IOSR-JHSS   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: Issues on economic development have been central in most developing economics of the world, which Nigeria is not exceptional. In the 1960s, the term "development" was equated with one form of economic development, which concentrated on industrial development and measured success only in terms of growth in Gross National Product (GNP) The choice is not between "economic‟ and "social‟ development. Economic development is central to qualitative changes in poor people‟s life. It is far more comprehensive. It includes not only economic growth but implies progressive changes in the socio-economic structures of a country which contributes to better living standard of their inhabitants The average growth rate of real GDP, which was 5.9 per cent in the period 1960-70, rose to 8.0 per cent in 1971 – 73. The Nigerian economy expanded rapidly, as oil production and export rose phenomenally. Thus, annual GDP grew from a negative 0.6 per cent in 1987 to 13.0 per cent in 1990. However, the average growth rate of real GDP dropped to 1.9 per cent during 1991 – 1998. This was in spite of the favourable developments in the agricultural and services sub-sectors of the economy. Real GDP growth rate rebounded to 8.3 per cent during the period 1999 – 2007, reflecting improved economic policy of NEEDS era. Despite the decline in real GDP growth rate to 6.3 per cent in the period 2008 – 2009, the major drivers remained agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, and services sectors. Indeed, the last decade has been a period of rebirth as affirmed by almost all macroeconomic indicators. But the growth rate has not been high enough to push down the poverty profile. Keywords: Agriculture, Export, Economic development, Industries, Macroeconomic, Gross National Product, Gross Domestic Product.

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Abstract: Science education has become a priority subject area in the present generations and it has a worldwide significance. It has brought about revolutionary changes in every walk of our lives. It has been a compulsory subject from the primary to the higher levels in all over the world. Therefore the priority research area in the school education system has been research in science education. The present study is a sincere attempt of the investigator to assess reasoning ability in science of secondary school students in relation to some personal variables. Reasoning ability in science according to Joshi and Mahapatra (1994) has been categorized as follows; inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, analogy as reasoning, abstract reasoning, axiomatic reasoning, eclectic reasoning, syllogistic reasoning and classification as reasoning. The mental exercise or the power of mind to deduce inferences from premises concerning all information of sciences to argue, to examine, to think out, to bring by rationale is called scientific reasoning. Scientific reasoning refers to "the mental exercise of inferring relationships among facts and phenomena having scientific basis, evaluating evidences and coming to a conclusion",

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Abstract: Introduction: Participating in some form of a warming up prior to engaging in physical activity is considered an acceptable and valid practice. Nonetheless, the topic has been debated among those in the sport and physical education field for a number of years. The present study was framed to find out the influence of various types active and passive of warming up methods on trained and untrained subjects.

Key Words: Warming-up, Active and Passive WU, Motor Performance, Trained and Untrained.

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[3]. Arnett, M.G. (2002). Effects of prolonged and reduced warm-ups on diurnal variation in body temperature and swim performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,Volume: 16, Issue: 2, Pages: 256-261.

[4]. Arnold, G.N., Driscoll, N.M., Landin, D.K., Young, M.A. and Schexnayder, I.C. (2005). Acute effects of passive muscle stretching on sprint performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, May; 23(5): 449 – 454.

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[9]. Bishop, D., Bonetti, D., & Dawson, B. (2001). The effect of three different warm up intensities on kayak ergometer performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc., 33(6): 1026-32.

[10]. Bishop D. (2003).Warm up I: potential mechanisms and the effects of passive warm up on exercise performance. Sports Med 33: 439-454

Abstract: Students and backpacks are a common sight today. Backpacks come in all sizes, colors, fabrics, and shapes and help children's of all ages express their own personal sense of style. Many packs feature multiple compartments that help students stay organized while they carry their books and papers from home to school and back again. Backpacks are, though, they can strain muscles and joints and may cause back pain if they're too heavy or are used incorrectly. Many students carry school backpacks that exceed 10 percent to 15 percent of their body weight, which puts them at risk for back pain and related disorders. Improper backpack use can also lead to poor posture. Girls and younger kids may be especially at risk for backpack-related injuries because they're smaller and may carry loads that are heavier in proportion to their body weight. Carrying backpacks increases the risk of back pain and possibly the risk of back pathology. The prevalence of school children carrying heavy backpacks is extremely high. The daily physical stresses associated with carrying backpacks cause significant forward lean of the head and trunk. It is assumed that daily intermittent abnormal postural adaptations could result in pain and disability in school going children. American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) and the America Academy of Pediatrics advise that students should carry no more than 15% or 10-20% of their bodyweight.

Key Words- Backpack, back pain, children, prevalence, posture

[1] American occupational Therapy Association.Backpack Awareness: One of Many Ways That Occupational Therapists Serve Students. 2009 Available from: <http://www.aota.org/News/Consumer/Backpack08.aspx > [Accessed 6 November 2010]

[2] Cavallo CM, Hlavaty TM, Tamase MG. A pilot study for the development of a primary prevention program: What is the average weight of a fourth grader's backpack? Work. 20, 2002, 137-158.

[3] Chansirinukor W., Wilson D., Grimmer K., et al. Effect of backpack on student measurement of cervical and shoulder posture.Australian J. of physiotherapy.2001.47:110-116

[4] SN, Schuchmann JA, Lane BL.Correlates of heavy backpack use by elementary school children. Public Health. 118, 2004, 532-535.

[5] Hamilton A. Prevention of injuries from improper backpack use in children.Work. 16,2000,177-179.

[6] Haselgrove, C., Straker, L., Smith, A., O'Sullivan, P., Perry, M., & Sloan, N. Perceived school bag load, duration of carriage, and method of transport to school are associated with spinal pain in adolescents: an observational study. Australian Journal ofPhysiotherapy2008 54, 193–200.

[7] Hong Y, Cheung CK.Gait and posture responses to backpack load during level walkingin children. Gait and Posture. 17,2003,28-33.

[8] Korvessis P, koureas G, Zacharatos S, Papazisis Z. Backpacks, back pain, Sagital spinal curves and truck alignment in school adolescent. Spine.2005Jan 15; 30 (2), 247- 255.

[9] Lockhart, R. Jacobs, K. & Orsmond, G. (2004) Middle school children‟s participation in activities and the effects of pain from backpack use on participation. Work, 22, PP.155–168

[10] Mackie, H. Stevenson, J. Reid, S. et al. (2005) The effect of simulated school load carriage on shoulder strap tension forces and shoulder interface pressure. Applied Ergonomics, 36, PP. 199-206

Abstract: Flooding is a natural phenomenon and like other environmental events, the Niger Delta people have in the past adapted to flood events. However over the years, landuse/ land cover change and poor landuse planning have exacerbated the impact of flood disasters. This paper which focuses on the vulnerability to flood hazard of Riverine communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, explores the capacity of communities to live with or cope with floods. Their adaptations to changes in flood regimes (resilience) will depend on several factors: political, economic, ecological (human modification to flood plains), sociocultural factors. The data generated from the fieldwork showed a power struggle between culture and the dominant hazard management paradigm. This study puts a human face on natural disaster and looked at the issue of flooding from the experiences of the communities. The findings showed that some residents of the communities are resilient, while others are passive and are more vulnerable to floods. However, branding or christening any individual or group as either vulnerable or resilient would be nonsensical as people can be both resilient and vulnerable at the same time therefore, policy makers need to build on the strengths, rather than focus on the weaknesses and on offering emergency relief.

Key Words: Flooding, Landuse, Niger Delta, Hazard, Natural disaster, vulnerability, resilience

[1]. Blaikie ,P. Cannon, T. Davis, I. and Wisner B. (199) At Risk: Natural Hazards,People‟s Vulnerability, and Disasters, Routledge, London.
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[3]. Burton I., Kates R.W., and White G.F.(1978) The Environment as Hazard, Oxford,University Press, New York
[4]. Burton I., Kates R.W., and White, G.F.(1993) The Environment as Hazard, Oxford,University Press, New York
[5]. Chukwu-Okeah, G O (2012) Flood in our Kitchen, nowhere to hide. Paper presented at the colloquium on 2012 flood in Nigeria. Danic Hotel, Port Harcourt.
[6]. Diane U. K, Armando, A, Shahbaz, M, David, K and Melanie, T(2012)
[7]. Resilience, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity of an Inland Rural Town Prone to Flooding: A Climate Change Adaptation Case Study of Charleville, Queensland, Australia. http://www.bom.gov.au/hydro/flood/qld/fld_reports/south_west_queensland_floods_2010.
[8]. Escobar, A (1999) "After nature: Steps to an anti-essentialist political ecology‟, Current,Anthropology, 40(1):1-30.
[9]. Hillhorst, D. (2003) Complexity and Diversity: Unlocking Social Domains of Disaster,Responses, In Bankoff G., Frerks G., and Hillhorst D., (Editors), 2004,
[10]. Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People, Earthscan,London, p. 52-66.

Abstract: The issue of waste generation and management has become a global challenge to both developed and developing cities of the world. In most cities of the developing world, open landfill is often seen and used as a waste management strategy However, as good as it may appear, presence of landfill in area poses huge economic threat to real estate values. This is worse off, especially if the landfill is un-engineered or not properly managed as the case of landfills in Port Harcourt metropolis. It is therefore the aim of this paper to examine the impact of landfill on real estate values in Port Harcourt metropolis. For this study, 2000 real estate within 500 metres radius from landfill sites were identified and about 600 property owners/agents representing 30 percent of the entire real estate owners were sampled for study. The study thus observed that there is low pricing of property contiguous to landfill,. In most cases, people are less willing to live or acquire properties near landfill locations. Thus property owners near open pits get scared of development for fear of such pits metamorphosing to landfills. Similarly, occupants are unwilling to rent houses near landfill sites thereby demeaning the value of such real estate. In the light of the findings of this study, the paper recommends that government should be proactive in waste management through integrated waste management. Landfills should be properly managed and open pit landfill should be replaced with engineered landfills as to reduce the nuisance of these wastes on the immediate surroundings. Finally, landfills should be located far away from the neighbourhoods/residential areas and proper Environmental Impact Assessment carried out before locating landfills.

Key words: Landfill, Real estate Values, waste generation, property owners, Environmental Impact Assessment

[1]. Akinola. S. & Salami. R. (2001) "An Assessment of the Effectiveness of Private Sector Participation Initiatives In Solid Waste Management in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos State". Nigerian Journal of Social and Educational Research. A Publication of the Nigerian Association of Social and Educational Research, University of Ado-Ekiti.Canback Dangel. Retrieved 2008-08-20.
[2]. Akinjare, S.A,Oloyede, C.A.,Ayedun, O.C Oloke (2011): Price Effects of Landfills on Residential Housing in Lagos, Nigeria. International journal of marketing studies Vol. 3, No. 2; May 2011.
[3]. Bouvier, R.A., J.M. Halstead, K.S. Conway and A.B Manalo,(2000) The Effect of Landfills on Rural Residential Property Values: Some Empirical Analysis, Journal of Regional Analysis and Policy, 2000, 30, 23-37.
[4]. Brueggeman, W.B. and Fisher, J.D. (2011). Real Estate Finance and Investments. Mcgraw-Hill International, Singapore.
[5]. Edeh, E I. (2005): Sustainable Waste Management and the Safety of Solid Waste Workers in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Research Project, Rivers State College of Health Science and Technology.
[6]. Gamble, H. B., R. H. Downing, J. S. Shortle and D. J. Epp, Effects of Solid Waste Disposal Sites on Community Development and Residential Property Values, Final Report for The Bureau of Solid Waste Management (Department of Environmental Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania), 1982.
[7]. Havlicek, J. Jr., R. Richardson and L. Davies, Measuring the Impacts of Solid Waste Disposal Site Location on Property Values, Urban Economics Report #65, University of Chicago, 1971.
[8]. Hite, D., W. Chern, F. Hitzusen and A. Randall, Property-Value Impacts of an Environmental Disamenity: The Case of Landfills, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 2001, 22, 185-202.
[9]. Lim, J. S., and P. Missios, Does Size Really Matter? Landfill Scale Impacts on Property Values, Unpublished Working Paper, Department of Economics, Ryerson University, Toronto, 2003.
[10]. Narayanan, P. (2006). Environmental Pollution, Principles, Analysis and Control. CBS Publishers and Distributors, News Delhi.

Abstract: Educational status of the married women and their conception about pre-natal and post natal care of infants in rural and urban Bangladesh differ from each other to a significant scale. This study was conduced on married women aged from 16 years to 35 years who had at least one child bearing the age below one year. The study area of this research was Khulna city ward no. 24 (considered as the urban study area) and Sonka village of Kaliganj upazila in Satkhira (considered as the rural study area) in Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to understand the educational status of mother and their concept about pre-natal and post-natal care in rural and urban Bangladesh. The study is an explanatory research based where survey research design was used mainly. A total of 100 respondents were selected equally from both urban and rural area following purposive sampling method. It was found from the study that 56 percent of the rural mothers and 36 percent of the urban mothers had education up to primary level (equal to 5th Grade). Findings also reveal that 84 percent of the rural mothers and 48 percent of the urban mothers had rest hours below one to a day. The findings suggest that education had a significant influence over the conception of mothers regarding pre-natal and post-natal care of the infants with a significant variance in the rural and urban areas.

Key Words: Education, Pre-natal, Post-natal, Infants, Mothers, Health Care.

[1] Hashima-e-Nasreen, S. M Ahmed, H. A Begum. and K. Afsana, Maternal, Neonatal and Child Health Programmes in Bangladesh. Research Monograph Series No. 32. 2007. Research and Evaluation Division, BRAC.

[2] NIPORT, ORC Macro, John Hopkins University, ICDDR,B., Bangladesh maternal health services and mortality survey 2001. (Dhaka and Claverton: National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), ORC Macro, John Hopkins University and ICDDR,B, 2003).

[3] MM Parvez, W. Wiroonpanich, M. Naphapunsakul, Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science. Vol 9, No 3, 2010. [4] MOHFW, Health, Nutrition and Population Sector Programme: Programme Implementation Plan, July 2003-June 2006. (Dhaka: Planning Wing. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh, 2003).

[5] MK Stewart, B. Parker, J. Chakraborty, and H. Begum, Acute respiratory infections (ARI) in rural Bangladesh: Perceptions and practices. Medical Anthropology; 15. 1994, 377-94.

[6] Vu T., Maternal education and knowledge and practice in childhood acute respiratory infection in Vietnam. Paper presentation, Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, 2003.

[7] MR Vitolo, GA. Bortolini, PDB Campagnolo, and CA. Feldens, Effectiveness of a nutrition program in reducing symptoms of respiratory morbidity in children: A randomized field trial. Prevent Med; 47, 2008, 384-388.

[8] MS. Lye, RC Nair, KE Choo, H. Kaur and KP. Lai, Acute respiratory tract infection: A community-based intervention study in Malaysia. J Tropical Pediatric; 42, 1996, 138- 143.

[9] MK Stewart, B. Parker, J. Chakraborty, and H. Begum, Acute respiratory infections (ARI) in rural Bangladesh: Perceptions and practices. Medical Anthropology; 15. 1994, 377-94.

[10] AM. Chowdury, F. Karim, JE. Rohde, J. Ahmed and FH. Abed, Oral rehydration therapy: A community trial comparing the acceptability of homemade sucrose and cereal-based solutions. Bull WHO; 60, 1991, 229-34.

Abstract: The paper aims to see the effect of Nominal and Real (External) Exchange rates of the U.S dollar on its Terms of Trade with two of its APEC trading partners Australia and New Zealand for the period 1991 to 2010. For analysis, the whole values, percentage changes and relationships between Nominal and Real Exchange rates and Terms of Trade of U.S with the two countries has been taken into consideration. The Classical Regression analysis is used and it was found that the Real Exchange rate was overvalued as compared to the Nominal Exchange Rate. It was also found that when compared to Nominal exchange rate, Real exchange rate is more effective in explaining the TOT. The Real AUD/USD had both short run and long run impacts on the TOT of U.S.A with Australia but the Real NZD/USD had no impact on the TOT of U.S.A with New Zealand.

[1]. Aftari, M.O. (2004). Measuring the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) in Ghana. Credit Research Paper. University of Nottingham. Pg: 1-24.
[2]. URL: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/credit/documents/papers/04-11.pdf
[3]. Aguirre, A and Calderón, C. (2005). Real Exchange Rate Misalignments and Economic Performance. In M, Barhmbhatt; O, Canuto and E, Vostroknutova. (2010). Dealing with Dutch Disease. Economic Premise. The World Bank.Pg:1-5.
[4]. URL: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPREMNET/Resources/EP16.pdf
[5]. Arize, A.C; Osang, T and Slottje, D.J. (2000). Exchange-rate volatility and foreign trade: evidence from thirteen LDC's. In S.J. Baak. (2005). Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade among the Asia Pacific Countries. IUJ Research Institute Working Paper. International University of Japan. PG: 1-19.
[6]. URL: http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/workingpapers/EMS_2004_02.pdf
[7]. Australian Bureau of Statistics (2012). Consumer Price Index (CPI) rates. Australian Taxation Office for the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Government.
[8]. URL:http://www.ato.gov.au/taxprofessionals/content.aspx?doc=/content/1566.htm&mnu=42881&mfp=001/005
[9]. Bacchetta, P and Eric van, W. (2000). Does exchange-rate stability increase trade and welfare? In S.J. Baak. (2005). Exchange Rate Volatility and Trade among the Asia Pacific Countries. IUJ Research Institute Working Paper. International University of Japan. PG: 1-19.
[10]. URL:http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/workingpapers/EMS_2004_02.pdf

Abstract: The term grammar has been derived from the Greek word 'grammatica or grammatika techne' which means 'the art of writing'. The Greeks considered grammar to be a branch of philosophy concerned with the art of writing. In the middle ages grammar came to be regarded as a set of rules, usually in the form of text book, dictating correct usage. So in the widest and the traditional sense, grammar came to mean a set of normative and prescriptive rules in order to set up a standard of 'correct usage'.

[1]. Hocket, C.F. (1958) A Course in Modern Linguistics, New York: Macmillan
[2]. Huddleston, R. (1984) Introduction to the Grammar of English, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
[3]. Palmer, F.R. (1981) Grammar, Harmondsworth: Penguin

Abstract: The word "Food Security" is related with the political development between two super–powers in year 1973. It was realized that food can be used as a biggest weapon to have an upper hand in world politics. In an emergent meeting of FAO at Rome the origin of the word food security came into existence. At this critical juncture FAO defined food security as no one should go hungry to the bed irrespective of the male or female and children and finally it is the duty of the humanity also to solve the problem. Later on in the year 2001 Food Security was being defined by various scholars of the World and they related it not only with basic food items but with non-basic food items (luxurious and protective food items) which created the situation of confusion with the basic definition and lastly it is observed that there is no difference between food security and food self sufficiency as well as with basic food items and non- basic food items. All the protective food items as nutritive food items are now being included in the meaning and concept of food security. The Word Food Security is defined as to ensure that all people at all times have both physical and economic access to the basic food they need.

Key Words: Food Security, biggest weapon, humanity, self sufficiency

[1]. Adams, R., and Wu, M. (Eds.). (2002). Pisa 2000 technical report. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (http://www.pisa.oecd.org/dataoecd/53/19/33688233.pdf).
[2]. Acharya A. 1992, Food Security System in India Concept Pub Co. New Delhi pp 1-270.
[3]. Adams, E.J., Grummer-Strawn, L., and Chavez, G. (2003). Food security is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. Journal of Nutrition, 133, 1070–1074.
[4]. Alaimo, K., and Froelich, A. (2004). Alternative construction of a food security and hunger measure from 1995 Current Population Survey Food Security Supplement data. Paper presented at the Workshop on the Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger, July 15, 2004. Panel to Review the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Measurement of Food Insecurity and Hunger. (http://www7.nationalacademies.org/cnstat/froelich_alaimo_paper.pdf).
[5]. Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., and Frongillo, E.A. (1999). Importance of cognitive testing for survey items: An example from food security questionnaires. Journal of Nutrition Education, 31(5), 269–275.
[6]. Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., and Frongillo, E.A. (2001a). Low family income and food insufficiency in relation to overweight in U.S. children—Is there a paradox? Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 1161–1167.
[7]. Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., and Frongillo, E.A. (2001b). Food insufficiency and American school-aged children's cognitive, academic and psychosocial development. Pediatrics, 108, 44–53.
[8]. Alaimo, K., Olson, C., Frongillo, E., and Briefel, R. (2001c). Food insufficiency, poverty, and health in U.S. pre-school and school-age children. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 781–786.
[9]. Alaimo, K., Olson, C.M., and Frongillo E.A. (2002). Family food insufficiency, but not low family income, is positively associated with dysthymia and suicide symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 719–725.
[10]. Ali Mohammad, (1987 Monograph) Some Aspects of Food Security and Agricultural Development in West Asia, Centre of West Asian Studies, A.M.U. Aligarh pp 1-70.

Abstract: Most of the women in Bangladesh are not empowered to participate in social, economical, and political decision-making process of the country, which is one of the important elements of women empowerment. Within this context the study is designed mainly to identify the areas of participation of women in household decision making and contributing factors of their participation level as well. The specific objectives of the study are to: (a) identify the area of women participation in household decision making (b) identify the significant factors influencing the participation of rural women in decision making processes, (c) measure the degree of participation of women in different areas of household decisions. Raichow village of Comilla Sadar Upazila was purposively selected as the sample for the study. Selected respondents (100) were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. It was found that women participation in joint decision is comparatively higher (above 50%) in house making/repair, family planning, education of son/daughter, purchase of household goods, treatment of family members and membership in local institutions. On the contrary, the percentage of women's alone decision in presence of household head was rarely observed (highest in family planning only 15.5%). It has been also observed that in the absence of household head/husband, women's responsibility in the family increased. In the Raichow village, most of the women took household related decisions in absence of household head/husband. The correlation coefficient is significant between women decision level and their age (0.257; α = 0.05) and education (0.206; α = 0.10); but not significant relationship was found between women decision level and their income. That means women's age and education is positively related to their decision making level. Keywords – Household decision-making, Rural Women, Women Empowerment

[1] T. K. Biswas, Women's Empowerment and Demographic Change, Comilla: BARD, 2004. [2] BBS, Statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, 2007. [3] F. Ara and M. R. Khan, Women in Agriculture: Bangladesh Perspective, Empowerment, A Journal of Women for Women, 12, 2005. [4] J. Seager and A. Olson, Women in the World: On International Atlas, New York, 1986. [5] T. Banu, The Impact of Training on Rural Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh, Comilla: BARD, 1996. [6] A. H. Khan, et al. Major Ongoing WID Projects on Rural Women, Comilla, BARD, 2000. [7] N. N. Kabir, Impact of Income, Education, Nutrition and Family Planning Intervention on Women's Development, BARD: Comilla, 1996.
[8] K. Srinivasan and Sharan, Social Networks and Health Decisions: A Case of Two Villages of Tamil Nadu, MPRA Paper 7075, University Library of Munich, Germany, 2005. [9] NFHS (2005-'06), National Family Health Survey, 3, Bangladesh. [10] DFID, Report on Poverty Elimination and the Empowerment of Women, UK: Stairway Communications, 2000.

Abstract: This research paper is an attempt to understand the complexities the Eurasians face during the British Raj period. The identity crisis of the Eurasians-people of mixed descent- a blend of Anglos and Indians- is beautifully portrayed by John Masters in his novel Bhowani Junction. The novel is notable for its portrayal of the Anglo Indian community who are closely involved with the Indian railway system. By analyzing the crises in the life of the Eurasians, the novel resolves the dilemmas and gives the readers' a soothing effect.

Keywords - Anglo-Indian, British Raj, Dilemma, Domiciled European, Eurasian.

[1] Blunt, Alison. "Land of our Mothers : Home, Identity and Nationality for Anglo-Indians in British India, 1919-1947". History Workshop Journal. 54 (2002) : 49-72. Print.

[2] Cowasjee, Saros, ed. A Raj Collection. New Delhi : Oxford University Press, 2005. Print.

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Abstract: Motivation is the internal state that arouses, directs, and sustains goal-oriented behavior. In particular, motivation to learn refers to the disposition of students to find academic activities relevant and worthwhile who try to derive the intended benefits from them. In studying the motivation to learn science, researchers examine why students strive to learn science, how intensively they strive, and what beliefs, feelings, and emotions characterize them in this process. Motivated learners are thus self regulated learners who attempt to monitor and control their own learning. Intrinsic motivation and personal relevance is major motivational component that appear to influence self-regulated learning. The purpose of the study is to investigate the gender differences into the status of intrinsic motivation and personal relevance towards science learning among intermediate science students. A sample of 600 intermediate science students from Punjab (Pakistan), in which 300 males and 300 females were serve as the sample of the study which were selected through two phase cluster sampling. The 30-item Science Motivation Questionnaire developed by Glynn and Koballa (2006) was used to measure intrinsic motivation and personal relevance scores towards science. The scores were calculated and summarized through mean and standard deviation. The significance of difference between mean scores of male and female intermediate students was measured by t-test (two-tailed). The result revealed that male and female science students did not differ in science motivation, however female science students were found some what better in their motivation towards science than males.

Key Words: Gender difference, intrinsic motivation, science learning

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