IOSR-JHSS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Study of the Persistence of Individuality in Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Diganta Borgohain
	:	10.9790/0837-1240105

Abstract: "Tess of the D'Urbervilles" is a striking one among Hardy's novels for its delineation of the notion of individuality or strong individual character. The social setting and the tragic happenings which occur therein in the novel are the grounds against the backdrop of which the narrative of the birth and development of an individual self takes place. However, the protagonists or the characters' bouts of suffering and sacrifice, incidentally, lead them to seek for themselves choices and self-knowledge that in turn would guarantee the functionalist state of a society and social solidarity among the members of the society. In other words, the strong sense of individuality as gained by the protagonists and as occasioned by their tragic sufferings in the novel is only meant to be lost for the cause of the order of the existing society of the period. This paper would make an attempt to explore the reasons and the factors which go into making such a scheme or a pattern in the novel.

Keywords: functionalist state of the society, individuality, self, social solidarity

[1]. John White, Conceptions of Individuality, British Journal of Educational Studies, xxviii(3), 1980.
[2]. J.S.Mill, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government (London: Everyman edition, 1972), p.15.
[3]. Conceptions of Individuality, p.175
[4]. Marcia Bressler Buck, The Effect of Individualism On the American Personality, Lambda Alpha Journal On Man, 9(1), 1978.
[5]. http://science.jrank.org/pages/9786/Individualism-Individualism-Modern-Society.html [6]. "Transvaluation of all values‟ or "the revaluation of all values‟ is a concept developed by Nietzsche in his book Antichrist. He elaborates the concept in this book saying that Christianity, not merely as a religion but also as the predominant moral system of the Western world, inverts nature and is hostile to life. Furthermore, he says that Christianity elevates the weak over the strong, and is always in favour of exalting that which is ill-constituted and weak at the expense of that which is full of life and vitality.
[7]. Ibid.
[8]. George Sorel in his book Reflections on Violence suggests the idea that conflict prevents the ossification of the social system by exerting pressure for innovation and creativity. Sorel‟s call to action was mainly addressed to the working class, yet he opines that it holds true to be of general importance for the total social system.
[9]. John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Modern Library, 1930)
[10]. Thomas Hardy, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Ed. by Angeli Multani (Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd, 2006), p.82

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment of Traffic Delay Problems and Characteristics at Urban Road Intersections: A Case Study of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tolu Isaac Atomode
	:	10.9790/0837-1240616

Abstract: Traffic delay problems are manifesting in many of the major urban centres in Nigeria. The paper examined traffic delay problem and its causes at selected road intersections in Ilorin, Nigeria. The characteristics of the intersections that predispose them to delay problem and the spatial pattern of traffic delay at the road intersections were also identified. In addition, traffic volume and delay characteristics were estimated. Data were collected through direct field surveys on intersection characteristics, traffic volume, composition, delay causes and land use activities. The analysis of data collected revealed that variations exist in traffic flows and delays at the studied intersections. Also, traffic delays are discovered to be associated with the traffic volumes at the various junctions which ultimately translate to traffic congestion. Furthermore, traffic wardens and parking problems were found to be the greatest causes of delays at the road intersections in the city. The study therefore recommends that the road intersections be signalized and vehicle parking be strictly prohibited to reduce traffic congestion and delays at road intersections in the city.

Keywords: Land Use, Road Intersections, Traffic Congestion, Traffic Delay, Traffic Volume.

[1] Weiping, H., and Chi, W. (2010): Urban Road Network Accessibility Evaluation Method Based on GIS Spatial Analysis Techniques. The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Vol. 38, Part II.

[2] Aderamo, A. J. (2003): A Graph Theoretical Analysis of Intra-Urban Road Network in Ilorin, Nigeria. Research for Development. 17 (1 & 2) and 18 (1 & 2).

[3] Adedimila, S. A. (1981): Towards Improving Traffic Flow in Lagos. In Onokomaiya and Ekanem (Ed), Transportation in Nigeria National Development. NISER, Ibadan.

[4] Tillotson, H. T. (1981): The Concept of Delay. Transport, 20 (4).

[5] Mchsane, W. R, Roess, P. R, Prassas, E. D. (1998): Traffic Engineering, Second Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

[6] Ogden, K. W. (1991): "Truck movement and access in urban areas". Journal of Transportation Engineering, 117 (1).

[7] Ogunsanya, A. A. (1983): Contribution of Freight Vehicles to Urban Traffic Delays: The Case of Lagos, Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 26 (1&2)

[8] Ogunsanya, A. A. (1984): Traffic Congestion in an Urban Centre: The Case of Ilorin, Nigeria. The Nigerian Geographical Journal, 27 (1&2).

[9] O‟Flaherty, C. A (1974): Highway and Traffic, Second Edition. London: Edward Arnold Publisher Ltd.

[10] Smith, M. J. (1982): Junction Interactions and Monotonicity in Traffic Assignment. Transport Research, 16B (1).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Can Descartes Be Called a Perfect Dualist?
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shanjendu Nath
	:	10.9790/0837-1241721

Abstract: Dualism occupies an important place in the history of philosophy. In modern philosophy Descartes is called a most significant dualist philosopher as he believes the existence of two entities - mind and matter. According to him, a human being is some kind of union of two distinct things: a soul or mind and a body. He believes that body is a part of mechanical nature whereas mind is a pure thinking substance and it is spiritual in nature. These two substances have antagonistic characteristics but there is interaction with each other. His concept of mind and body is derived from his theory of substance. He believes the reality of three substances, viz., mind, body and God. Out of these three substances mind and body are called by him as dependent substances and God is the only independent substance. I think this concept of three substances vitiate his theory of dualism. Moreover, he believes the reality of many souls which also contradicts his theory of dualism. Thus in this paper I will try to delineate the ground for which he is claimed to be a dualist and also try to show grounds for which this claim is not justified. And finally, I will try to show that he is not a perfect dualist. His philosophy can correctly be called a blend of dualism, trialism and pluralism.

Key Words: Mind, Matter, Substance, Dualism, Trialism, Pluralism.

[1] Beakley. B. and Ludlow. P, (ed), The Philosophy of Mind, Classical Problems/ Contemporary Issues, New Delhi, 2007.

[2] Beck. L.J, The Method of Descartes, Oxford, 1952.

[3] Benarjee. N.V, Kant‟s Philosophy of Self, Arnold-Heinemann Publishers (India) p (Ltd), 1974.

[4] Block. N. (ed), Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology, Vol. 1, Cambridge, M.A Harvard University, 1980

[5] Broad. C.D, The Mind and Its Place in Nature, London, 1962.

[6] Bunge. Mario, Matter and Mind , A Philosophical Inquiry, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , London, New York, 2010. [7] Castle. A, The Self in Philosophy, London, 1965.

[8] Churchland. Paul, Matter and Consciousness, Revised Edition. MIT Press, 1984.

[9] Cunningham. G.W, The Problems of Philosophy, Calcutta, 1956.

[10] Doney. W. (ed.), A Collection of Critical Essays - Descartes, Macmillan, London, 1970.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Contextualizing the Emerging Issues and Dilemmas of Displaced Ecosystem People: A Case of Coal Mining Industry at Talcher, Odisha (India)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rabindra Garada
	:	10.9790/0837-1242231

Abstract: The coal mining operations adversely affect the people, society and environment in the resource rich regions of the world. These are so complicated and nerve breaking issues for the land oustees at Talcher coalfield of Odisha that after losing everything including their ecosystems many of them especially, the "ecosystem people" involuntarily pushed out of their hearth and home by coal mining industries in late 1980s, have been surviving like refugees in their own localities. In the process of their transition from subsistence economy to market economy over the years, though many of them are found to have increased money incomes and increased consumerism, they have been increasingly getting trapped into the complex of their deterministic dilemmas/dualism in and around the coal mining industries. In the process of mining activities they have not just got affected, but also have remarkably changed themselves experiencing the decades of their post-displacement trauma. In the changing circumstances, to what extent the land oustees can maintain their earlier status of "ecosystem people" is an important ecological question. In this paper, on the basis of primary and secondary data, we have attempted to understand the contextual issues/dilemmas of "displaced ecosystem people" at Talcher coalfield. Keywords: Coal Mining Industry, Displacement, Displaced Ecosystem People, Ecosystem People, Land Oustee

[1] S.Deshkukh, Socio-Economic Study of The Peoples established in Three Steel Plant in India, The Journal of Social Science Researcher, V. II No III, 2013,12-23
[2] R.Meher, The Social and Ecological Effects of industrialization in a Tribal Region: The Case of Rourkela Steel Plant, Contributions to Indian Sociology (n.s.) 37(3), 2003, 429-57.
[3] R.Meher, Impact of Economic Liberalisation on the Backward States and Weaker Sections of Population in India, The Fourth World, No 14, 2001, 58-86.
[4] R.Meher, Globalization, Displacement and the Livelihood Issues of Tribal and Agriculture Dependent Poor People: The Case of Mineral-based Industries in India, Journal of Developing Societies, 25, 2009, 457-480.
[5] R.Meher, How Mineral-based Industrial Development Marginalizes and Displaces People in India: Three Case Studies, (Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2010).
[6] M.Gadgil and R.Guha, Ecology and Equity- The Use and Abuse of Nature in Contemporary India, (New Delhi: Routlege and Penguin Books India, 1995).
[7] T.K. Oommen, Coping with Development Pathologies: Resistance to Displacement, Sociological Bulletin, 55(2), 2006, 267- 80.
[8] T.K. Oommen, Development Discourse: Issues and Concerns, (New Delhi: Regency Publications, 2004).
[9] R. Garada, Development and Underdevelopment in Orissa: A Sociological Study, M.Phil diss., Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1995.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gender and Mental health
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Saraswathy Venkataraman
	:	10.9790/0837-1243234

Abstract: The human aging process brings about many changes. Aging adults can expect to experience biological change, altered relationships primarily through death, changes in financial circumstances and perhaps circumstances invoving sudden neglect or abandonment. These changes have a profound impact on the mental health of the elderly population overall.

[1]. Aroni R & Minichiello V (1992) Sociological Aspects of Ageing. In Minichiello V, Alexander L and Jones D (Eds) GERONTOLOGY: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH. Melbourne: Prentice Hall of Australia Pvt. Ltd.
[2]. Atkinson RL, Atkinson RC, Smith EE, Bem DJ and Nolen-Hoeksema S (1996) HILGARD'S INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY (12th ed) Fort Wirth, Texas: HarcourtBrace College Publishers.
[3]. Billig N (1995) GROWING OLDER & WISER. New York: LexingtonBooks.
[4]. Breitung JC (1987) Caring for Older Adults – BASIC NURSING SKILLS AND CONCEPTS. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company. Pp 39-72.
[5]. Davison GC and Neale JM (1994) ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (6th ed). In Cumming S and Harris L (Eds) PSYCHOLOGY OF AGING. SYDNEY: Universityof Sydney Press. Pp 490-501.
[6]. Ewing D (1999) Gender and Ageing. In Randel J, German T and Ewing D (Eds) The Ageing and Development Report – Poverty, Independence and the World's Older People. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd. Pp 33-45.
[7]. Guccione AA (1993)Implications of an Aging Population for Rehabilitation: Demography, Mortality, and Morbidity in the Elderly. In Guccione AA (Ed) GERIATRIC PHYSICAL THERAPY. St Louis, Missouri: Mosby. Pp 3-20.
[8]. Gunning J (2000) One is the loneliest number [Online] Available:http://home.myplainview.com/graying/2.shtml [September 8, 2001).
[9]. Jeeawody B & Bevan C (1998) CHALLENGES FOR THE FUTURE. In Jeeawoody B & Bevan C (Eds) Successful Ageing – Perspectives on Health and Social Construction. Sydney: Mosby Publishers Australia Pvt. Ltd.
[10]. Kua EH (1994) AGEING AND OLD AGE –Among Chinese in a Singaporean Urban Neighbourhood. Singapore: Singapore University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gender and Development: Mainstreaming the Female Gender in Trade Union Leadership Structure in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ahule, Benjamin Gowon
	:	10.9790/0837-1243540

Abstract: This paper delves into gender and development. Particularly, it focuses on the need to mainstream the female gender in the leadership structure of trade unions. The aims is to emphasise the fact that the female gender is an active part in the development process. Thus their continued neglect will mean delay in the development process and any society that integrate the female gender will definitely add value to its development efforts. The paper utilises the functionalist theoretical framework, which emphasises the functionality of the female gender in ensuring the stability of trade unions. Thus the exclusion of women in trade union structure is not only a denial of the rights of female gender but also the benefits that trade unions could derive from their contributions. The paper also emphasized that over few women have been involved in the leadership structure of trade unions not only in Africa but in Europe as well. The paper also identifies problems militating against an expanded women participation in trade unions. They include the fact that: Women do not understand or appreciate how unions can benefit them: Women fear reprisals from employers (including losing their jobs) for joining unions; Women do not have time to join or participate in union activities because of conflicting family responsibilities, and childcare facilities are lacking or too expensive among others. The paper finally calls on trade unions to evolve strategies that will consistently encourage equal representation of both men and women in leadership positions in order to contribute to the development of not only the organization they serve but society at large.

[1]. Ahmed, S. & Rafi, M. (2003) Poverty Alleviation And Empowerment Of Women: The Brac Experience in Putting Gender Mainstreaming Into Practice Economic And Social Commission For Asia And The Pacific
[2]. Folorunsho, O. (2009) The Role of Women in Trade Unions and Nation Building. Available on www.pengassan.org/.../...
[3]. Garcia, A. (2002) Women in Trade Unions: Making the Difference. Research on Women and Decision-Making in Trade Union Organisations. Study of the existing Literature and Survey carried out among organisations affiliated to the European Trade Union Condeferation.
[4]. Hannan, C. (2003) "Overview of Gender Maintreaming" in Putting Gender Mainstreaming into Practice. Publication of Economic and Social Commission for Asia And The Pacific
[5]. International Labour Office, (1996); World labour report. Geneva.
[6]. ITUC (2008) Achieving Gender Equality: A Trade Union Manual. Brussels: International Trade Union Confederation.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Globalization and the Challenge of Industrialization in Developing Nations: The Nigeria Experience
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Agba, A. M. Ogaboh , Emmanue, Odu
	:	10.9790/0837-1244147

Abstract: The paper examines the impact of globalization on industrialization in developing countries with particular reference to Nigeria. We considered the effect of economic liberalization on indigenous and modern industries in Nigeria; and x-rayed the impact of globalization on government industrial policies. The study acknowledged that, factors such as physical infrastructure, corruption, finance, policies inconsistency among others militate against industrial development in Nigeria but argued that globalization do even more. We posit that globalization made Nigeria a huge market for finished goods from developed economies and conditioned the country's economy in to consuming one. We recommended among others the adoption of a radical industrial policy that would revolutionize indigenous and modern industries in Nigeria and nurture them to a level where they can favorably compete with transnational corporations operating within the country and elsewhere in Africa. We argue that except this radical step is taken, Nigeria would continually be neo-colonized and conditioned by advanced economies/ nations.

Keywords: Globalization, industrialization, developing nations, indigenous industries.

[1]. Agba, A. M. O & Ushie, M. A. (2005). Improving the Niger Delta Socio-Economic Status through Active Involvement of Multinational Corporations. Nigerian Journal of Social and Development Issues, 5 (1), 63-74.
[2]. Agba, A. M. O., Ikoh, M. U., Ushie, E. M. & Agba, M. S. (2008). Bureaucratic Corruption in Nigeria: The Need for Institutional Reforms. Journal of International Politics and Development Studies, 4 (1 & 2), 187-204.
[3]. Agba, A. M. O. & Ushie, E. M. (2009). Nigeria at 50: Bugging Economic, Political and Sociological Issues. Journal of International Politics and Development Studies, 5 (2), 319-331.
[4]. Agba, A. M. O., Ushie, E. M., Ushie, M. A., Bassey, A. O. & Agba, M. S. (2009). Human Development Trend in Nigeria: The Need for Concrete Implementation of the Seven Point Agenda. Nigerian Journal of Social and Development Issues, 6 (1), 15-28.
[5]. Agba, A. M. O., Ikoh, M., Ushie, E. M. & Bassey, A. O. (2010). Telecommunications Revolution: Implications on Criminality and Family Crisis in the South- South States of Nigeria. Computer and Information Science, 3 (1), 42-51.
[6]. Agbu, O. (2007). The Iron and Steel Industry and Nigeria‟s Industrialization: Exploring Cooperation with Japan. Series Paper No. 418 of Institute of Developing Economics, Japan External Trade Organization. Online available at: http://www.id.gojp/english/publish/download/vrf/pdf/418/pdf. Retrieved 1/10/11.
[7]. Agundu, P. U. C. (2005). Globalization and Transformation of the African Economy: Analysis of Foreign Investment Dynamics in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Social and Development Issues, 5 (1), 75-86.
[8]. Amin, S. (2000). Globalization and Capitalism‟s Second belle Époque. Radical Philosophy Review, 52 (2), 86-95.
[9]. Anyakoha, E. (2003). Positioning Nigeria for Development in an Era of Globalization: Challenges and Strategies. In M. O. Maduagwu & V. C. Onu (eds.), Globalization and National Development in Nigeria. Bukuru: Fulbright Alumni Association of Nigeria.
[10]. Babatunde, G. M. (2003). Presidential Address on the occasion of the Fulbright Alumni Association of Nigeria Third Annual Conference, held at University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	"Guru" Worship in Sufi Sect
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. P. S. V. S. V. Prasada Rao
	:	10.9790/0837-1244852

Abstract: This paper contends that "Guru"s in the Sufi sect of the Muslim religion were also worshipped similar to Hindu religion where a "Guru" takes a place higher than God because "Guru" is the person who introduces God to his disciples. The paper extensively deals with the study of the "Guru" concept in Hindu and Sufi sects and through comparisons draws the similarities in the worshipping of religious "Guru"s in Hindu and Sufi sects. The similarities in the "Guru" concept in the early days, in the Virasaiva sect and in Sufi sect are clearly depicted. It brings out the worship of Muslim saints by the masses, miracles performed by Muslim saints and their healing powers which ultimately lead disciples consider them to be next to God. The paper also deals extensively with the reasons for popular worship of the dargahs and Sufi saints by both Hindu and Islam religions. The study brings out the fact that in its true sense, at first, Godhood was attributed to the Guru or Pīr, during 13th century the time period graced by Jalaluddin Rumi, Muslim saint and mystic. The present paper eventually concludes that Hinduism is tolerant and flexible enough even ages ago to adapt some Islamic practices into the highly orthodox and traditional religion of the Hindus. It should also be noted that Hindu kings were also patrons of Sufi saints and dargahs. This paper concludes with the impact of Muslim rule in India which extends to the religious sentiments of Hindus.

Key words: Sufism, Pir, Pīr as God, Babayya, dargah, Muslim shrines

[2]. H. C. Chakladar, Some Aspects of Life in Ancient India, Cultural Heritage of India, Vol II, Calcutta (1969).
[3]. A. K. Majumdar, Concise History of Ancient India, Vol. III, Delhi (1980).
[4]. Ruth Reyana (ed), Dictionary of Oriental Philosophy, New Delhi (1984). P. 79.
[5]. Swami Sivananda, Practice of Bhakti Yoga, The Divine Life Society, Sivanandanagar (Rishikesh) (1961). P. 261.
[6]. S. V. Venkateswara Rao, Indian Culture Through the Ages, New Delhi (1970).
[7]. R. B. Reddy, The Hindu Sacraments (Samskaras), The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. II, Calcutta (1969).
[8]. P. V. Kane, History of Dharmasastra, Vol. II, Part I, Poona (1974).
[9]. Satya Vrata Siddhantalankar, Heritage of Vedic Culture, Bombay (1969).
[10]. Encyclopaedia Britanica, No. 7, P. 1011.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	"Just-in-Time Learning"
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Hemanta Kr. Baruah
	:	10.9790/0837-1245357

Abstract: The concept of "Just-in-time‟ learning, derives from the Industry, refers the learner centred information delivery system which will replace the structured education massively undervalues the role of teachers in designing the "courses" of intellectual development and the role of others in forming conceptual knowledge. Educator reformers who use "just-in-time learning" are often those who advocate learner-directed, constructivist modes of learning in contrast to information delivery systems or programmed learning tutorials. "Just-in- Time‟ learning based on customized educational content, active learning, fluid time & place for students. The Just-in-time Learning facilitates primary information sources, which will eliminate the need for knowledgeable mediated guidance. It is based with assumption that learners understand what they need, where to find it, and how to use it. In "Just-in-Time‟ learning model; - student centered projects, ease of access to instructional tools and tutorials & authentic tasks--are important ingredients in the design of learning environments.

[1] Hunter, Beverly, Learning and teaching on the Internet: Contributing to educational reform (In Kahin, B. and Keller, J. (eds.) Public Access to the Internet. MIT Press, 1995)

[2] Lave J. & Wegner, E., Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press,1991)

[3] Oppenheimer, T., The computer delusion (Atlantic Monthly, July, 260, 45-62,1997)

[4] Pea, R., Seeing what we build together: Distributed multimedia learning environments for transformative communications (Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3(3), 219-225, 1994)

[5] Riel, M., Learning in the Networlds of Tomorrow (http://www.iearn.org/ webtour/2, 1997)

[6] Rohwedder, W. J., & Alm, A., Using Computers in Environmental Education: Interactive Multimedia and On-Line Learning (http://eelink.umich.edu/Computers/pp.html#Additional Tools, 1997)

[7] Sambataro, M., Just-in-Time Learning (INDUS,Year Of Publication, Computerworld,2000)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Food Policy: A Study of Malaysia
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Rasheed Mohamed Kutty, Mohammad Javad Nekooei
	:	10.9790/0837-1245863

Abstract: Agricultural sector has been a taproot for the development of Malaysian economic since before Independence period. This sector has also play a vital role which is very important in the Malaysian social and economic development. Agricultural commodities such as rubber, palm oil have contributed the bigger role for the success in agricultural sector. In the year of 1960 agricultural sector contribution for the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about 40% (percent) and in the year of 2005 the contribution from this sector to the Malaysian GDP is only about 7.2% (percent). Starting from the year of 1987 (Amriah 2006:50), production sector has exceed the agricultural sector in term of contribution to the GDP, employment opportunities and export income effected from the industrialization encouragement policy. This situation is the clear picture to show that the agricultural sector was not a catalyst to the Malaysian economic and basically this bring us to understand that the industrialization sector actually is the catalyst to the Malaysian economic now days.
Keywords: Food, Policy, Agricultural, Malaysia

[1] Ahmad Hassan Osman, Yap Kim Lian & Zawiah Chik. 1982. Agricultural policy and program history in Malaysia. Research paper submitted to the Asean Agricultural Planning Centre, September.
[2] Amriah Buang. 2007. Pertanian kecil Melayu dan kelestariannya. Bangi: Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[3] BERNAMA. 2007. Projek pertanian moden Ayer Hitam keluarkan hasil RM 4 juta sebulan. 14 Ogos. http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v3/bm/printable.php?=279175 [2 November 2007].
[4] Chamhuri Siwar, Surtahman Kastin Hassan & Norshamliza Chamhuri. 2005. Ekonomi Malaysia edisi keenam. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd.
[5] Poorian,Mahmood,mohammad javad nekooei ,and Yusof bin boon. "ACADEMIC CHEATING IN HIGHER EDUCATIONTHE EFFECT OF A STUDENT DEVELOPMENT APPROACH A Study at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia." IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME),Vol.1, pp.40-3. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jrme/pages/v1-i6.html.
[6] Chamhuri Siwar. 1988. Isu-isu ekonomi. Kuala lumpur: Dewan Bahasa & Pustaka.
[7] Chamhuri Siwar, Abd Malik Ismail & Abdul Hamid Jaafar (pnyt.). 1998. Reformasi pertanian Malaysia kea rah Wawasan 2020. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[8] Fatimah Mohamed Arshad. 1996. Food security. Dlm Jomo K. S. & Ng Suew Kiat (pnyt. ). Malaysia's economic Development policy and reform, hlm. 107-129. Kuala Lumpur: Pelanduk Publications
[9] H. Osman Rani, Jomo K. S & Ishak Shari (pnyt.). 1981. Development in the eighties with emphasis on Malaysia. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
[10] Kementerian Pertanian dan Industri Asas Tani, Bahagian Industri Tanaman, Ternakan dan Perikanan. 2006. Taman Kekal Pengeluaran Makanan (TKPM). http://agrolink.moa.my/moa/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=174&pop=... [2 November 2007].

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ethnicity, Socialization and the Security of Lives and Propertyin Nasarawa State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Sarkinfada Mohammed Abdul
	:	10.9790/0837-1246467

Abstract: Ethnic ties have such a strong hold in Nigeria and indeed Nasasrawa state. Considering the unending schism, chauvinism and antagonism among ethnic groups in Nasarawa State, The best practice on how best to manage this unfortunate scenario remains topical. This paper among other factors examines ethnicity in Nasarawa State,the paper traces how ethnic identity socialization is manipulated to trigger inter-ethnic relation leading to destruction of lives and property. Politics of ethnicity, economic and psychological factors were discussed as constants influencing ethnic conflict. Recommendations were made on how best to address the challenges of ethnic conflicts in Nasarawa State.
Key words; Ethnicity, socialization, security of lives and properties, Nasarawa state.

[1]. Adamu, A. (2002). Ethnic conflict in Nigeria, speech by the former executive governor of Nasarawa State.
[2]. Attoh , F.& Soyombo, O.( 2011). The politics of ethnic balancing in Nigeria, International journal of Sociology and Anthropology. vol .3 (2) pp 40- 44, Feb, 2011.
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[7]. Hassan, S. & Wakawa, A. (2012), Muslim of Nasarawa state: a survey. Nigerian research network.
[8]. Ikimi, O. (2006). History , the Historian and the Nation, Ibadan, Heinemann educational books Nigeria Plc.
[9]. Information Nigeria (2012), traditional ruler burnt alive. www.information.com/2012/11/narawa... Ireporters (2012) over 25 killed. Ireportersng .com/2012/11/21/over-25.
[10]. Kaur, s. (2012). Understanding ethnicity in Nigeria, international journal of social science tomorrow, vol .1 No.7. 2012.