IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: Development always demands displacement as well as compromising the quality of environment. There is no doubt that the Vallarpadam Container Transshipment Terminal is a boost to Kerala economy as well as for the country's international trade scenario. But this project has done an irrevocable damage to our coastal areas where Pokkali indigenous organic rice cum prawn culture was practiced. The Pokkali-Prawn rotational culture system plays a very important role in maintaining the environmental quality as well as protecting our rich ecosystem. Due to this development project lot of people were displaced and hectares of wetlands were converted. The people who are displaced they not only lost their land but also their livelihood. The people who were traditionally practising Pokkali cultivation were generally unskilled and they are not able to move to any other occupation for meeting their ends. The damage done in the name of development to the environment as well as to the people is to be discussed seriously.

Keywords – Environment, Development, Displacement, Pokkali,Wetlands

[1]. Jayan P R, Nithya Sathyanathan, Overview of farming practices in the water-logged areas of Kerala, India, International Journal of Agriculture & Biological Enggineering, Vol. 3 No.4, 2010.

[2]. Allison, E. H. and Ellis, F. 2001. The Livelihood Approach and Management of Small-scale Fisheries. Marine policy 25: 377-388.

Abstract: The emergence of language as the sole basis of national identity is relatively new phenomenon. It appeared as a force to wreck with only in the post-colonial period in South Asia. This is nowhere more prominent then the new nation of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has transcended the barrier of religion and used language as its unifying force. Bangladesh was the earliest East Pakistan of the state of Pakistan. As is known Pakistan was created to satisfy the political aspiration of the Muslim minorities of India. East Pakistan was an integral part of that Pakistan which was created on the basis of religion. But Bangladesh overcame that religious affiliation and unified the people of East Pakistan on the basis of language to start a liberation struggle which ultimately succeeded in the creation of the new nation state of Bangladesh. Although language has always been an integral part of national identity to marked the beginning of a new era of linguistic nationalism. But Bangladesh was not the single example of the emergence of linguistic nationalism. There were parallel instances where language manifested itself in terms of movement and martyrdom. The two cases we have cited here are of Cachar in Assam and Manbhum in Bihar.

Keywords- Bangladesh, Cachar , language, liberation struggle and Manbhum.

[1]. The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 9th edition, Oxford university press Delhi edition, 1996
[2]. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_language&oldid=517421623
[3]. Santanu Sarkar, Adhipatya O Bangla Bhasha, (Hegemony and Bangla Language), in Bengali, Occasional paper no.6, Department of Bengali, Assam University, Silchar, 2007
[4]. Prakash Karat Language and Nationality Politics (Orient Longman, Hyderabad)
[5]. J V Stalin, Marxism and National Question, in Selections from Lenin and Stalin on National Colonial Questions, Calcutta, 1972
[6]. Koffi Annan‟s Letter announcing the celebration of 21st February as mother tongue day
[7]. Jagannath Chakraborty, Lexicon and Linguistics of Dialectical Language of Barak Valley, Language and Cultural Academy Assam, Halflong, 1412 B.
[8]. Baldeva Sahani, President, The Bihar Association, A Memorendum Presented to the State Reorganisation Commission.
[9]. Doccuments of Bangladesh Liberation War, 15 Vols., Published by the Ministry of Bangladesh Liberation War, Govt. of Bangladesh, (Reprint 2004)
[10]. C. A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. I, Part I, Delhi, 1967

Abstract: Improving quality of life in the slum is one of the development goals for new millennium. The existence of slums is essentially a manifestation of poverty, along with the economic and industrial development-slums will continue to exist and grow further. The experience of Kerala shows that the condition of the people can be improved even at low levels of economic development through appropriate public action for social provisioning and redistribution. Kerala has been able to provide for the basic needs of most of its citizen. This is revealed by comparative indicators of health, education and demographic transition. These average indicators hide the experience of communities that have been left out of the development process such as the fisher folk and the tribal's1. Increasing numbers of slums constitute a major challenge to development.The result emphasizes the need for measures to improve the physical environment of the dwelling places like basic amenities of toilets, proper drainage, sewerage system and adequate water supply.

[1]. Charles J. Stokes, A Theory of Slum, Land Economics ,Vol. 38, No. 3 , PP. 187-197
[2]. Das. B, (1997), Slum Dwellers in Surat City: A Socio Demographic Profile, Indian Journal of Social Work, New Delhi, Sage Publications
[3]. Gangadharan K (2005), Utilization of Health Services in Urban Kerala: A Socio Economic Study Serials publications, New Delhi
[4]. Gurumukhi K.T (2000), slum Related Policies and Programmes, shelter, Vol 3 No.3, pp 57.
[5]. HatekarNeeraj and Rode Sanjay (2003),Truth about Hunger and Disease in Mumbai, Malnourishment among slum children Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 38, No 43, PP 4604-4610..
[6]. Joshi Seema (2005),Marriage, Migration and Labour market in slum areas , Nagarlok, vol 37,No 3,PP 34-49.
[7]. KarnS.K,ShigeoShikura and Harada Hideki(2003),Living Environment and Health of Urban poor: A study in Mumbai, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 38, No 34, PP 3575+3579-3586.
[8]. Kumar P (2001), Declining number of slums: Nature of Urban Growth, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol xlv, No 41, PP 75-77.
[9]. Madhusoodhanan,V. (2006), Rehabilitation Measures for Slum Dwellers in Thiruvananthapuram City, in Ed Nair,K.N and Gopikuttan,G , Housing in Kerala, New Delhi , Daanish Books.
[10]. Mohanty and M Swati.Slums in India, APH Publishing Corporation,New Delhi

Abstract: Societies where diversity is a predominant feature, political culture often serves as an integrative factor encouraging sharing of what can be shared amidst diversity. Political culture, then, is the abridgment of determined patterns of underlying political attitudes and characteristic responses to political concerns that is manifest in particular political order. The existence of the political culture is generally unperceived by those who are part of that order and its origins date back to the very beginnings of the particular people who share it. Political culture is an essentially a political phenomenon. It makes its own demands on the political system, what is ―just‖ or what is "fair" in the political arena - a direct manifestation of political culture - is likely to be different from the definition of what is just/ fair in case of an individual, family or business relationships. Besides, even different political cultures related to a nation, state, community, or a group will define Justice/ fairness in politics differently. Political culture also affects all other questions confronting the political system. Like, the decisions made towards determining people's expectations from government by the way of services, and political culture will be significant amongst them. Still further political systems, in turn, are in some measure the products of the political cultures they serve and must remain in harmony with their political culture if they are to maintain themselves.

[1]. Gabriel Almond, Comparative Political Systems," Journal of Politics 18 (August 1956): 396. See also Lucian W. Pye and Sidney Verba, eds., Political Cultural and Political Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965);
[2]. Donald J. Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little Brown, 1972);
[3]. Raymond D. Gastil, Cultural Regions of the United States, (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1975);
[4]. Aaron Wildavsky, Cultural Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990);
[5]. Edward K. Hamilton, ed., America's Global Interests: A New Agenda (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989).
[6]. Lucien Pye, "Culture and Political Science: Problems in the Evaluation of the Concept of Political Culture," Social Science Quarterly 53 (September 1972):
[7]. Lucien Pye and Sidney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965);
[8]. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Boston: Little Brown, 1963).
[9]. Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View From the States (T.Y. Crowell, 1966).
[10]. Sainath, P 2004 ‗Seeds of suicide', The Hindu, July 20, 2004.

Abstract: Transactional Analysis is the psychology of human relationships .It is system of techniques designed to help people understand and change their feelings and behaviors. In 1958 Eric Berne, an American psychiatrist, formulated this theory. The philosophy of transactional analysis begins with an assumption that we are all ok. The present study investigates adjustment changes after teaching of transactional analysis (TA) to the people.Sample of this research included two groups (control and experimental) of men and women between 20 to 30 years old. The numbers of research samples were 24 people (12 persons in each experimental and control group) that select from clients in one Consulting Center in Kermanrandomly. Test grouptrained transactional analysis theory in 8 week, but control group did not teach. Control and experimental group completed Bell Adjustmentquestionnaires before and after 8 weeks then rate of adjustment measured between two groupsbefore and after teaching of TA theory. Results showed after transactional Analysis (TA) teaching increased people adjustment in different dimension such as: family, emotional, job and social. Transactional analysis teaching canuse to improve adaptation and relationship in couples, parents and child, students, organizations, teachers and other group of people.

Keywords: Adjustment, Teaching, Transactional Analysis.

[1] A. Amidiniya, A. Nisi, M.Soodani, The Self seem and Rate of individual- social adjustment in girl student, Thought and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 5(7), 2010,35-40.

[2] H.Azad, Abnormal psychology.Tehran.Besat publication, 1996,212.

[3] A.Bern,Games people play: the psychology of human relationship. Translated by Fasih, E. Tehran, Iran,Asim publication, 1981, 34p. [4] A.Bern,Transactional analysis. Translated by Fasih, E. Tehran, Iran, Fakhteh publication, 1995, 45.

[5] A. Boholst, Effects of Transactional Analysis Group Therapy on Ego States and Ego State Perception,Published in the Transactional Analysis Journal, 33, (3), and 2003, 254-261.

[6] p. Copland,C .A. Borman, Affective Education: Effects of Transactional Analysis Training on Seventh Grade Students (A Summary of Two Dissertations). ERIC Journal, 4(12), 2005, 201-212.

[7] R. Farhangi,Mohamadiyan.H, The study of impact of Group Psychotherapy on stress coping styles in adolescences based on transactional analysis approach. Studies in Edeucation&Pasychology.7(2), 2006, 41-62.

[8] G, n. Gayol,Dyagnosis and treatment of ego state of boundary problem, Effect on self-steem and quality of life,Transactional analysis Journal, 27, 1997, 236-241

Abstract: Good physical and emotional health helps our bodies and minds function properly without pain, anxiety, depression or discomfort. Improper hygiene can cause diseases, which can negatively impact our physical & mental well-being. Poor hygiene causes us to smell bad (due to bacteria), develop infections, and contract diseases such as flu, common cold, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp.,, and skin diseases such as ring worm, and scabies. Other problems such as tooth decay, lice in the hair, and foot infections are also caused due to poor hygiene. Not only this but some prescription like circumcision helps to keep human beings way from many cancerous diseases. Te choice of foods which may keep us away from many diseases blood free flesh much fatty foods etc. need to be adopted to save one's life form dangerous diseases. Scientists are astonished to discover that the Qur'anic revelation more than 1400 years ago on certain themes are turning out to be scientifically established truths .The degree of concordance between Qur'anic revelation and corresponding scientific discoveries is increasing progressively with rising sophistication in scientific techniques. Islam encourages scientific methodology and way of progress. In Quran the word al-mushahida (observation or Investigation) encourages scientific temperament and logical explanations (al-Tafsir al Muntaqi) of the observed phenomenon. Islam holds the cause of personal hygiene and emphasized much upon its maintenance. The paper tries to highlight some Islamic teachings and practices about importance of personal hygiene and there relevance in contemporary period.

Keywords: Hygiene, al-Mushahida, personal hygiene, fasting, obesity, circumcision, penal cancer, AIDS, ablution,

[1]. Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Quran, Publisher: Islamic Book Service
[2]. Das S.A, A manual on clinical surgery,13 Old Mayors Court Calcutta, 1996
[3]. Islahi Yousuf, Aadab-I-Zindagi, Merkazi Maktaba Islamia New Delhi, 1998
[4]. Haluk Nurbaki, Verses from the Holy Quran and the facts of science, Kitab Bhawan New Delhi, 1998
[5]. Rahim Bakhsh, Fazaili Qurani Bar Suhuf Asmani, Istaqlal Press Lahore, (n.d.)
[6]. Journal of Clinical Microbiological Report March 1984, volume 19, issue 3
[7]. Medical Research Council of South Africa 2001 Report
[8]. http://www.anthra.vedavis.education/news

Abstract: Asean, or the Association of South-east Asian Nations comprising of 10 countries located in South East Asia and its relations with India assumes special interest in the wake of the recently concluded summit at Phnom Penh. While the combined force of these countries in the South East Asia region cannot be underestimated, it faces a main challenge ahead of it to keep itself from being absorbed by the giant economies in East Asia specially China. The economic crisis faced during the period 1997-98 had paved the way for India taking up a pivotal role in this region. While general relationship between India and the ASEAN has been strengthened over the years, a positive outcome has been witnessed in economic relations where Free Trade Agreements have led to new opportunities and returns. Economic partnership among the nations is taking the relations to a new level as the members felt in the recent summit in Cambodia.

[1]. Chietigi Bajpaee, published in 31st October, 2007, "India Rediscovers East Asia", Published by Asia Times.
[2]. Ellen Frost, published on 20th April, 2009, "India‟s role in East Asia, Lessons from cultural and historical linkages.
[3]. K.A. Nilkanta Shastri, published in 1949 "South Indian Influences in the Far East"
[4]. Sanjeev Nayar, "Historical Ties between India and Indonesia", Published in Esamskriti.
[5]. Sultan Sahin, 11th October, 2003, "India‟s Look East Policy Pays Off", published by Asia Times.

Abstract: In contemporary international relations energy security is one of the most important and contested elements of state security in times of war and peace. Most of the conflicts and wars are directly or indirectly caused by energy resources mainly oil and gas in various regions of the world. The cut throat race and political struggle over energy resources have motivated the states to find out a strategic alternative which will be safe and cheap to sustain their industrial infrastructure. The new thinking has been prevailed and nuclear energy becomes an available source of energy to reduce the foreign dependence of states. Keeping in view this paper will briefly analyze the importance of nuclear energy in 21st century, however the main focus will over India energy scenario. The main argument is based on that India need to increase its energy production to meet the energy security challenges and reduce the politically insecure dependence on foreign energy supplies. In this context nuclear energy is one of the safest and profitable alternatives to balance the challenges. From last few years, India has focused on nuclear co-operation agreements with various countries for a regular nuclear fuel supply. Such agreements are with countries rich in nuclear fuel and possessing advanced technology in field of nuclear power production. The nuclear energy will provide sustainable structure of energy security scenario of India.

Keywords: Energy Security, Nuclear Energy, Oil, gas, coal, wind and solar energy.

[1]. David Bodansky, Nuclear Energy: Principles, Practices, and Prospects, USA: Springer, 2004, pp.1-2.
[2]. Ibid, p. 3
[3]. bid, p. 10
[4]. Commander G. S. Khurana, "Security of Maritime Energy Lifelines: Policy Imperatives for India" in Ligia Noronha and Anant Sudarshan (ed.), India‟s Energy Security, New York: Routledge, 2009, pp. 111-112.
[5]. Ravi B Grover, "Nuclear Power Growth: An Option for Sustaining Indian Energy Requirements" in Ligia Noronha and Anant Sudarshan (ed.), India‟s Energy Security, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 196.
[6]. C Raja Mohan, "Energy Security and Indian Foreign Policy" in Ligia Noronha and Anant Sudarshan (ed.), India‟s Energy Security, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 131.
[7]. Ravi B Grover, n. 5, pp. 193-194.
[8]. C. Raja Mohan, n. 6, p. 138.
[9]. Surya Sethi, "India‟s Energy Challenges and Choices" in Ligia Noronha and Anant Sudarshan (ed.), India‟s Energy Security, New York: Routledge, 2009, p. 21.

Abstract: The identity theory of mind came into existence as a reaction to the theory of Behaviourism. This theory is advocated and developed by different philosophers beginning with Place, Feigl and Smart. According to this theory, certain physical states of brain are identical to mental states. In others words, this theory holds that the so-called mental phenomena like thoughts, feelings, wishes and the rest are identical with the bodily states and processes. Thus to have some specific kind of thought is to have some kind of specific states and processes of bodily cells, typically brain cells. When we say that someone is in a certain mental state, it implies that in the cerebral cortex of the brain of that person, certain physical event is going on. The person concerned may not be aware of the happenings of the brain but these two states are not merely correlated with each other rather these two are one and the same event in the literal sense. Thus this theory asserts that everything mental is physical. But though it speaks of mental states it does not assert that these are not physical. Although this theory is better than dualism and Behaviourism, still it has its own problems. These problems are– the problem of identity, the problem of co-existence and the problem of consciousness. But in this paper I will discuss the problem of identity and the problem of co-existence and subsequently efforts will be made to solve these problems from materialist point of view.

Keywords: Brain, Co-existence, Identity, materialist, Mind.

[1]. D.MArmstrong, Bodily Sensations, (London, Routledge1961).
[2]. D.MArmstrong, A Materialist Theory of the Mind, (London, Routledge. 1993Second Edition).
[3]. D.M.Armstrong, The Headless Woman Illusion and the Defence of Materialism, Analysis, 29, 1968b, 48-49.
[4]. S.Kripke, Naming and Necessity, (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1980).
[5]. D.Lewis, How to Define Theoretical Terms, Journal of Philosophy, 67, 1970, 427-446.
[6]. D.Lewis, Psychophysical and Theoretical Identifications, Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 50, 1972, 249-258.
[7]. D.Lewis, Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983.
[8]. U.T. Place, Identifying the Mind, (New York, Oxford University Press, 2004).
[9]. J.Searle, ,Mind, A Brief Introduction, (New York, Oxford University Press, 2004)
[10]. J.J.C. Smart, On Some Criticisms of a Physicalist Theory of Colour, in Chung-ying Cheng (Ed.),Philosophical Aspects of the Mind-Body Problem, (Honolulu, University of Hawaii Press, 1975)
[11]. J.J.C.Smart, The Content of Physicalism ,Philosophical Quarterly, 28, 1978, 339-341.

Abstract: The main purpose of the study was to find out the effect of one month fast during Ramdan month on the selected Physiological and Physical fitness components of college students. It was hypothesized that there would be significant effect of one month fasting on selected Physiological and Physical fitness components. 30 male students studied in B.P.E, B.P.Ed and M.P.Ed Courses were selected as subjects. Agility shows the significant difference between the Means of Pre-and Post-test of Ramdan. It also indicates that no other selected variables show significant difference between the Pre-and Post-test Mean, as the obtained t-value of Systolic Blood Pressure, Diastolic Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, Lean Body Weight, Fat Weight, Total Body Weight, Speed and Explosive Leg Strength are less than the tabulated t-value.

Keywords: Ramdan, physiological, physical fitness components, systolic diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, lean body weight, fat weight.

[1] Katz Y, Zangen D, Leibowitz G, Szalalt A., "Diabetic Patients in the Yom Kippur Fast--Who Can Fast and How To Treat The Fasting Patients", z
[2] Aziz AR , Wahid MF , Png W , Jesuvadian CV. "Effects of Ramadan Fasting on 60 Min of Endurance Running Performance in Moderately Trained Men." Br J Sports Med. , 2010 Jun.
[3] Azizi F "Islamic Fasting and Health." Ann Nutr Metab. , 2010.
[4] BaHammam A, Alrajeh M, Albabtain M, Bahammam S, Sharif M., "Circadian Pattern of Sleep, Energy Expenditure, and Body Temperature of Young Healthy Men During the Intermittent Fasting Of Ramadan.", Appetite. 2010 Apr., pub 2010 Jan 25.
[5] Benbarka MM, Khalil AB, Beshyah SA, Marjei S, Awad SA., "Insulin Pump Therapy in Moslem Patients With Type 1 Diabetes During Ramadan Fasting: An Observational Report.", Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2010 Apr.
[6] Burke L "Fasting and Recovery From Exercise." Br J Sports Med. , 2010 Jun
[7] Chaouachi A, Coutts AJ, Chamari K, Wong del P, Chaouachi M, Chtara M, Roky R, Amri M., "Effect of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance And Perception Of Fatigue In Male Elite Judo Athletes.", Journal of Strength Conditioning Research, 2009 Dec.
[8] Chaouachi A, Coutts AJ, Wong del P, Roky R, Mbazaa A, Amri M, Chamari K.,"Haematological, Inflammatory, and Immunological Responses in Elite Judo Athletes Maintaining High Training Loads During Ramadan.", Applied Physiology, Nutrition Metabolism, 2009 Oct.
[9] Chaouachi A, Leiper JB, Souissi N, Coutts AJ, Chamari K., "Effects of Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Sports Performance and Training", International Journal Sports Of Physiology And Performance, 2009 Dec.
[10] Guerrero Morilla R, Ramírez Rodrigo J, Sánchez Caravaca A, Villaverde Gutiérrez C, Ruiz Villaverde G, Pérez Moreno BA., "Dietary Modifications in Young Muslims Engaged in Ramadan Fasting", Nutricion Hospitalaria. 2009 Nov-Dec.

Abstract: Successive governments in Lagos State have had to contend with the problem of the management of Municipal Solid Waste. Various strategies have been deployed to tackle the problem with varying degree of successes. The objective of this paper is to appraise two aspects of this problem: Storage and Collection. The weaknesses and strengths of the methods were examined and the insights into these formed the bases of suggestions for improvement in the study area Primary data were obtained through interviews with the various stakeholders and secondary data were collated from the archives of relevant agencies, especially Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) and earlier study by the author. In Lagos state, waste storage is done at the point of generation and temporary mid-way locations like Refuse Houses, Community Dumpsites, Highway median, Junctions and Bus stops. Major refuse collection methods examined include: bell ringing, Door-to-Door/Highway Traverse, Bulk-loading, Vehicle towing, Corpse removals and Bin Collections. Major suggestions made are concerned with the need for sorting of the waste at the point of generation to enhance reduction, re-use and re-cycling which will provide jobs, income, raw materials and promote clean environment. Refuse Houses that were sold off should be re-purchased for the use of the PSP operators as temporary storage point. It is also suggested that demographic characteristics and activities be understood before any storage or collection strategy is adopted. Government is advised to continue with its involvement of private sector participants with appropriate legal, infrastructural and institutional support. It is also suggested that public enlightenment be continuous to inform the residents of the government's policy and the duties and privileges of the citizens thereof.

Keywords: collection of solid waste, storage of solid waste, lawma

[1]. Balogun,Y. Odumosu, T. & Ojo, K (1999) Lagos State in Maps. Rex Charles publication, Ibadan.
[2]. Filani, M. O. & Abumere S(1986) "Forcasting Solid Waste Magnitude for Nigeria Cities" In Adeniji, E. O. and I. B. Bello-Iman (eds) op.cit. pp. 193-208.
[3]. Gate (1996) ttp://www.oneworld.org/globalprojects/humcdrom. Oepen Manfred (author) "Scavengers and Recycling in Indonesia "Humanity Development Library
[4]. LAVALIN (1992) "Organisation Development and Waste Management System Project' a report prepared by LAVALIN International Inc for LAWMA, Lagos

Abstract: Nascent society of Pakistan has potential towards the use of emerging technology for the social perspective, as social perspective of new technology has filled social gaps among the people living at distances. Besides filling social gaps, virtual communication has provided opportunity to find out new friends, people of different disciplines and to establish new social network and to extend social zone at local, national and international level. Through virtual communication, everybody is able to enjoy the taste of diversity which gives great social charm of life. This study focuses on the interest of the people of different disciplines towards the virtual communication.

Keywords: ICT, social network, communication.

[1]. B. Wellman, J. Salaff, D. Dimitrova, L. Garton, M. Gulia, C. Haythornthwaite, Computer Network as a social networks: collaborative work, telenetwork, and virtual community. Annual Review of Sociology. Vol. 22, 1996, pp. 213-238
[2]. G. Ravid, V. Soroka, De-lurking in virtual communities: a social communication network approach to measuring the effects of social and cultural capital. System Sciences. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference, 2004.
[3]. B. Wade, D. Carson, T. Lea, Virtual galleries: First insights into the effect of the introduction of new media technologies, in art galleries, on economic and social wellbeing in urban and remote communities of the Northern Territory of Australia. Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM), 2010 16th International Conference. 20-23 Oct. 2010.
[4]. S. Kenyona, G. Lyonsa, J. Raffertyb, Transport and social exclusion: investigating the possibility of promoting inclusion through virtual mobility. Journal of Transport Geography. Volume 10, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 207–219.
[5]. C. Chiu, M. H. Hsu, E.T.G. Wangc, Understanding knowledge sharing in virtual communities: An integration of social capital and social cognitive theories. Decision Support Systems. Volume 42, Issue 3, 2006, P. 1872–1888.
[6]. M. Diani, Social Movement Networks Virtual and Real. Information, Communication & Society. Volume 3, Issue 3, 2010.
[7]. Blanchard, T. Horan, Virtual Communities and Social Capital. Social Science Computer Review October 1998 vol. 16 no. 3, 1998, 293-307.
[8]. R. K. Garretta, Protest in an Information Society: a review of literature on social movements and new ICTs. Information, Communication & Society. Volume 9, Issue 2, 2006.
[9]. M. N. Tunio, P. I. S. Rashdi, Q. M. M. Abro, the influence of ICT on Public secondary schools in Pakistan. A case study of Tandojam Vs Hyderabad. 1st Asian Business Research Conference proceedings, ISSN 2227-7935, 2012, PP.134-143.