IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-2016

Abstract: Karachi being metropolitan city and port was the obvious choice for becoming the Capital in 1947. However, General Ayub Khan, during his presidency, realized the political volatility and economic hustle bustle of Karachi founded a new City; Islamabad which is peaceful and easily accessible from all parts of the country. Demographic studies about the city also show us that it has accommodated and still accommodates people of all ethnicities, faiths, religions and cultures of Pakistan. This has led to the multiplication of population in Karachi, raising its population count from 3.0 million people in 1947 to over 23.5 million and still counting. Thus increased population, urbanization and diversity leads to administrative complexities to which the National Reconstruction Bureau under Devolution of Power Plan 2000 tried to provide solutions. Research highlighted the fact that Karachi is paying cost of its increased diversified functions in terms of densification and overburdened and dilapidated infrastructure.

[1]. Ali, K and Bukhari, A.S. (1980) A History of Indo-Pakistan (up to 1526 A.D.): Aziz Publishers, Lahore.
[2]. Cambridge Journal, May (2010) "Afghan Refugees Population in Pakistan": www.journals.cambridge.org
[3]. City Mayors February (2010), "Largest Cities and their Mayors in 2011"
[4]. February (2012) Administrator Office: Karachi Metropolitan Corporation
[5]. Image Courtesy: www.Lubpak.com, www.lubapak.com/archives/279693
[6]. Jamil, Bela, Raza (2002) Decentralization and Devolution: Educational Implementation of the Praetorian Interpretation, Idara-e-Taleem O Agahi Public Trust, Karachi.

Abstract: This paper provides a detailed analysis of the current trends prevalent in the Set Top Box (STB) industry in India. The persistent demand -supply gap for STBs and the lacunae of Indian electronic hardware manufacturing is under review. This paper attributes the chequered and lopsided growth as well as heavy reliance on theimported components and finished products to the technology business ecosystem in whichSTB industry is operating. The immediate context of ecosystemof STBs is focused in terms of the concentric yet overlappingcircles of STB manufacturing companies, producers of sub-systems and the component manufacturers. Subsequently, the way in which the policy regimeand economic system which in short can be called as the wider tech business ecosystem hassignificantly contributed to the present state of STB industry in particular and electronic hardware ingeneral has been brought out.

[1]. A Brief Report on Electronics Industry in India (2013).Corporate Catalyst India. New Delhi. http://www.cci.in/pdfs/surveys-reports/Electronics-Industry-in-India.pdf
[2]. Aggarwal, Aradhna (2001): Technology Policies and Technological Capabilities in Industry: A Comparative Analysis of India and Korea, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. Accessible at: http://www.icrier.org/pdf/aradhna68.PDF
[3]. Bailetti, Tony (2009). Business Ecosystems: A new form of organizing creative individuals worldwide. Carleton University, Toronto. http://www3.carleton.ca/tim/events/2009/Ecosystems_Feb12_TO_FOCUS.pdf
[4]. Business Ecosystem:http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/business-ecosystem.asp
[5]. Digitization & mobility-Next frontier of growth for M&E. Screens 2014.ASSOCHAM & Deloitte. June2014. http://www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-

Abstract: We are currently living in the digital age, more commonly known as the Information Technology (IT) Age; which can be described as an era where every aspect of human life or activities are mainly information based. This is due to the development and use of technology. We live in a world that has become more open - in the sense of communication (global village) and internationalization (trans-border flow of data).

[1]. Pavlik, John V. (2008). Media in the Digital Age. Columbia University Press, New York.
[2]. Ward, Stephen J. A. (2011) Ethics and the Media: An Introduction. Columbia University Press, New York.
[3]. Neelamar, M. (2010). Media Law and Ethics. PHI Learning private limited, New Delhi.
Websites
[4]. http://copyright.gov.in/
[5]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism