IOSR-JHSS   Volume-21 ~ Issue-3 ~ March-2016

Abstract: The study sought to examine the extent to which Zimbabwe's 2-5-2 teaching practice utilized collegial supervision in promoting continuous improvement of student teachers' teaching skills and competencies. The mixed methods design was used to collect data through questionnaires, individual interviews and focus group discussions. The research revealed that collegial supervision was utilized and benefitted student teachers in Zimbabwe's 2-5-2 teaching practice. The study also revealed that mentors were not mandated to monitor and enforce participation of student teachers in collegial supervision hence the inconsistence in participation was noted among student teachers on teaching practice.

[1]. Allen, J.M. and Peach, D. (2007). Exploring connections between the in-field and on-campus components of a preservice teacher education program: a student perspective. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education, 8 (1): 23-36.
[2]. Bhebhe S. & Tshuma R. (2015). Deploying Primary School Teacher Trainees to Schools for Teaching Practice: A case of one Teacher Education Institution in Zimbabwe. Asian Academic Research Journal of Social Science & Humanities 2(7): 14-28.
[3]. Black, P., Steven, W.R. and Thomas, D. (1998). Mentoring Beginning Teachers-Mathematics Teacher, November, 1-9.
[4]. Borgden, R. C. & Biklen, S. K. (1992). Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston. Allyn and Bacon.
[5]. Burghes, D.(2006) Collaborative Practice in Initial Teacher Training. Centre for innovation in Mathematics Teaching: University of Plymouth.
[6]. Cameroon, R. (2011). "Mixed Methods Research: The five Ps Framework". The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 9 (2): 96-108, available on line at www.ejbrm.com/

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to assess the impediments that confronted NAPEP in its effort to alleviate poverty in Akwa Ibom State. This is in view of the proposed and subsequent scraping of the agency which was supposed to fight poverty to a standstill by the year 2010 by the government. Although, several projects were executed by NAPEP in a bid to live up to the expectations of its responsibilities but, it was still far from ameliorating the plights of the people...

[1] Adams, J. A. (2004). Revisiting the Critical Issue of Poverty Alleviation Administration in Nigeria's Local Government System. In: Duru, E. J. C. (ed.) Nigerian Local Government and Rural Development Administration; A Reader. Calabar: Cymart Ventures.
[2] Adawo, M. A. (2010). Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: A Necessary Agenda. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 3(1): 14-19.
[3] Agbor, U. I. (2006). Poverty and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria: The Path We Did Not Take. In Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Calabar. Department of Political Science. 3(1): 58-71.
[4] Aluko, S . (1975). Poverty. Its Remedies: In Poverty in Nigeria. Ibadan: The Nigerian Economic Society, pp. 68-85.
[5] Anele, K. A. (2000). Social Stratification and Inequality: An Introductory Text. Portharcourt: Embai Printing and Publishing Company.

Abstract: This paper analyses sustainable development as neoliberal agenda. Proponents of sustainable development propose sustainable development as panacea to the problem of poverty. According to them, multifold economic growth across the globe is doubly effective for both poverty reduction and the environment. This paper mainly refutes statement of Lawrence Summers (1991) that there is no carrying capacity of the earth and putting limit on growth will cause staggering social costs....

Keywords: Carrying Capacity, Growth, Inequality, Poverty, Sustainable Development

[1]. Adams, W.M. (2009) "Green Development: Reformism or Radicalism?‟in Green Development: environment and Sustainability in a Developing World, 3rd Edition, London, Routledge: 362 – 379.
[2]. Alier,J. M.(2009)"Socially Sustainable Economic De-growth‟,Development and Change, 40(6): 1099–1119.
[3]. Arsel, M., &Büscher, B. (2012) "Nature™ Inc.: Changes and Continuities in Neoliberal Conservation and Market-based Environmental Policy‟Development and Change,43(1):53-78.
[4]. Bennett, C. (2012) "Supporting the Posts in Development Discourse: Underdevelopment, Over-development, Post-development‟ Sociology Compass,6(12), 974-986.
[5]. Berman, M. (1991) "All that is Solid Melts into Air: Marx, Modernism andModernisation‟ in All That is Solid Melts into Air: the experience of modernity. London: 87-113.

Abstract: The Thrust Of This Study Was To Investigate Learning Strategies Adopted During The Normal Study Time And The National Examinations Preparation Period Among Secondary School Students In Rwanda. This Study Was Premised On The Social Cognitive Theory Propounded By Albert Bandura Which Emphasizes The Developmental Changes That People Undergo As A Result Of Environmental Influences, Interaction And Action. The Embedded Version Of Concurrent Mixed Methods Research Design That Focusedon The Variables Of Help Seeking, Elaboration, Organizational, Self -Regulation, Motivational, Concentration And Rehearsal Learning Strategies Was Adopted For The Study.Simple Random, Criterion Based And Purposive Sampling Procedures Were Used To Reach The Sample Size Of 1060 Comprising Of 1042 Students And 18 Headteachers In 18 Schools Countrywide. Data Were Collected Throughobservations, Semi-Structured Interviews And Questionnaires...

Keywords: Learning Strategies, Normal Study Time, National Examinations' Preparation Period, Secondary Schools, Rwanda

[1]. Ampofo, S.Y., Bizimana B., Ndayambaje I., Karongo,V, V., Lyn, L. & Orodho, J. A. (2015). Social And Spill-Over Benefits As Motivating Factors To Investment In Formal Education In Africa: A Reflection Around Ghanaian, Kenyan And Rwandan Contexts. Journal Of Education And Practice, 6 (11), Pp.134-147.
[2]. Bandura, A. (1993). Social Foundations Of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs.Ns. Prentice. Hall
[3]. Bandura, A. (1989). Social Cognitive Theory.In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals Of Child Development.Vol.6. Six Theories Of Child Development (Pp. 1-60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
[4]. Bandura, A. (1988). Organizational Applications Of Social Cognitive Theory.Australian Journal Of Management, 13 (2), Pp. 275-302. [5]. Bandura A. (1986). Social Foundations Of Thought And Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Abstract: This Study Examined Home-Based Variables Influencing Enrollment And Participation Of Pupils From Rural Public Primary Schools In Central Division, Narok North Sub-County, In Narok County, Kenya. The Study Adopted A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Research Design. Combinations Of Stratified And Purposive Sampling Strategies Were Employed To Select 60 Class Teachers, 30 Headteachers, 120 Upper Primary School Pupils (Class 5-8) And Two Quality Assurance And Standards (QUASO) Officers Yielding A Sample Size Of 212 Respondents Drawn From 15 Primary Schools In The Study Locale....

Keywords: Home-Based Factors, Enrollment, Participation, Pupils, Narok County, Kenya.

[1]. Arnold, C.M. (1993). Social Selection In Education And Economic Development. Washington DC: World Bank.
[2]. Becker, G. (1964). Human Capital. Oxford: National Bureau Of Economic Research In Kenya.
[3]. Burrell, A. & Bubb, S. (2000). Teacher Feedback In The Reception Class: Associations With Children's Positive Adjustment To School, Education 3-1328 (3), 58-69.
[4]. Clemens, M. (2004). The Long Walk To School: International Education Goals In Historical Perspectives; Center For Global Development Working Paper 37. Washington DC. US
[5]. Ghaye, A. & Pascal, L. (1989). 'Four-Year-Old Children In Reception Classrooms: Participant Perceptions And Practice, Educational Studies, 14(2), 187-208.

Abstract: Background: Attachment is defined as lasting emotional connectedness. Attachment experiences are one of the basic ingredients in the complexly determined relationship between early experiences of parental care, personality growth and behavior. Attachment theory has been major aids in helping researchers understand how the quality of early and continuing close relationships affect children's and adults emotional development, interpersonal style and social behavior. Lately studies have shown attachment as a risk factor in postpartum depression. To address this we did a comparison of attachment styles in depressed and non depressed mothers postpartum.

Method: 40 patients with depression postpartum (PPD) and 40 control subjects were studied. We compared PPD patients with healthy controls' attachment styles using the Adult Attachment Questionnaire part I & II.

Keywords: Attachment; Postpartum depression; secure style; Avoidant style; ambivalent style

[1]. Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., Waters, E., et al. (1978) Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.
[2]. American Psychiatric Association (1994) DSM-IV-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders –4th Ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
[3]. American Psychiatric Association (2013) DSM-V-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders –5th Ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.
[4]. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
[5]. Campbell S.B.; Cohn J.F. (1991) Prevelance and correlates of postpartum depression in first time mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 594-599.

Abstract:The 9/11terrorist attacks changed the dynamics of world politics and posed serious security challenges to many nations. In the wake of these attacks Pakistan joined the US- led "War on Terror"and found itself caught up in a quagmire, as its involvement in "War on Terror" resulted in domestic challenges in the form of terrorist attacks on its own soil by different groups.Pakistan perceives existential threat to its territorial integrity from India and this consideration has always essentially influenced its foreign policy and behaviour. This paper is an attempt to look at the various challenges Pakistan faced in post 9/11 era and analyses Pakistan‟s foreign policy towards the US, India and other important countries of the World.

Keywords: Foreign policy, Pakistan, Security, the United States, "War on Terror".

[1]. Akram, Zubia, (2006). "Pakistan-Afghanistan Relations after 9/11‟, Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 59, No.1 (January), pp. 17-21.
[2]. AlaviHamza, (1998). "Pakistan –US Military Alliance‟, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.33, No. 25 (Jun. 20-26, 1998), pp. 1551-1557.
[3]. Cordesman, Anthony H. et.al. (2011) "Pakistan: Violence VS. Stability‟, CSIS.
[4]. Delvoie A., Louis. (1995/1996) "The Islamization of Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy, International Journal‟,Vol. 51, No. 1, Africa's Prospects (Winter, 1995/1996), pp. 126-147.
[5]. Fanui, Mohammad Ishaq. (2005) "Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy: Challenges and Opportunities after 9/11‟, Vol. 58, No. 4 (October), pp. 53-64.

Abstract: The ultimate aim of any religion is salvation / redemption of those who believe in it. They embark various paths to experience redemption according to their beliefs and the life of the founders and prominent figures of these religions. Redemption is a common word in the world religions including the Semitic Religions and the Indian Religions. The Semitic Religions are Judaism, Christianity and Islam and the Indian Religions includes Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. Semitic Religions are monotheistic for they believe in one God. They hold fast to the belief of the creation of the world out of nothing and God alone is eternal and all the other things like soul, matter, and scripture are created. Whereas the Indian Religions like Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism have their origin from Hinduism. According to Hinduism, God, Soul, Matter and Scripture are eternal. They believe not in one God but many.

[1]. Jacob Neusner J and Avery-Peck Alan, ed. The Blackwell Reader in Judaism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. P.4-5.
[2]. Sigal Philip . The Emmergence of Contemporary Judaism. Vol. 1. Pittsburgh: The Pickwick Press, 1980.p.1.
[3]. The Emmergence of Contemporary Judaism. Vol. 1, p. 25.
[4]. Gwilym, Beckerlegge, ed. The World Religions Reader. London: Routledge, 1998.p. 28-29.
[5]. The World Religions Reader.p.28-29.

Abstract: Obviously, public administration is to play pivotal role, exercise a huge bulk of power and impact easily and deeply on every aspect of an individual's life and liberty so as to meet citizen's needs, maintain social order and attain the goals of human society in a modern democratic welfare state. Since it is today not concerned with only pure administrative functions, it occasionally also discharges a large volume of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions.....

Keywords: Administration, Administrative Authority, Judiciary, Ultra-vires, Public Law Review, Private Law Review, Writs, Dilemmas

[1]. Cave, J. In re Marten [1888], L. R. 21 Q. B. 34.
[2]. Daphne BE. The Doctrine of Legitimate Expectations and the Distinction between the Reliance and Expectation Interests, European Public law (Kluwer Law International 11(4) (2005) 583.
[3]. P. Berger, B. Berger & H. Kellner. The Homeless Mind, Modernization and Consciousness (1973) 41-62.
[4]. The phrase "Judicial control" means a control which is maintained by the judiciary. Generally, judicial control over administration means the powers of the courts to examine the legality of official acts and thereby, safeguard the rights of an aggrieved citizen to bring a civil or criminal suit in a court of law against a public servant for wrong done to him in the course of discharge of his public duty.
[5]. Administrative actions are, in their ultimate analysis, legal procedure equally binding upon both the public servants as well as the citizens. In A.K. Kraipak v Union of India [1969] 2 SCC 262, the court was of the opinion that in order to determine whether ac action is administrative or not, one has to see the nature of the power conferred , to whom the power is given, the framework within which the power is conferred and the consequences.

Abstract: One of the functions of journalism is as defenders of truth and fairness. Many people refer to it as a universal function and ideal. A journalist is never asked to provide information, but it is its own initiative. They offer an event that, in the presence of a reporter (messenger), will bridge the relationship between man, nature, and not the relationship between conqueror or conquered, or God's servant, but the relationship of togetherness in submission to Allah. Its existence is equivalent to the ministry, bureau, or other parts, which both have their own methods for achieving the goals of da'wah.

Keywords: Journalism; Ethics; Fairness; Islam

[1] Al-Qur 'an Al 'Karim.

[2] Abdullah.Wawasan Dalcwah Kajian Epistimologi. Konsep dan Aplikasi Dakwah. Medan. IAIN.Press, 2002.

[3] Arifin, M. Psikologi DakwahSuatu Pengantar Studi. Jakarta. Bumi Aksara, 1991.

[4] Au, Fachry, dkk. Politik Komunikasi Harmoko, Dan Rakyat ke Panggung Politik. Jakarta. Intermassa, 1997.

[5] Anto, J. Dkk. Pers Bebas Tapi Dilibas. Medan. KIPPAS, 2005.

Abstract: Public officials, which include elected political office – bearers and appointed officials, should always carry out their executive, administrative, functional, and technical activities with legality that means taking into account (a) the rules and principles of natural justice; (b) the constitutional principles, and (c) the rule of law of the country.

Keywords: rule of law, rules and principles, natural justice, constitutional principles, and legality.

[1]. Lawrence Baxter: Administrative Law: Juta and Company Limited: Cape Town, 1984
[2]. J. J. N. Cloete: Introduction to Public Administration: Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik, 1985
[3]. Sir Williams, O. Hart and J. F. Garner: Harts introduction to the Law of Social Government and Administration: London: Butterworths, 1973
[4]. J. A. G. Griffith and H. Street; Principles of Administrative Law; 4th edition; Pitman Publishing, 1970
[5]. O. Hood Phillips: Constitutional and Administrative law: 3rd edition: London: Sweet and Maxwell: 1962

Abstract: Abstracts: Many years of experience point to the general statement that the usefulness and beauty of philosophy lies not so much in the answers that it provides to problems, but in the question which it rationally poses.

Keywords: philosophy, problems, answers, questions, poses, rationality and usefulness.

[1] J. Ayer: Language, truth and Logic: 2nd edition. New York: Dower Publications, 1937.
[2] J. J. N. Cloete: Introduction to Public Administration: J. L. Van Schaik, 1985
[3] S. B. M. Marume: Public Administration: Epistemological and methodological aspects of African social research: work 17 unpublished PhD thesis proposal: California University for Advanced Studies, September 30, 1988.
[4] S.B.M. Marume: Public Administration: special contemporary problems and challenges: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing: Berlin, German, 2015[ISBN978-3-659-75883-6].

Abstract: The main aim of this paper is to create awareness to the readers about Biofeedback as a technique to control Occupational Stress. Occupational stress has a real and significant effect on health and performance in personal life and at the workplace. The perils of stress are well-documenated. Prolonged stress results in release of many anti-stress chemicals in the body which lead to disrupt of chemical balance and weakens the systems of the body......

Keywords : Biofeedback, Biofeedback Techniques, Occupational Stress

[1]. Dana L Frank, Lamees Khorshid, Jerome F Kiffer, Christine S Moravec, and Michael G McKee, Biofeedback in Medicine: Who, When, Why And How?, Mental Health Fam Med. Jun; 7(2), 2010, 85–91. [2]. Paul Ratanasiripong, Nop Ratanasiripong, and Duangrat Kathalae, Biofeedback Intervention for Stress and Anxiety among Nursing Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial, ISRN Nursing, Vol. 2012, 1-5. [3]. Paul Patanasiripong, Kevin Sverduk, Judy Prince, Diane Hayashino, Biofeedback and Counseling for Stress and Anxiety among College Students, Journal of College Student Development, Vol 53 (5), 2012, 742-749. [4]. Paul Ratanasiripong, Janet F Park, Nop Ratanasiripong, Duangrat Kathalae, Stress and Anxiety Management in Nursing Students: Biofeedback and Mindfulness Meditation, Journal of Nursing Education,Vol.54(9),2015, 520-524.
[5]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofeedback.

Abstract: This paper attempts to review the micro and macro links between remittances and economic development. Remittances can affect economic development through many micro channels such as wellbeing of households, formation of human and physical capital, increase of household's collateral and creditworthiness, creation of microenterprises. On the other way around, remittances can impact economic development via micro channels such as increasing international reserves and solving problem of balance of payment, promoting financial development, reducing output volatility, establishing macroeconomic stability, falling fertility, alleviating poverty and so on.....

Keywords: Economic development, financial development, human capital,Remittances

[1]. Acosta, P. A., E. K.K. Lartey and F. S. Mandelman(2009) 'Remittances and the Dutch disease'Journal of International Economics, 79:102–116
[2]. Adams, JR. R. H. and J. Page(2005) 'Do International Migration and Remittances ReducePoverty in Developing Countries?World Development, 33(10):1645–1669.
[3]. Alesina, A. and DaniRodrik (1994) 'Distributive Politics and Economic Growth'Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109: 465-90.
[4]. Alesina, A. and Roberto Perotti (1996) 'Income Distribution, Political Instability and Investment'European Economic Review, 40 (6):1203-28.
[5]. Amsden,A. H.(1989) 'Asia's Next Giant South Korea and Late Industrialization' Oxford University Press.

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the influence of information technology in enhancing sustainable competitive advantage. It was carried out on 31 registered SACCOs in Kisii County. It sought to determine the extent to which SACCOs have invested in IT, competitive strategies adopted and extent to which increased IT use has led to sustainable competitive advantage......

Keywords: Information technology, Competitive advantage, Profitability,

[1] Allan D (1990). Business data communications and networking. 7th edition. John wiley and sons. (ASIA) Pte ltd. Replikce press pvt ltd.
[2] Allen W.H (1990). Information technology the catalyst for change. Mercury books division of W.H mercury.
[3] Anderson R.G (1984). Data processing and management information systems. Pitman ltd. Great Britain (Longman Group Company).
[4] Bradway B (2010/15/08) Transformation meets the banking industry. Which banks are ready forthe 211s century? Website
[5] Callon D.J (1996).Competitive advantage through information technology. McGraw-Hile international editions. New York

Abstract: In international discourse, gender based violence has clearly been placed in the realm of women's human rights over the past decade. This paradigm is however shifting. There are now calls for gender based violence prevention and response in humanitarian settings to focus on a wider range of gendered and sexualised violence, such as sexual violence directed at men in conflict. While all forms of gendered and sexualised violence must be addressed, humanitarian response must be grounded in a sound understanding of who this violence affects, how and why it happens and how it is best addressed........

KeyWords: Gender, Violence, Dynamics, Paradox, and Analysis.

[1]. Ahuja, R. (2003). Violence against Women. New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
[2]. Bhattacharya, R. (2004). Ed., Behind Closed Doors: Domestic Violence in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
[3]. CARE (2013). Challenging Gender-based Violence Worldwide. (http://www.care.org /sites/default/files/documents/Challenging-GBV-Worldwide-CARE_s-program-evidence.pdf).
[4]. Chan, C, and Mulroney, J. (2005). Men as Victims of Domestic Violence. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse. (http://www.adfvc.unsw.edu.au /PDF%20files/Men_as_Victims.pdf).
[5]. Charles E. Corry, Erin Pizzey and Martin S. Fiebert (Dec., 2001). Controlling Domestic Violence against Men. (http://www.amen.ie/articles/corry.pdf).

Abstract: Dr. Iyengar was a fine prose-writer who possessed a keen critical sense and contributed liberally to what we may call Indo-Anglian literary criticism. His main critical works are : Shakespeare : His World and His Art, Gerard Manley Hopkings : The Man and the Poet, Francois Maurice : Novelist and Moralist, Rabindranath Tagore : A Critical Introduction, The Adventure of Criticism, Dawn to Greater Dawn, Six Lectures on Savitri, and Indian Writing in English, besides his brilliant Doctoral dissertation on Lytton Strachey. All these books illustrate a balanced approach which takes in the best from criticism right from Plato and Aristotle to Eliot and Leavis and also Sri Aurobindo. For him, the purpose of literature is to instruct and delight in that order. Himself..........

[1]. Sampson : The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, Cambridge, 1957.
[2]. K.R.S. Iyengar : Indian Writing in English, p. 3.
[3]. Ibid.
[4]. K.R.S. Iyengar : Satisaptakam, Samata Books, Madras, 1991, p.xxvi.
[5]. Sri Aurobindo : The Mother, Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1984, p. 27.