IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: Honour killing means the issue of killings of couples who marry within the same sub-caste or against the wishes of their parents. Immediate attention needs to be paid in this area which is one of the neglected areas. Law needs to be used as a weapon in bringing about a social change. What is needed is a firm decision by the government for a separate law. There is paucity of research studies in this area. The networking of the police, judiciary, government, non-governmental organizations, human rights activists, sociologists, social workers, and psychologists is to be done in order to mitigate this social evil. Honour killing cannot be accepted in the name of culture or tradition. Honour killing is unjust and inhumane action. It is crime against mankind. The murderer of that type deserves severe punishment. Hence it is needless to say that lot of efforts need to be made in order to mitigate this problem lest the problem goes out of control. Keeping this in background this paper is presented.

Key words: Honour killing, Law, Family honour, Human rights, Perpetuator.

[1]. Honour Killings www.mcb.org.uk
[2]. Muslim Women‟s League, USA Position Paper on Honour Killings.
[3]. Patrick Goodenough, "Middle East Women Campaign Against 'Family Honor' Killings," Conservative News Service, March 8, 1999.
[4]. The Calgary Herald, April 20, 2000.
[5]. The Hindu, Friday, June 25, 2010.
[6]. The Hindu, Saturday, July 03, 2010.
[7]. The Hindu, Sunday, July 04, 2010.
[8]. The Hindu, Friday, July 09, 2010.
[9]. The Hindu, Saturday, July 10, 2010.
[10]. The Hindu, Sunday, July 11, 2010.

Abstract: The paper will attempt to look into the significant characteristics of the Rabha society and their social movement in North Bengal . It may be mentioned that a growing interest in recent times is discernible among a number of scholar, historian for writing history about Rabha tribes .Rabha is a little known ,scheduled tribe community of West Bengal,Assam and Megalaya. The language /dialect spoken by the Rabha people is also the same name. In West Bengal ,Rabha people mainly live in Jalpaiguri district and Cooch Beher district . Moreover almost 70 percent of them live Jalpaiguri. In Assam, the Rabha live mostly in Goalpara and Kamrup district.The whole area of Eastern and Western Dooars ,may be termed as the cradle land of the Rabhas. The Rabhas belong to the Indo-mongoloid group of people and have similarities with other members of Bodo group such as Garos, kachari, mech, hajong and others. The traditional economy of the Rabhas in general is based on agriculture, forest based activities and weaving. In the past, the Rabhas used to practice shifting cultivation. The Rabha society was matriarchal. By birth they used to obtain the 'gotra' of their mother. The Rabha Community previously believed in animism. But now they are intermingled with Hinduism. In the first half of the 20th century the movement started among the Rabhas in North Bengal for upgrading their position 'to get equal social rank as that of the Hindu caste like the Rajbansis. The act of negligence created resentment among the Rabhas. Actually the Rabha community is politically and socio-economically suppressed and is perhaps considered to be the most backward tribal group in North Bengal as well as North-East India lacking proper socio-economic development as well as proper representation and so on ,which requires very sympathetic attention in the existing socio-political set up.

Keywords: Enlightened, Kshatriyaisation, Mobilisation, Phonological levels, Listi Rabha Ronkho

[1]. Phukana Chandra Basumatar ,, The Rabha Tribe of North-East India, Bengal and Bangladesh ( Mittal Publication,Delhi,2010)
[2]. Sukhabilas Barma, Socio-Political Movements in North Bengal (Global Vision Publishing House,Delhi,2007)
[3]. Amal Kumar Das, M.K Raha, The Rabhas of West Bengal( Calcutta, SC & ST Welfare Dept. Govt. of West Bengal, 1989)
[4]. Ranajit Dasgupta, Economy, Society and Politics in Bengal :Jalpaiguri‟, 1869
[5]. Saumitra Ghosh, Vanbasi Rabhara (in Bengali) Desh, Vol-57 (12), 1990
[6]. Pabit Kumar Gupta, Uttar Banger Rabha Samaj O Dharma Sanskar Andolon , (in Bengali) in Madhuparni, Special North Bengal Issue, 1977
[7]. K. Mishra, Amrita Dutta, Exploring the Conditions of Tribal People and their Culture in West Bengal( Rachayita, Kolkata, 2012)
[8]. M.K Raha, Matrilny to Patriliny : A Study of the Rabha Society ( Gyan Publishing House, Delhi, 1989)
[9]. B. Roy Choudhury, Social Mobility Movement Among the Rabhas of North Bengal( Manin India, Vol. 50 (1), 1970)
[10]. Rebatimohon Saha, "Jalpaiguri Jelar Koch Rabha Samaj‟ (in Bengali) Madhuparni (ed.) Special issue on Jalpaiguri District

Abstract: The movement for distinct Nepali identity in India first originated in Darjeeling under the banner of the All India Gorkha League (1943) under the stewardship Dambar Sing Gurung. Shortly after its foundation the All India Gorkha League (AIGL) started organizing the Nepalese People living scatteredly all over the country. The then province of Assam was also not left unbind by the wave of inculcating some of the distinctive identity among the Nepalese. It resulted in the formation of the Assam Provincial Gurkha League in 1944 at Shillong the then capital of Assam.

[2]. Reported in the "Asomiya‟ (in Assam), May 31, 1947, cited in A. C. Bhuyan and S.P.De. (ed), ibid, p.320
[3]. Resolution of the Assam provincial Gurkha League adopted in its first Annual Conference held at Gauhati on December 31, 1946 and January 1, 1947
[4]. Assam Legislative Assembly Debate, Vol.1, No.5, 3rd April, 1951, p1220
[5]. The Nepali Castes viz .Thapa,Gurung, Lama ,Mogor ,Newar ,Lohar ,Domai, Gaine, Rai, Chetri, Limbu, Sarki i.e.cobbler were recognized as other backward class (Govt.of Assam personnel (B) Dept. Office Memorandum NO-A BP338/83/14dated 4/1/1984
[6]. Memorandum of the AGS submitted to the Government of India on July 24, 1968`
[7]. The memorandum of the AANSU submitted to the Prime Minisster New Delhi on July 24, 1980
[8]. The resolution of the AGS adopted in the 18th Annual Conference held at Margherita on 30th December, 1984
[9]. A leaflet published by Amarjyoti Gogoi on behif of the United Reservation Movement Council of Assam dated April 21 ,1986
[10]. Mention maybe made that the editorial board of ‟Jagrata Gorkha‟ a quarterly Nepali magazine consisting three members named Anand singh Thapa Birshingh Bhandari and Narendrashingha Rana submitted a memorandum to the president of India demanding inclusion of Nepali language into the constitution of India on January 18,1956. The SMARIKA (SOUVENIR) of the 6th Annual Conference of the All India Nepali Bhasa Samiti held at Nalbari on December 28, 1986, p. 36- 37

Abstract: McNamara, like many pacifist writers, believed that a peaceful world could only be realized by exposing the underlying social causes of violence and conflict. In her plays in general, she does not only demonstrate the methods by which tension can be alleviated but also shows the actions leading to escalating conflicts. Thus, her plays provide conceptual representations of her ideology and thereby open the pathway for the message to apply to the varied experiences of her audience. She aspires to show that her characters' ability to triumph over seemingly irreconcilable differences could serve as an indicator that the same good results could be achieved in larger scale of political conflicts if they were handled in a similar fashion. Tracing the historical thread of pacifist ideology will assist in illuminating McNamara's avowed design. The paper intends to do so through the analysis of In Safety (1923) which is set in colonial America and addresses pacifist issues very directly. In this play, the Quakers' peace-loving manner of responding to an aggressor's siege in the New World is contrasted with the defensive posture that another group of colonists takes toward the Native American population.

Keywords: pacifist, conflict, Irreconcilable differences, Quaker, defensive posture.

[1]. Aston, Elain. An Introduction to Feminism and Theatre. London:Routledge.1995.
[2]. --------, and Janelle Reinelt. Ed. The Cambridge Companion to Modern British Women Playwrights. Campridge: Cambridge University Press. 2000.
[3]. Bacon, Margaret Hope: The Story of Quaker Women in America. San Francisco: Harper and Row. 1986
[4]. Chatfield, Charles. For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914-1941. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1971.
[5]. Colloms, Brenda. Victorian Visionaries. London: Constable, 1982
[6]. McNamara. Margaret. In Safety . Joseph William Ltd. 1923
[7]. Raven, Charles E. Is War Obsolete? A Study of the Conflicting Claims of Religion and Citizenship. London: G. Allen & Unwin, Ltd., 1935
[8]. Vellacott, Jo, Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War. New York: St. Martin‟s Press, 1981
[9]. -----. "Feminist Consciousness and the First World War" Women and Peace: Theoretical, Historical, and Critical Perspectives. London: Croon Helm, 1987

Abstract: Koch or Kocha or Kocha/Rava people have a discrete ethno-linguistic and cultural heritage and thus a separate ethnic identity in the "Ethnic Museum‟ of North East India, North Bengal and Sikkim included. Rava culture had a matrilineal base but their social structure is gradually exploiting a matri-patri complex. The history of Rava oral literature is very old. It is presumed that even before Mahabharata Kiratas had a rich store-house of oral literature including hymnal and mythic literature. Rava hymnal literature shows an inherent tendency towards nullifying gender/sex binaries and at times the gods and goddesses co-exists with some earthly creature, as in the cosmological myth of "Ha-tangi" (genesis story). The paper analyses these symptoms that frequently blur gender binaries (contraries co-exist but exchange their power relations by turning the hierarchy into a dynamic one) and betray the environmental landscape not merely as a space of "man‟s" intrusion but a life giving force that can both be malevolent and benevolent, and thus stress the need to nurture it.

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Abstract: This study explored the effects of gender, attitude towards mathematics, socioeconomic status, use of computer, television watching, school type, school climate and medium of instructions on mathematics achievement. A convenience sample of 1944 students, 975 males and 969 female from thirty six schools of South-East Bihar (India) was used for study. The Mathematics Attitude Scale, Mathematics Achievement Test and School Climate Scale were used for data collection, while t-test, F-test followed by Duncan's Mean Test and correlation techniques were used for statistical analysis. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between mathematics achievement of boys and girls. The results of analysis showed that the males hold more positive attitude towards mathematics, school climate than female students. Moreover the students of central government schools and private managed schools had higher mathematics achievement in comparison to minority managed schools and state government schools. Further this study showed a positive correlation of attitude towards mathematics and school climate with mathematics achievement.

Key Words: Mathematics Achievement, Attitude towards Mathematics, Socioeconomic Status, School Climate

[1]. Anick, C.M.; Carpenter, T.P., & smith (1981). Minorities and mathematics: Results from the national assessment of educational press. Mathematics Teacher, 74, 560-566.
[2]. Awartani, M., & Gray, M.W. (1989). Cultural influences on sex differentials in mathematics aptitude and achievement. International Journal of Mathematical Journal in science and Technology, 20(2), 317-320.
[3]. Callahan, L.G., & Clements, D.H. (1984). Sex differences in rote counting ability on entry to first grade: some observations. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 15, 378-382.
[4]. Comstock, G. (1991). Television and the American child. New York: Academic Press.
[5]. Ewers, C.A. & Wood, N.L. (1992). Sex and ability differences in children's mathematics self-efficacy and prediction accuracy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in San Francisco, April.
[6]. Fennema, E., (1989). The study of affect and mathematics: A proposed generic model for research. In D.B. Mc Leod & V.M. Adams (Eds.), Affect and mathematical problem solving: A new perspective (pp. 205-219). New York: Springer-Verlag.
[7]. Friedman, L. (1989). Mathematics and the gender gap : A meta analysis of recent studies on sex differences in mathematics tasks. Review of Educational Research, 59(2), 185-213.
[8]. Gortmaker, S.L Salter C.A. walker D.K. & Diets. W.H. (1990) the impact of television viewing on mental aptitude and achievement: A longitudinal study Public opinion Quarterly, 54 594-604.
[9]. Haller, E.J. (1992). High school size and student indiscipline: Another aspect of the school consolidation issue? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(2) 145-156.
[10]. Jacobs, J. E. & Eccles, E. (1985). Gender differences in mathematics ability: the impact of media reports on parents. Educational Researcher, 14, 21-25.

Abstract: This paper analyzes the contribution of Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti to Arabic short story. Al-Manfaluti was a distinguished Arabic litterateur of the early 20th century. He had a far greater influence of his day than writers on the subject have given him credit for. An attempt has been made in this paper to deal with his work "Al-Abarat".

Keywords: Al-Abarat, contribution to Arabic short story, Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti, original and translated works, Theme and style.

[1]. Brugman, J., An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt, Leiden, 1984, P-83.

[2] Daif, Shawqi 1974. Al-Adab al-Arabi al-Muathir fi Misr.5th ed. Cairo: Dar al-Ma‟arif bi Misr, P-227.

[3]. Brugman, J., An Introduction to the History of Modern Arabic Literature in Egypt, Leiden, 1984, P-83.

[4]. Ibid, P-84.

[5]. Moosa, Matti, The Origins of Modern Arabic Fiction, PP-109-110.

[6]. Badawi M.M., Modern Arabic Literature, Cambridge, 1992, P-275.

[7]. Mahdi, Ismat, Modern Arabic Literature, Hyderabad (India), 1983, PP-29-30. [8]. Moosa, Matti, The Origins of Modern Arabic Fiction, P-111.

[9]. Al-Anwar, Dr. Muhammad Abu, Al-Manfaluti: Imam al-Bayan al-Arabi, 1st ed. Cairo: al-Dar al-Misriyya al-Lubnaniyya, 2000, P-62.

[10]. Moosa, Matti, The Origins of Modern Arabic Fiction, P-111.

Abstract: Women Entrepreneurs are slowly coming out of their home to earn something for the sustenance of their families, as the earnings of single individual is not sufficient and becoming entrepreneurs. An attempt is made to study the socio-economic life of sample women entrepreneurs in the Ananthapuramu district in Andhra Pradesh. As a part of socio-economic background - analysis, the age, caste, educational level, debt position, type of family, size of family were considered and responses are analyzed.

Keywords - women entrepreneurs, sustenance, backward district, socio economic conditions, case study

[1]. Singh, Kamala, Women Entrepreneurs, Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi, 1992

[2]. Kamalanathan, Godavari, "Empowering, Mobilizing Women at Gross Roots: Role of NGOS", The Indian Journal of Home Science, Vol.23, Nos.1&2, 1994, pp.87.

[3]. Gopalan, Sarala, "Paradigm Shift: From Welfare to Empowerment", Social Welfare, Vol.43, No.5, 1996, pp.33.

[4]. Biplab, Moitra, "Women and Entrepreneurship: "Suburban Women Show the Way", Kurukshetra, Vol.49, 2001, pp.28-30.

[5]. Valamathi, A., "Challanges to Entrepreneurial Development of Women in India", The Economic Challenger, Lata Khothari, Ajmeer, 2010, pp.40-43.

[6]. Ray Sarbapriya1, Aditya Ray Ishita, "Some Aspects of Women Entrepreneurship in India" Asian Journal of Management Research, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2011, pp.1-13.

[7]. Vasantha Kumari, "Economic Empowerment of Women through Micro Enterprises in India with Special Reference to Promotional Agencies", International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol.2, No.1, 2012, pp. 194-210.

[8]. Madhavi P, Appa Rao N, Satyanarayana G, "Self-confidence of Women Entrepreneurs - A Case Study of a Backward District", Paripex – Indian Journal of Research, Vol.2, No.3, 2013, pp.64-65.

[9]. Altering the name of Anantapur district as "Ananthapuramu District", Government of Andhra Pradesh, G.O.Ms.No.187, dated 10 th April, 2013.

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study sports facilities and its impact in the colleges of Nashik city. We collect the data from various colleges of Nashik city and analyze. We apply a survey method to analyze the data. The analysis of the data is represented graphically because it is easy to evaluate the sports facilities (indoor and outdoor) available. Also, we recommended some remarks in the improvement for better facilities to provide the students.

Keywords: Sports Infrastructure, Indoor Facility, Outdoor Facility, Government Grants Students

[1]. Antonio, J. Monroy, Antón (2011). How construction trends of Universities sport facilities will be affected by financial crisis: A survey. Scientific Research and Essays. 6(9), 1998-2002. [2]. Arslan, Dilawar (2010). Research information and recommendations to improve sports facilities in university. Thesis report submitted to the Superior University Lahore.
[3]. Bargchi, Massoumeh et al. (2010). Exploratory research on sports facilities construction in Malaysia. Australian journal of basic and applied sciences. 4 (10) : 5326-5331.
[4]. Bogar, Craig. T. (2012). Trends in Collegiate Recreational Sports Facilities. The sport Journal. Pp.15.
[5]. Dabas, Chandra, Sarkar (1982). The Survey of Facilities and Equipments of Sports in Engineering Colleges in West Bengal Unpublished Master"s Thesis, Laxmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Jiwaji University, Gwalior.
[6]. Feng X. and Humphreys, B. R. (2008). Assessing the Economic Impact of Sports Facilities on Residential Property Values: A Spatial Hedonic Approach. North American Association of Sports Economists working paper series 08-12.
[7]. Hui, Zhou. (2010). Research on relationship between College Sports Facilities and Mass Sports. The Conference on Web Based Business Management.(pp. 425-428). Chengdu. Scientific Research Publication. [8]. Robert, Lindsey (2012). Impact of Campus Recreational Sports Facilities and Programs on Recruitment and Retention Among African American Students: A Pilot Study. Recreational Sports Journal,33(1). 25-34.

Abstract: Women as an individual or as an autonomous political being are treated unequally and unjustly by every society. Her basic and fundamental rights are being violated since centuries and in all the societies and Uzbekistan is not an exception. Uzbekistan is a patriarchal society in which a cultural bias against women has been an acceptable fact. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Uzbekistan opened a new chapter to bring socio-cultural changes in the status of women. Uzbekistan inscribed gender equality in the constitution. Women have been guaranteed equality of rights by the law but are unable to get equality by male dominated society and family. The objective of this paper is to highlight the status of Uzbek women in different periods with special reference to status of women in independent Uzbekistan.

Keywords- Women, Soviet Union, Status, Uzbek, Gender

[1]. Engineer, Asghar Ali, Rights of Women in Islam, Sterling Publishers Private Ltd. New Delhi, p.1
[2]. Mushtaq Ahmad Kaw and Aijaz Ahmad Banday, Central Asia: Introspection, "Centre of Central Asian Studies", University of Kashmir, 2006, p.340.
[3]. Mushtaq A Kaw, Central Asia in Retrospect and Prospect, "Centre of Central Asian Studies", Kashmir University, 2010, p.265.
[4]. Madhavan K. Palat and Anara Tabyshalieva Co-Editors, History of Civilization of Central Asia, Vol. VI, UNESCO Publishing, 2005, p.529.
[5]. Massell Gregor, The Surrogate Proletariat: Muslim Women and revolutionary strategies in Soviet Central Asia 1919-1929, Princeton University Press,1974, p.10.
[6]. Mary Buckley, Post Soviet Women; From Baltic to Central Asia, Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 265.
[7]. Harris Colette, Women of the Sedentary Population of Russian Turkistan through the eyes of Western Travellers, "Central Asian Survey", Vol. 15, No.1,1996, p.84
[8]. Darakshan Abdullah, Role and Status of Women in Turkistan, Emergence of Central Asia Perspective, Gulshan Majeed (ed), Srinagar, 2005, p.206.
[9]. Schuyler Eggene, Turkistan, notes of journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara and Kuldja, Vol.1, Charles Scribner, New York, 1876, p.144-147
[10]. Lawrence Krader, Peoples of Central Asia, Indiana University Bloomington, Mounton and Co, 1963, pp.141- 146.

Abstract: The present study was carried out to compare the university male students of advantages and disadvantages communities residing in hostels on the following components of mental health & to study mental health of university female students residing in the hostels, The mental health inventory constructed and standardized by Dr. Jadish and Dr. Srivastava used to collect data pertaining mental health and its different components. The results reveals that University female hosteller student possess average level of mental. University female student of advantaged and disadvantaged communities residing in the hostels do not differ from each other on total mental health

Key Words: Education, Mental health, World Health Organization, Hostel

[1] Dalgard 0.S and Tambs, K. (Nor way) 1997 studied the urban environment and mental health Journal of psychiatry vol. 171
[2] Sud A (1991): educational level of difference on test anxiety with in Indian and OS cultures. Journal of personality and clinical studies vol (7)

Abstract: Public private partnership in Nigeria and other developing nations in Africa were adopted for the purposes of delivering services and infrastructural development. For PPP to work out successfully depends on how effective and positively disposed is the capitalist ruling elite or class in Nigeria. There is no denying the fact that Nigeria is controlled by a capitalist class for interest of the few rather than the many. The paper therefore concludes that the system has to be attuned to the wishes of the general public, and should also create institutions for promoting PPP and a well- functioning regulatory framework and more efficient public sector.

[1]. Abah, N.C. (1997) Public Personnel Administration, Enugu: JOEN Associates
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[3]. Bobbit J and Behling H (1972) Guidelines for preparing Research Proposals New Yourk: University Press.
[4]. Braint, U.B (2010) Management, Principles and Practice, New Yourk: McGraw Hills.
[5]. Chukwuemeka, E (2006) Administration and Politics in Nigeria,
[6]. Chukwuemeka, E (2008) Principles of Human Resources and Personnel Management in Nigeria, Enugu: Providence Publishers.
[7]. Chukwuemeka, E (2011) The Substance of Public Administration A Compendium Of Public Policy and Local Government, Berlin: Lambart Academic Publishing.
[8]. Chukwuemeka, E, Abah N.C., Eze, O (1998) Public Administration and Development: The Nigerian Experience, Enugu: Marydan Publishers.
[9]. Commonwealth (2003) "Public - Private Partnerships: A Review with Special Reference to Local Government" in Commonwealth Local Government Handbook. KPL. Rochester partner
[10]. Daniel Roth (2010) A Matter of Time; Will the Credit Crisis Impact Canadian P3s?, Managing Director Infrastructure Advisory Practice, Ernst and Young. Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships.http://www.pppcouncil.ca/pdfmatteroftime.pdfAccessed 22 May 2010

Abstract: The political and administrative power of the Indian state is bounded by structural constraints based on democratic legitimization. It can be explained by the Althussarian-Poulantzasian tradition of structuralism vis-à-vis instrumentalism. The Left Front has had to function within a given structure and a system where the state structure and economic system are in the service of the vested interests, and the constitution, laws, institutions, management and administration for higher ups and against the masses. Secondly, within such structures the Left Front has had very limited powers to use and transform society accordingly. In fact, structural dependence exists in a dynamic and progressive sense. Government can manage workers through redistributive policies and reformist programmes within the periphery of the democratic capitalist society. In fact, the leftist leaders used 'class' as a currency to buy votes, which had nothing to do with lower-class emancipation. Since coming to power the left forces began to consolidate its rural power position by organizing and institutionalizing the peasantry and labourers, and also by politicizing the panchayats.

Key words: Reform communism. Neo-Marxism. Marxism-Leninism. Structural constraints. Hegemony. Economism. Rural Power Structure.

[1]. Alam, Javed. 1991. ‗State and the Making of Communist Politics in India, 1947-57', Economic and Political Weekly (November).
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[6]. Chatterjee, Partha. 2004. The Politics of the Governed: Reflections on Popular Politics in Most of the World (New York: Columbia University Press).
[7]. Chatterjee, Rakhahari. 1985. ‗Introduction' in Rakhahari Chatterjee (ed.), Politics in West Bengal (Calcutta: World Press Pvt. Ltd.).
[8]. Cohen, G.A. 1978. Karl Marx Theory of History (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
[9]. CPI(M), West Bengal State Committee. 1982. Bamfronter Nirbachani Ishtehar (in Bengali), Paschimbanga Bidhan Sabha Nirbachan (April 10).
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Abstract: The research assesses the Impact of Television Advertisements on Children in a Survey of 800 children drawn from Makurdi, the capital city of Benue State, Nigeria. The result among other things reveals that television advertisements exert substantial influence on the attitude and behaviour of children viewers. It is further revealed that the effects reach well beyond moving products desire from one brand to another. It concludes that in as much as advertisers are out to make huge returns by focusing their messages at the "captive audience" (children), they should be aware of the destruction meted on children (tomorrow's leaders). Summarily, it is recommended that concerned authorities, as well as parents, teachers and churches/mosques should sit up to their responsibilities to protect the future of our children by checking the activities of the advertisers and the children's viewership of television and other audio visual media.

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