IOSR-JHSS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-1 ~ May-Jun-2013

Abstract: Organizing rural women through Self Help Groups and equip them to earn income by the formation of microenterprises have created an economic revolution in Odisha, India. Empowerment of women through microenterprises in rural Odisha can challenge their traditional practice and culture to effectively promote their well being. The present study addresses women empowerment through microenterprises in Cuttack district of Odisha. In this research work, field data were collected from rural women based on their working pattern, economic condition, family background, education level, and size of the family. Descriptive Statistics including frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviations were carried out to draw meaningful interpretation of the results and to find out the reasons for joining the microenterprises. The result of the study revealed that microenterprises programmes have had greater impact on both social and economical aspects of the rural women in Odisha. The successful functioning of microenterprises provides economic independence to women leading to their empowerment.

Keywords: Women Empowerment, Microenterprises, Income generation, Rural Odisha.

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[2] Ab.Aziz, Y. Perumal, S. Feizreniah, P. ( 2005) Principles of Enterpreneurship. Petaling Jaya: Prentice Hall.
[3] Ogber O. John (2009) " Mythicizing and Reification in Enterpreneurial Discourse: Ideology- Critique of Entrepreneurial Studies" Journal of Management Studies 37 : 5 0022-2380 Published by Blackwell Publisher Ltd.
[4] Brunei, A., Gheradi, S. & Paggio, B. (2004) . Doing Entrepreneurship : an Ethonographic account of Inert wined practices. Gender, work and Organisation, 11(4) , 406-429
[5] Cole A. H (1959) Business Enterprise in Social setting; Harvard university Press, Cambridge.
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Abstract: Yorùbá movies producers seem to have devoted much attention to the visual quality and the thematic thrust of their works to the detriment of some seemingly unimportant aspect of their products. One of these neglected or underestimated aspects is the issue of subtitles, the written translations of the dialogues in English Language. This paper selects seven Yorùbá movies for a detailed evaluation. Errors in concord, spelling, tense, aspect and wrong selection of words are very rampant in these movies such that one wonders why such neglect and carelessness should be allowed in such movies that are very rich in thematic thrusts and excellent in visual quality. These errors are not only highlighted, they are discussed, analysed and attempts have been made to propose what should have been the correct versions of the wrong translations that are pointed out. This paper throws a big challenge to films producers to pay attention to this important issue and allow specialists in different areas so that their products will not be lacking in quality.

[1]. Dasylva, A.O. 2004. Studies in Drama. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig.) Ltd.
[2]. Ekwuazi, H. 1991. Film in Nigeria. Jos: Nigerian Film Corporation.
[3]. Ogunbiyi, Y. 1981. Nigerian Theatre and Drama: A Critical Profile. Nigerian Theatre and Drama: A critical course book. Ed. Y. Ogunbiyi. Lagos: Nigeria Magazine. 3-53.
[4]. Okome, O. 1997. The Context of Film Production in Nigeria: The Colonial Heritage. Cinema and Social Change in West Africa. Eds. O Okome and J. Hagnes. Jos: Nigerian Film Corporation. 26-40.
[5]. Olusola, S. 1981. The Advent of Television Drama in Nigeria. Nigerian Theatre and Drama: A critical course book. Ed. Y. Ogunbiyi. Lagos: Nigerian Magazine. 357-369.
[6]. Oyeleye, L Ed. Use of English: Tertiary Course Book: Ibadan: Agbo aasREO Publishers P. 58-81.
[7]. Oyewo, G.B. 1998. Professional Theatres in Nigeria: A Personal Memoir. Unpublished M.A. Dissertation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
[8]. Soyinka, W. 200

Abstract: Christians and Muslims both claim brotherhood with Jesus, son of Mary. Their respective arguments are based on the Bible and the Qur'an. Prophet Muhammad (SAW1), whom Muslims hold as the seal of the prophets, even goes further to say in one of his hadiths that no other person is closer to him, both in this world and in the world to come, than Jesus. The Holy Qur'an makes mention of his name more often than that of Muhammad (SAW) through whom it was revealed. A comparative study of this prominent religious figure would therefore be of great interest, using the Bible, the Quran and the Hadiths of prophet Muhammad (SAW) as primary sources.

[1]. Alfredo Carabello, Simon. My greatest love for Jesus led me to Islam. Jeddah: Daroussalm, 2008.
[2]. Aziz-Us-Samad, Ulfat. L'Islam et le Christianisme. Riyadh : Internationl Islamic Pub. House, 2001.
[3]. Baagil, H.M. Muslim-Christian dialogue. Jeddah : Islamic Educ. Foundation, 1984.
[4]. The Holy Bible. Revised Standard Version.
[5]. Bilal Phillips, Abu Ameenah. The true message of Jesus Christ. Hamzat intl. Lagos: Hamzat Intl Pub House, 1996.
[6]. Ibrahim, I.A. et al. A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam. Houston: Daroussam, 1997.
[7]. Lemu, Aisha B. Let us reason together. Minna: Islamic Educ. Trust, 2001.
[8]. Bucaille, Maurice. La Bible, le Coran et la Science. Paris : Seghers, 1976.
[9]. Miller, Garrry. The amazing Qur'an. Jeddah : Abul-Qasim Pub. House, 1994.
[10]. Le Chistianisme : origine et réalité. Ouvrage collectif dirigé par Moujahid, Abdoul Malik. Riyad : Daroussalam, 2006.
[11]. Nakata, Khaula. View through Hijjab. Jeddah: Abul-Qasim Pub. Hous, 1994.
[12]. The Holy Qur'an. English translation by Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din A, and Dr. Muhammad Muhsin K.
[13]. Al‟Bukhari concise volume. English transl. by Mohammad Mahdi AlSharif. Beirut: Dar-al Kotob al Ilmiyah, 2006.
[14]. Sahih Muslim. Compiled by Al-Hafiz Abdul-Azim Al-Mudhiri. Riyad: Daroussalam, 2003.

Abstract: For many poor people around the world migration is a way of life, and has been for centuries. But globalization has radically altered the scale of migration: people are now more aware of opportunities elsewhere and it has become easier for them to travel. The seasonal migration of agricultural labourers is not a new phenomenon in Karnataka and India. Britishers had mobilized labour force for commercial crop production, mining and for other administrative purposes during their rule. As a result of the defective policies of agricultural development the regional disparity is increasing even after independence leading to the increase in the seasonal migration of agricultural labourers. In the state of Karnataka there is a wide gap between South and North Karnataka as far as development is concerned and this regional disparity has become a political issue. Many social, economic, political and psychological reasons pull them to migrate for survival and improvement of livelihood. This paper is an effort to identify some of the main causes for the agricultural labour migration from north Karnataka to south Karnataka

Key words: North Karnataka, South Karnataka, agriculture labour, regional migration.

[[1]. Amitabh Kundu and Shalini Gupta (1996)Migration, Urbanisation and Regional Inequality", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 31, No. 52 , pp. 3391-3393+3395-3398.
[2]. Amitabh Kundu(2009)" Exclusionary Urbanization in Asia: A Macro Overview" Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 48, pp.48-58,
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Abstract: During speech production, intervening psychological, sociolinguistic and pedagogical factors interfere in the process and cause the EFL teaching/learning process of speaking to be a highly demanding undertaking for both teachers and learners. Previous research has investigated some of these factors and pointed out agents that may affect students' oral performance such as automaticity and feedback. Correspondingly and basing on empirical research, the present article reflects on teachers' feedback on errors during the speaking phase particularly. It advances evidence of how in addition to other factors previously identified like vocabulary deficiency1 and error anxiety, one important factor is a perceptible delay in error repair in teachers' feedback on the speaking skill among EFL Moroccan learners during the speaking phase particularly.

Key words: reflections on speech production, teachers' feedback, error-repair, learners and teachers perceptions.

[1]. Ano, K. (1998). "A Study of the Output Hypothesis: Cognitive Processes of Speaking a Foreign Language‟. Journal of Japan – Korea Association of Applied Linguistics, 2: 175-204
[2]. Ano, K. (1998). "A Study of Cognitive Processes of Listening and Speaking in a Foreign Language‟. The Bulletin of the Graduate School of Education of Waseda University, 6 : 29-43
[3]. Ano, K. (2002). "The Relation between Fluency and Accuracy in the Spoken English of High School Learners‟. Step Bulletin,14 : 39-49
[4]. Ayoun,D. (2001). " The role of positive and negative feedback in the second language acquisition of the passé composé and imparfait‟. Modern Language Journal, 85 : 226-243.
[5]. Austin, J.L. (1962). How to do things with words. Massachussetts: Harvard University Press.
[6]. Austin,J.L. (1961). Philosophical papers. London: Oxford University Press.
[7]. Ayoun,D. (2001). " The role of positive and negative feedback in the second language acquisition of the passé composé and imparfait‟. Modern Language Journal, 85 : 226-243.
[8]. Braidi,S. (2002). Reexamining the role of recasts in native-speaker nonnative-speaker interactions. Language Learning, 52: 1-42.
[9]. Brown,G.&Yule.G. (1983). Teaching the spoken language. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
[10]. Bygate, M.(1998). "Theoretical perspectives on speaking‟. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 18: 20-42.

Abstract: India is at crossroads as far as food security is concerned. The mode of production can be galvanized by adopting the modern technology like GMO at one hand with utmost care render to safe guard the environment. On the other hand there is a need to improve the food distribution mechanism with current modern management techniques. The present article deals with the needed facets of Food Security and GMO crops and their pros and cons.

Keywords- Agricultural Transformation Centers, Climate –Resilient Agriculture, Food Security, Genetically Modified Crops (GMC), Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), Malnutrition, etc.,

[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations (FAO), Agricultural and Development Economics Division, June 2006. [2] "Food grains production..", Inside Story, Headline Today, 22nd June, 2011. [3] " Food grains rot..", Headline Today, 22nd June, 2011.
[4] "Insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis protect corn from corn rootworms", Nature Biotechnology, Vol 19, No 7, pp 668-672, July, 2001.
[5] "Lepidopteran-resistant transgenic plants", US Patent 6313378, Nov 2001, Monsanto.
[6] "The use of cytochrome P450 genes to introduce herbicide tolerance in crops: a review", Pesticide Science, Vol. 55, No 9, pp 867-874, Sept., 1999.
[7] "Transgenic Approaches to Combat Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat and Barley", Crop Science, Vol. 41, No 3, pp 628-627, Jun 2001.
[8] "Post-transcriptional gene silencing in plum pox virus resistant transgenic European plum containing the plum pox potyvirus coat protein gene", Transgenic Research, Vol. 10, No 3, pp 201-209, Jun 2001.
[9] "Type II fish antifreeze protein accumulation in transgenic tobacco does not confer frost resistance", Transgenic Research, Vol. 8, No 2, pp 105-117, Apr 1999.
[10] "Transgenic salt-tolerant tomato plants accumulate salt in foliage but not in fruit", Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 19, No 8, pp 765-768, Aug 2001.

Abstract: The current study investigated the prevalence of tailgating behaviour among drivers in Gaborone city, Botswana. The study further explored gender differences among drivers who tailgate. Data were collected at three sets of traffic lights situated in the north, west and east sides of Gaborone. At any given time data was collected by at least one team made up of four researchers over three days, and during rush and non-rush hours. A total of 722 vehicles were measured and recorded and the results revealed that tailgating, using a VW Polo length of three and a half meters is prevalent among drivers in Botswana. Furthermore, male drivers engaged in more tailgating behaviour than their female counterparts. Additionally, tailgating behaviour was more prevalent during peak hour compared to during non-peak hour period. Considering that in Botswana little if any research has been documented on risky driving behaviour in general and specifically on tailgating behaviour, findings of the current study will bring to the table a discussion on safe following distance and the risks thereof, and inspire research on risky driving behaviour. Additionally, the findings can be useful in relevant policies and in establishing effective tailgating treatment programmes.

Keywords: tailgating, gender, Gaborone, Botswana.

[1]. Baldock, M. R. J., Long, A. D., Lindsay, V. L., & McLean, A. J. (2005). Rear end crashes. Report CASR 018, Centre for Automotive Safety Research, University of Adelaide.
[2]. Blows, S., Ameratunga, S., Ivers, R. Q., Lo, S. K., & Norton, R. (2005). Risky driving habits and motor vehicle driver injury. Accid Anal Prev, (4), 619 – 624.
[3]. Botswana Traffic Headquarters. (2012). Accident, Fatality and Injury statistics for 2001 – 2011.
[4]. Carter, C., May, A. J., Smith, F. J., & Fairclough, S. H. (1995). An evaluation of in-vehicle headway feedback system. In S. A. Robertson (Ed.), Contemporary Ergonomics, 287-292. London: Taylor and Francis.
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[6]. Hutchinson, P. T. (2008). Tailgating. Safety Centre for Automotive Safety Research, University of Adelaide, Australia, Research Report # CASR046. [7]. Klauer, S. G., Sudweeks, J., Hickman, J. S., & Neale, V. L. (2006). How risky is it? An assessment of the relative risk of engaging in potentially unsafe driving behaviors.
[8]. Ludwig T. D., & Geller E. S. (2000). Intervening to improve the safety of delivery drivers: A systematic behavioral approach. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 19((4)):1–124.
[9]. Ludwig T.D., & Geller E.S (1997). Assigned versus participative goal setting and response generalization: Managing injury control among professional pizza deliverers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82((2)):253–261.
[10]. Minnesota DOT. (2006). Minnesota Tailgating Pilot Project, Report and Summary. http://www.dot.state.mn.us/trafficeng/tailgating/index.html. Accessed on 20 February 2013.

Abstract: The present study is an effort to find out the response of the people of Darjeeling in the area of health insurance. As firstly, this study examines the respondents who are aware or not aware about health insurance as well as various sources of awareness; secondly, those who are aware have subscribed for it or not; thirdly, those who have not subscribed what are the reasons behind the same; and lastly are they willing to join and pay for it? If yes then what would be the possible amount? The study was conducted in some selected villages in Darjeeling district and 200 questionnaires were got filled from randomly selected general people. The results shown low level of awareness and willingness to join and pay for health insurance scheme.

Key words: health insurance, willingness to pay, bidding, canonical correlation, regression analysis.

[1]. Ahuja, R. and De, I. (2004) "Health Insurance for the Poor Need to Strengthen Healthcare Provision" Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 41, pp. 4491-4493.
[2]. Archin-Tenkorang, Dyna(2001). Health insurance for the informal sector in Africa: Design features, risk protection, and resource mobilization. CMH Working paper series, paper no WG3:1. Washington DC. (www.cmhealth.org/docs/wg3_paper 1.pdf)
[3]. Dror, M.D. (2006) "Health Insurance for the Poor: Myths and Realities" Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 41, No. 43 & 44, pp. 4541-4544.
[4]. Exel van NJA, Brouwer WBF, van den Berg B, Koopmans chap MA (2006). "With a little help from an anchor: Discussion and evidence of anchoring effects in contingent valuation‟. Journal of Socio-Economic 2006; 35(5):836–53
[5]. Health on the March 2010. Published by west Bengal Health Department. Sasthya Bhavan. Kolkata.
[6]. www.healthinsuranceindia.org

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of the demonstration teaching method in the teaching of the hearing impaired at a special school in Harare province in Zimbabwe. The research focus was on whether the demonstration should be augmented with other teaching methods. Focus was also on whether the teachers were knowledgeable about the demonstration method and if the resources were adequately channeled and used. A case study based on qualitative paradigm was used in this research. A sample of three teachers, ten pupils the school head and the head of department for technical subjects were used. For the purpose of triangulation, instruments used included interviews, observations, questionnaires and document analysis. The research findings revealed that the demonstration method was not effectively used. For lack of individualized Plan, the pupils did not benefit much from the lessons. The use of sign language was not properly implemented, yet there is need for collaborative use of both sign and oral language. The need for adequate resources for the hearing impaired, also featured prominently in the research findings in order for pupils to work at their own pace.

Keywords: Individualised Educational Plan, institutionalised: case study, impacts, demonstration, deaf,

[1]. Andrusyszn, R and (1990) Teaching and Assessment: an experimental Approach. London Scrota Press.
[2]. Chamberlain, V.M. and Kelly K.M. (1981) Creative Home Economic Instruction. USA, Mac Grow Hill lank.
[3]. Chikuni, B (2003) The Teachers `Handbook. A practical approach to Teaching. Gwanda, Flame Publishers.
[4]. Child, D (1988) Psychology and the Teacher. London, Cassel press.
[5]. Chimedz a, R. M and Peterson, N.K (2003) Educational Considerations for Students with Hearing Impaired pupils, SPED 201 ZOU, Harare.
[6]. Chimedza, R and Peters, S. (1994) Disability and special needs education in African context. Harare, College Press.
[7]. Covey, S (1996) Complexities of Teaching .London, The Flamer Press.
[8]. Dean J (1986) Beginning Teaching in the Secondary School .London .Biddles Limited, Guilford& Kings Lynn .
[9]. De Young. S. (1990) Teaching Nursing Redwood City. Addison- Wesley Nursing.
[10]. Gatawa, B, S, M. (1990) The Politics of the school Curriculum: An Introduction. Harare, College Press.

Abstract: Range of operation from mines is getting more every day and certainly positive economic effects and negative environmental aspects of these activities increases. Kurdistan province and especially in Qorveh has giant minerals such as ornamental and building stones because of specific geographic and geologic condition. Mining operation in small scale, contour and open pit mining extract and other mining activities which environmental assessment rule doesn't include them caused a lot of negative effects in Qorveh. Large number of metallic and non metallic deposits, registered and in turn permit mines show inappropriate effects on environment. These reasons caused to search about environmental effects of mining activities in the study area. In this study, used methods like: chemical analysis of current water which affected by mining activities, composition of the metallic elements in soils around the mines, GPS, field studies, questionnaire and interview. Results indicate the heavy metals contamination in the water and soil sources around the metallic deposits, lack of contamination or minor contamination of heavy metals in soil sources around the non metallic deposits, high association of heavy toxic metals in textures of some plant species and distortion of agricultural lands and grasslands around the mines. Blasting in the mines caused, air contamination, voice contamination, cracking in lands and buildings of nearby villages. Increasing of road accidents and numerous economic-social effects are the addition outcomes of mines operation in study area. On the other hand, processing of ornamental stones and pumices shopping, because indirect environmental problems near the cities and villages in the study area.

Key words: contamination, environment, prospecting, Qorveh

[1]. Ahmadi et al, Hassan (2004), Tehran air condition and concentration of dust in stonemasonries in Hamedan province, medicine faculty, 4th professional protection in Iran, Hamedan, 231-236
[2]. Ahadi et al., Mohammadreza (2010), research the vehicles role in road accidents, Haraz road, traffic management researches, 17, 53-57.
[3]. Oraee et al, Kazem. (2004). Production programming in ornamental rocka mines, mine engineering conference, Iran, 12 pages.
[4]. Kurdistan protected regions glassolary, (2008), environment protection of Kurdistan, 22 pages.
[5]. Aghanabati, Ali. (2011), geology and mineral potential of Kurdistan province, geology education growing. 69, Tehran, 8-17.
[6]. Baal et al., Trans, 2011, ideologies and dreams, translated by Ahmad sabourikashani, Amme book publication, first publication, Tehran, 668 pages.
[7]. Hosseni et al., Hadi, (2003), research and calculate of mine exploding energy transformation, Songun Cu mine, mine engineering conference, Iran, Tehran, 11 pages.
[8]. Khaledi, Shahriar, (2004), human geography (cultural view), azad university publication, first publication, Tehran 236 pages.
[9]. Environmental effects of exploration activities guide, (2008), mining engineering organization publication, first publication, mine and industry ministry, 38 pages.
[10]. Saiareh et al., Alireza, (2007), geological and environmental researches in Qorveh and Bijar, primary report, geology and mine exploration organization.

Abstract: Attracting foreign private capital investment intricately revolves round the attractiveness and condusiveness of the domestic environment of the recipient. From the 1980s, the Nigerian economy was characterised by rapid industrial declines, depicted foreign exchange earnings, political instability and policy inconsistency and collapse in infrastructural facilities as well as the scourge of commercial and financial frauds; all which made the commercial environment not conducive not only for foreign investors, but also for the local ones. Consequently, government adopted economic diplomacy in 1988 as one of the modalities for attracting foreign investors and for managing the huge external debt crisis. This was backed up a fundamental review of Nigeria's industrial policy was made in 1989 and 1995, which provided greater incentives for foreign investors' participation. Despite these, the question of unfavourable commercial environment, particularly the scourge of financial and commercial frauds remained one of the major challenges. While American private sector made significant investment in other African countries like Egypt and South Africa, but deliberately ignored the Nigerian markets because of the problem of frauds; among other considerations. This paper examines the challenges of financial and commercial frauds on American private capital in the Nigerian economy between 1990 and 2003

[1]. For detail discussion of trade mal-practices on the West coast in this period, see Walter O. Ofonagoro, Trade and Imperialism in Southern Nigeria: 188-1929. New York: Nok Publishers International, 1979.
[2]. Remarks by H. E. Walter C. Carrington, Ambassador of the United States before the Nigerian-American Chamber of Commerce on the occasion of the American Businessman‟s Day, Eko Hotels Ltd., October 30, 1996. Official Text United States Information Service.
[3]. Olajide Aluko, "Oil at Concessionary prices for Africa: A Case Study in Nigerian Decision-Making", in G. O. Olusanya and R. A. Akindele, (eds.) The Structure and Processes of Foreign Policy Making and Implementation in Nigeria, 1960-199, p. 328.
[4]. Yusuf Bangura, "Crisis in Sierra Leone and Nigeria: A Comparative Study", Journal of African Marxists Issues 9, June, p. 34.
[5]. National Economic Council, Expert Committee Report on "The State of the Economy‟. 1983.
[6]. Yusuf Bangura, "IMF/World Bank Conditionality and Nigeria‟s Structural Adjustment Programme, Kjell J. Havnevik (ed.) The IMF and the World Bank in Africa:Conditionality, Impact and Alternatives. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1987, p. 96.
[7]. Enver Carim and Catherine Fear (eds.) Africa Guide, 1983. England: World of Information, p. 271.
[8]. 1984 Budget: An Address to the Nation by Major-General Muhammadu Buhari, on 7th May, 1984, p. 4.
[9]. Central Bank of Nigeria: Economic and Financial Review, Vol. 19, No. 2, December, 1981, p. 3.
[10]. Ibid.

Abstract: The issues on developmental transformation for urban growth had already happened prior to the reign of British, after the time of liberty and up until now including to rural areas and small towns. This also included the changes in Pekan Parit Raja located in Johor that was formerly known as a small town that ran farming activities as its main source of economy due to its topography of having low land surface. However, developmental transformation for the last 20 years had affected the changes in land use when expansion of housing areas, outlet spaces, and social amenities occurred. This paper describes developmental transformation occurred in the town by observing the effects towards local communities which covers economy sector, social and environment. In the final stage of this study, the outcome obtained will be used to generate indicator of well-being for Pekan Parit Raja. The study used survey data with 367 respondents to see the perception of the residents with the developmental transformation that had happened. The outcome of the study found that changes in economic spaces have led to economic changes in the town with offer of employing opportunities and increasing rate of household income. In terms of facility services of water and electrical supply, it may be wise said that local residents were given with these facilities. This condition proved that local residents in the study area were well served with one of the basic needs in their daily lives. The outcome of the study also indicated that the level of neighborly relations between them is still remain close and firm although with the rapid occurrence of urbanization process and development.

Keywords: Indicator, Rural area, Pekan Parit Raja, Well-being

[1] A. Hezri (2004). Sustainability Indicator System and Policy Processes in Malaysia: A Framework for Utilisation and Learning.
[2] Shahabuddin F. A. (2002). Index Kualiti Hidup Penduduk Daerah-Daerah di Semenanjung Malaysia dalam Mohamad, L. Z., Jemain, A. A., Hussain, M. Y.& A. Shahabuddin, F. A. (2002). Impak Pembangunan Kualiti Hidup dan Persekitaran. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications and Distribution Sdn. Bhd.
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[7] Amir, A. (2005). Impak Limpahan Pembandaran Ke Atas Kampung Pinggir Bandar Di Wilayah Metropolitan. Ph.D Tesis: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
[8] Australian Centre on Quality of Life (2006). Personal Wellbeing Index – Adult. Dicapai pada Jun 23, 2011 dari http://www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/ instruments/wellbeing-index/pwi-adult-english.pdf.
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Abstract: Mental imagery involves the athletes' imagery themselves in a specific environment or performing a specific activity. Different uses of imagery in sport include: mental practice of specific performance skills, improving confidence, and positive thinking, problem solving, controlling arousal and anxiety, performance review and analysis, preparation for performance and during imagery, (plessenger., 2009). Our study aims to identify the effect of a learning program of mental imagery method in judo standing on the imaging ability. 48 students male divided into three groups of 16, (mean age 21.0 ± 1.85) voluntarily participated in this study. Group 1, has a judo mental imagery learning; group 2 has an observational judo learning and group 3 has an analytical judo learning. The revised movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ-R) developed by Hall & Martin (1997) was used in our study before and after the training programs in order to evaluate the ability of imagery overall the subjects. The statistical data shows that there is progress in the imaging capacity through the application of the three learning methods warranted by the results of the Student test, which is significant at P <. 001 in favor of the mental imagery group.

Keywords: mental imagery; imaging ability; judo

[1]. Plessenger, A. (2009).The effects of Mental Imagery on Athletic performance. Research paper at 2007 Washington D.C. The World Bank.
[2]. Hall, C. R., & Martin, K. A. (1997). Measuring movement imagery abilities: A revision of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire. Journal of Mental Imagery, 21, 143 – 154.
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