2005), Oil tanker accidents and Solutions. Environmental watch,Portharcourt. Sound publishers Portharcourt.Vol4 ,pp16-19
[4]. BurnK.A.,S.D.Garrity&S,C.Levings,1993.HowmanyyearsuntilMangroveEcosystemsRecoverfromCatastrophicOilSpills?Mar.Pollut.Bull. 26,239-248.
[5]. Dublin-GreenC.O.,A.AwobamiseandE.A.Ajao, 1997.Large Marine Ecosystem Project For the Gulf Of Guinea (Coastal ProfileOfNigeria),NigeriaInstitute ofOceanography EncyclopediaAmericana, 1994. International Edition, GrolierIncorporated.
[6]. Energy Information Administration, 2003.Nigeria Country AnalysisBrief.EnergyInformationAdministration.
[7]. Environmental Watch, Volume 2, No.13, October 16th- October 31st 2001. ISSN: 1119-2739, by Augustine Timbiri of our Environmental Desk.
[8]. Freduhaul, J, GarrityS.D.&S.C.Levin's,1990.EffectsofanOilSpillonthe GastropodsofaTropicalIntertidalReefFlat.Mar.Environ.Res. 30,119-153.
[9]. GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/IAEA/UN/UNEP, 1993. Joint GroupofExpertsonthe ScientificAspectsofMarine Pollution.Impact ofOil andRelatedChemicalsandWastesonthe MarineEnvironment. GESAMPReportsand StudiesNo 50. InternationalMaritimeOrganization,London,U.K.
[10]. Hoff,R.,1993.Bioremediation: AnOverview of itsDevelopment anduse forOilSpillCleanup.Mar.Pollut.Bull. 26,476-481.

Abstract: The use of cheap and ecofriendly adsorbents are studied as an alternative substitution of activated carbon for the removal of dyes from wastewater. Laboratory investigations were done to find the potential of Rice husk ash(RHA), Activated Rice Husk (ARH) and Azadirecta indica leaves (Neem) powder (NLP )to remove methylene blue dye from aqueous solution . ARH was prepared from rice husk treated with nitric acid and RHA Prepared by heating in muff furnace at 300 0C. Neem leaves are sundried for few days and then dried at low temperature (<105°C) for 24 hrs in hot air oven to remove moisture content. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as pH , adsorbent dosage and contact time were investigated. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was applied and R2 value was calculated which shows, Langmuir adsorption is a good fit for the experimental data. The result shows that the 85 % colour removal efficiency can be achieved at the dose of 50 g/l of ARH . 90 % colour removal efficiency is achieved at the adsorbent dose of 40 g/l of RHA. With increase in RHA dose the efficiency increased upto 96 %. 81% of colour removal efficiency is achieved with NLP . Keywords: Rice husk, neem leaves, Activated rice husk, methylene blue, adsorption isotherm

[1] Chakraborty, S., Purkait, M.K., DasGupta, S., De, S., Basu, J.K., 2003. Nanofiltration of textile plant effluent for color removal and reduction in COD. Sep. Purif. Technol. 31 (2), 141–151

[2] Dany, C. K., Ch e u n g , C. W., Ch o y , K. K. H., Porter, J.F., McKay, G., 2004. Sorption equilibria of metal ions on bone char. Chemosphere 54, 273–281 [3] K.Hunger, Industrial dyes: chemistry, properties, applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Cambridge, (2003).

[4] K.Venkataraman, The chemistry of synthetic dyes, Academic press Inc., New York, (1965).

[5] B.Dash, Competitive adsorption of dyes (congo red, methylene blue, malachite green) on activated carbon, B.Tech thesis, 2010.

[6] G.Crini, Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review, Bioresour, Technol.97 (2006) 1061-1085.

[7] A. Mittal, A. Malviya, D. Kaur, J. Mittal, L. Kurup, Studies on the adsorption kinetics and isotherms for the removal and recovery of Methyl Orange from wastewaters using waste materials, J. Hazard, Mater. 148 (2007) 229-240.

[8] S. Chen, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, Q. Yue, Y. Li, C. Li, Equilibrium and kinetics studies of methyl orange and methyl violet adsorption on activated carbon derived from phragmitesaustralis, Desalination 252 (2010) 149-156.

[9] C.I.Pearce, J.R.Lloyd, J.T.Guthrie, The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacteria cells: a review, Dyes pigments 58 (2003) 179-196.49

[10] T.Robinson, G.Mcmullan, R.Marchant, P.Nigam, Remedition of dyes in textile effluent: a critical review on current treatment technologies with a proposed alternatives, BioresourTechnol.77 (2001) 247-255.

Abstract: Efforts in the study were conducted to assess the protective influence of Moracin, the major constituent of leaves of mulberry, Morusalba (L) on tumor promotion in 7, 12 – dimethylbenz( alpha ) anthracene (DMBA) – initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate ( TPA ) – promoted mouse skin tumerigenesis model. The acetone solution of Moracin was topically applied to DMBA – initiated female mouse skin at the dosage of 2.5 and 5 mg twice per week for sixteen weeks, thirty minutes prior to each promotion treatment with TPA in the first experimental schedule. The significant reduction in tumor incidence and tumor multiplicity effects were evident in the treated group. The expression of tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) – alpha protein and the level of 4-hydroxynoneal ( 4HNE) in the normal epidermis were significantly reduced in both moracin treated groups. Moracin at the dosage of 5 mg was topically applied to the dorsal surface of mouse skin 30 minutes before application of a TPA in the second effort in the study. And the same dosages of TPA and Moracin were applied twice at the interval of 24 hours. Moracin treatment was found inhibiting the double TPA treatment – induced morphological changes reflecting inflammatory response, including leucocyte infiltration, hyperplasia and cell proliferation. Moracintreatment, furthermore significantly suppressed the elevation in 4-HNE level and elevated expression of c-fos, c-myc and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) in normal epidermis induced by double application of TPA. The moracin was found protective influence in tumor promotion. Efficient utilization of Moracin may open a new avenue in the treatment of skin cancer.

Key Words: Moracin ; Morus alba ; c-fos ; c-myc; COX-2 ; Oxidative Stress ; Tumor ; DMBA ; TPA ; Cytokines

[1]. Zhang, M. ; Chen, M. ; Zhang, H. Q. ; WSun, S. and Wu, F. H. In vivo hypoglycemic effects of phenolics from the root bark of Morusalba (L). Phytoterpia, 2009, 80: 475 – 477.
[2]. Naowaboot, J. ;Pannangptch, P. Kukongviriyapan, V. ; Kongyingyoes, B. and Kukongviriyapan, U. (2009). Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antiglycation activities in Sreptozotocin – induced chronic diabetic rat. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition. 64: 2 : 116 – 121.
[3]. Lahiri, M. ;Mukhtar, H. and Agarwal, R. Reactive intermediates and skin cancer. In: Carcinogenecity: Testing, Predicting and Interpreting Chemical Effects. Kitchin, K. T. Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 679 – 714. 1999.
[4]. Ames, B. N. ; Gold, L. S. and Willett, W. C. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 5258-5265. 1995.
[5]. Garmyn, M. andDegreef, H. Supression of UVB- induced c-fos and c-jun repression in human keratinocytes by N- acetylcysteine. Journal of Photochem. Photobio B37: 125 – 130, 1997.
[6]. Dragsted, L. O. Natural antioxidants in chemoprevention. Arch Toxicol Suppl. 20: 125 – 130. 1998
[7]. Nakamura, Y. ; Murakami, A. ; Ohto, Y. ; Torikai, K. ; Tanaka, T. and Ohigashi, H. Supression of tumor – induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response in mouse skin by a superoxide generation inhibitor 1' – acetoxychavicol acetate. Cancer Res 58: 4832 – 4839. 1998.
[8]. Suganuma, M. ; Okabe, S. ; Marino, M. W. ; Sakai, A. ; Sueoka, E. and Fujiki, H. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor – alpha (TNF- alpha) in tumor promotion in mice. Cancer Res 60: 5059 – 5066. 1999.
[9]. Fujiki, H. ;Sueoka, E. ; Komori, A. and Suganuma, M. Tumor promotion and TNF – alpha gene expression by the "Okadaic Acid" class tumor promoters. Environ. Carcino. Ecotox. Revs. 15: 1 – 40. 1997.
[10]. Komatsu, S. ; Watanabe, H. ; Oka, T. ; Tsuge, H. ; Nii, H. and Kato, N. Vitamin B – 6 – supplemented diets compared with low vitamin B – 6 diet suppress azoxymethane – induced colon tumerigenesis in mice by reducing cell proliferation. J. Nutrion 131: 2204 – 2207. 2001.

Abstract: In this study we investigated the feeding of rotifers Brachionus plicatilis with different diets. We used different foods: powder spirulina, concentrated Chlorella, commercial food named "culture selco" diluted in various volumes and each of these food modes associated to microalgae. We determined the rotifers density, the daily growth rate and the percentages of eggs for the different diets. The food on live spirulina did not give concluding results. The use of inert food only shows a maximum of eggs rotifers percentage and specific growth rate with concentrated Chlorella and a comparable result with powdered spirulina and selco culture (P ≥0, 05). The maximum of the density of rotifers and eggs percentage were obtained with culture selco associated with microalgae, followed by the food mode using super concentrated Chlorella and lastly the food using the powder spirulina.

Key words: Arthrospira platensis, Chlorella, culture of zooplanktons, nutrition, rotifers

[1] C. James, and T. S.Abu-rezeq, Effect of different ce11 densities of Chlorella capsulata and a marine Chlorella sp. for feeding the rotifer B. plicatilis. Aquaculture. (6), 1988, 3-56.

[2] A consideration of why mass culture of the rotifer B. plicatilis with baker's yeast is instable. Hydrobiology. (147), 1987, 269-270. [3] R. James, K. Sampath, R. Thangarathinam, and L. Vasudevan, Effect of dietary spirulina level on growth, fertility, coloration and leukocyte count in red swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri. Aquaculture – Bamidgeh 58(2), 2006, 97-104. 97
[4] Earth Food Spirulina (Ronore Enterprises, Inc.). Available on the web site http://spirulinasource.com. 1997, Updated on 15 November 1999

[5] Composition and nutritive value of blue –green algae (spirulina) and their possible use in food formulations. 3rd international congress of food science and technology, Abstracts. Washington, 1970.

[6] Spirulina, the edible microorganism, Microbiological Reviews. (47), 1983, 551-578.

[7] J.P. Jourdan, " Cultivez votre spiruline", Manuel de culture artisanale pour la production de spiruline, 1999.

[8] Monitoring of the evolving diversity of the microbial community present in rotifer cultures. Aquaculture (198), 2001, 237–252.

[9] Bases biologiques et écologiques de l'aquaculture. Techniques et documentation, (Lavoisier Editions, Paris, 1991, 500 p).

[10] Nutritional values of live organisms used in Japan for mass propagation of fish. A review. Aquaculture (34), 1983, 115-143.

Abstract: Chandigarh city has a well planned underground network of pipes for the disposal of sewerage generated in the city. The sewerage system of the city has been designed by taking into account the natural slope of the city, which is from north to south. Chandigarh city hosts three Sewerage Treatment Plants (STP's) namely: STP "Diggian" located at sector 66 of S.A.S Nagar, Punjab Territory, Mohali, based upon MBBR (Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor) technology which is at a distance of about 4km from the nearest planned sector 47, STP Raipur Kalan located at a distance of 6km from Chandigarh adjoining to railway station based upon UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) technology and STP Raipur Khurd, based upon ASP (Activated Sludge Process) technology located on Chandigarh-Ambala highway at a distance of approximately 8 km from Interstate Bus Terminal sector 17, 1 km from Airport and 3 km from Railway Station. These plants are designed and constructed with an aim to manage waste water so as to minimize or remove organic matter, solids and other pollutants before it enters a water body.

[1]. APHA –AWWA-WPCF,2005.Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC,USA.
[2]. Swayer , Mc Carty and Parkin.Chemistry for environmental engineering and science, fifth edition , Tata Mc Graw –Hill.
[3]. Water and wastewater testing (A laboratory manual), R.P Mathur.
[4]. Priyanka Jamwal, Atul K. Mittal and Jean-Marie Mouchel. Efficiency evaluation of sewage treatment plants with different technologies in Delhi (India), Environ Monit Assess (2009) 153:293–305

Abstract: Sediments play an important role on diffusion fate of radionuclide in aquatic systems. In the present study investigated the sorption behavior of 137Cs in four different characteristic of marine sediments (clay content, CEC, organic matter) that collected from the upper gulf of Thailand by using batch experiment. The sorption process is depend on characteristic of marine sediment samples which found distribution coefficient (Kd) increase with increase CEC and % clay content that indicated the degree of sorption of 137Cs to the sediment were strongly dependent on particle size. On the other hand the Kd to decrease with increase organic matter and particle size. Thus, marine sediment samples that high clay content effect on efficiency sorption of 137Cs increasing (St.1, St. Angsila, St.21 and St. Bangsaen, respectively) but organic matter is contrast effect on 137Cs sorption that there is a little influence on the sorption. Keywords - 137Cs, Sorption, Distribution coefficient, Marine sediment, radionuclide.

[1] J. M. Abril, and E. Fraga), Some physical and chemical features of the variability of Kd distribution coefficients for radionuclides. Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37(4), 1996, 308-308.

[2] J. P Bellenger, and S Staunton, Adsorption and desorption of 85Sr and137Cs on reference mineral, with and without inorganic and organic surface coatings. Journal Environmental Radioactivity 99, 2008, 831-840.

[3] P. Borretzen, and B. Salbu, Fixation of Cs to marine sediments estimated by a stochastic modeling approach. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 61, 2002, 1-20.

[4] K. Buesseler, M. Aoyama, and M. Fukasawa, Impacts of the Fukushima nuclear power plant on marine radioactivity. Environmental science and technology 45, 2001, 9931-9935.

[5] C. Dumat, and S. Staunton, Reduced adsorption of caesium on clay minerals caused by various humic substances. Enviromental Radioactivity 46, 1999, 187-200.

[6] T. A Fontaine, T. D. Moore, and B. Burgoa, Distribution of contaminat concentration and particle size in fluvial sediment. Water Resourse 34(13), 2000, 3473-3477.

[7] F. Giannakopoulou, C. Haidouti, A. Chronopoulou, and D. Gasparatos, Sorption behavior of cesium on various soils under different pH levels. Journal of Hazardous Materials 149, 2007, 553-556.

[8] Q. He, and D. E. Walling, Interpreting particle size effects in the adsorption of 137Cs and unsupported 210Pb by mineral soils and sediments. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 30(2), 1996, 117-137.

[9] Y. Kim, K. Kim, H. D. Kang, W. Kim, S. H. Doh, D. S. Kim, and B. K. Kim, The accumulation of radiocesium in coarse marine sediment: Effects of mineralogy and organic matter. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54, 2007, 1341-1350.

[10] G. Lujaniene, K. Joksas, B. Silobritiene, and R. Morkunirene, Physical and chemical characteristics of 137Cs in the Baltic Sea. Radioactivity in the Environment 8, 2007, 165-179.