IOSR-JHSS   Volume-12 ~ Issue-5 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: History is important as its study can influence a better society for the future generations. The lessons learnt from the past should be utilized so as to form a harmonious civilization. The significance of the religious conditions in the 14th century Deccan is that it lead to a peaceful existence among the various sects of religions without any problematic issues related to religion. It is essential for us to learn from our history so as to build a better tomorrow for the future generation. This article briefly studies some select sects of Muslim and Hindu religions that were progressive and prevalent in the 14th century Deccan. The objective of the article is to bring to light that though there were various sects of Hindu and Muslim religions, the basic tenets of these sects seem to be based on similar principles. The article examines the Vaishnava, Virasaiva, Madhwa, Mahanubhava and Nathpanth sects in Hinduism and Sufism in Islam religion to show that all these sects had similar ideals to work towards the betterment of society. Both the religions clearly gave importance to humanity irrespective of class and creed. These sects were against idolatry and encouraged self-discipline and selflessness. This article is a modest attempt in trying to understand the social system in the period of study.

Keywords: Religious conditions in the Deccan, Influence of Islam, Societal conditions in the 14th Century

[1]. P. N. Chopra, T. K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmanian, History of South India, Vol. II (Medieval Period), New Delhi (1979). P. 197.
[2]. Tarachand, Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Allahabad (1936). PP. 119 -120.
[3]. S. H. Ritti, The Seunas (The Yadavas of Devagiri), Karnataka University, Dharwar (1973). PP. 266-267.
[4]. M. Y. Quddusi, Pre-Mughal Berar (1200-1574), Nagpur (1982). P. 13.
[5]. P. M. Joshi, Economic and Social Conditions under the Bahmanis, History of Medieval Deccan, Vol. I, Hyderabad (1973). P. 211.
[6]. K. A. N. Sastra, Foreign Notices of South India, Madras (1939). P. 70.
[7]. Ibid., PP. 164-166.
[8]. Dattatreya cult, originated from Maharashtra country, but actually the seat of this cult is at Mahuram which is situated in Adilabad district in Telangana and it is 215 miles from Hyderabad.
[9]. N. Venkata Rao, Works relating to Dattatreya Cult in Telugu Literature, Essays in Philosophy: presented to Dr. T. M. P. Mahadevan on his 50th Birthday, Madras (1962). P. 464.
[10]. P. M. Joshi., Op.Cit., P. 212.

Abstract: My project is directed towards an exploration of women characters in Shakespeare‟s THE TEMPEST and ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA and how the issue of "sexual politics‟ runs rampant in these texts. The study of women and the exploration of this issue of "sexual politics‟ of Kate Millett in Shakespeare has not been a self content, marginal enterprise. From the onset it has been clear that the assessment of female characters has direct implication for the status of male characters and the status of Shakespeare. The ultimate issue is succinctly formulated in the introduction to THE WOMAN‟S PART ( Lenz, Greene, and Neely ) : " The extent to which Shakespeare aligns himself with patriarchy, merely portrays it, or deliberately criticizes it remains a complex question, one that feminist criticism is aptly suited to address.

Keywords: gender, herrschaft, internal colonization, mana, misogyny, patriarchy, sexual politics, sex, taboo.

[1]. Raman Seldon, Peter Widdowson and Peter Brooker, A READER‟S GUIDE TO CONTEMPORARY LITERARY THEORY. (India : Kindersley, 2007. Print.)
[2]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[3]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[4]. Sofia Valdivieso, "Double Erasure in THE TEMPEST : Miranda in Postmodern Critical Discourse". ( Web. 9th Aug. 2011. < http : // dialnet. Unirioja. es. >.)
[5]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[6]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[7]. Sofia Valdivieso, "Double Erasure in THE TEMPEST : Miranda in Postmodern Critical Discourse". ( Web. 9th Aug. 2011. < http : // dialnet. Unirioja. es. >.)
[8]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. (1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[9]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)
[10]. Kate Millett, SEXUAL POLITICS. ( 1969 ). ( University of Illinois Press, 2000. Print.)

Abstract: Modern scientists are always looking to find the genetic systems of the world and universe. One of the aims of the Scientists and Philosophers is to find, to discover how the world created. What are the causes behind the creation of the world? Space researchers have discovered water in the surface of moon in the form of solid. So, why men are searching the source from which all the material substances came to existence? Why can't man go beyond the area of solar family as they like, where to find the actual source of universe? What are the real problems behind it? These are the thrust area to be analyzed, rediscovered unto philosophical thinking of some notable and unknowable Thinkers of India and abroad.

Keywords: Austerities, 'He desired May I be many', Self-Creator, Space-Creator, Ultimate Reality-Brahman

[1] David L. Alles, "The Evolution of the Universe' (Western Washington University, 2012-10-8)
[2] Jean-Pierre Burri, http://www.bigbang.org/~jpburri (Geneva, Switzerland, Last updating: 16 August 2001)

[3] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha-6.I

[4] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha-1.I

[5] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-1, Cha.-6.I

[6] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha-1.I

[7] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha-1.I [

8] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha.-7.I

[9] Swami Gambhirananda, Eight Upanishads, Volume One, T.U. (Advaita Ashram, Calcutta, 1991) Part-2, Cha.-7.I

[10] T. N. Sethumadhavan, Aitaréya Upanishad, (Esamskriti.com, 2011, Nagpur) Part-1.1.I

Abstract: Leading a morally authentic life is difficult, though not impossible. It entails choosing between what is convenient and what is right; opting for consistency and resisting compromise, knowing quite well that unmasking oneself, admitting the truth about one‟s life may be embarrassing, too humiliating and takes the greatest courage, but it pays off morally. Using a philosophical analytic method the paper exposes and condemns the ethical clumsiness, "unmanliness" and immaturity of an all-round life of pretext and thereby concluding that life is much more than a game. It takes an enormous amount of courage to tell the world "This is me. I am not proud of «myself» – in fact I am a bit embarrassed by «myself» – but this is the truth of who I am."

[1]. Burt D. X. (2009) "Let me know Myself..." Reflections on the Prayers of Augustine (Mumbai: St. Pauls).
[2]. Ehusani G. (1991) "Christian Commitment: "The African Dilemma" African Dlemma: A Cry for Life, Kubi K. et al Eds. A collection of papers presented at Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians (Eatwot) 159-166.
[3]. Fagothey A. (1972) Right and Reason: Ethics in Theory and Practice (St. Louis: Mosby).
[4]. Hybels B. (2011) Who are You when no one‟s Looking. Choosing Consistency, resisting Compromise. (Mumbai: St. Pauls).
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[7]. Powell, J. (1969) Why am I afraid to tell you who I am? (Chicago: Argus communications).
[8]. Umoh D. (2009) A Philosopher looks at Annang Personality, its characterizing Traits, Development and Features (Enugu: Snaap Press).
[9]. Umoh D. (2011) "The Reality behind the Mask in «Ekpo Ikpaisong» in Annang Culture of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria" Journal of Communication & Culture, Vol. 2, No. 1, 101-108.
[10]. Umoh D. (2012) Memories of the Nigerian Civil War. An Ethico-Religious Hermeneutics. (Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press).

Abstract: You yourself have to get rid of your miseries. Nobody else will come to help you in this matter. Lord Gautam Buddha has given this beneficiary sermon to this world. He has tried to ignite the hidden humanity of peoples by introducing the principle of 'live and let live'. Because in absence of humanity, the word 'universal fraternity' has no meaning and the preaching of Gautam Buddha is full of humanity. This is the reason that the religion established by him got asylum in foreign countries since ancient times and maintained the position in today's time also. This is proved by the frequent conferences and seminars being organized in foreign countries. When an individual, society or nation seeks a luxurious and prosperous life for self and miseries and sorrows for neighbors then spark of disturbances are produced. This is malice. Apart from malice, the greed also keeps a man far from peaceful life. Both the above qualities or wickedness- greed and malice are found in imperialism. The imperialistic countries make subjugate to other countries by providing them military, ammunitions or by other means. They exploit other countries in different ways. The imperialistic feeling is the only cause of the disturbances in this world. Due to this in first and second World Wars around 500 million men, women and children were untimely got death.

1]. Asoka ka doosara tatha terahwa shilalekh, Divyavdan, p. 341/25.
[2]. Aryamanjushreemoolakalp, vol. 2/232/10-12.
[3]. Saddharmpundarika, 89/17.
[4]. Kalpalata, 47/17.
[5]. Nicholas, Concise History of Ceylon, Introduction, p. 7.
[6]. Mahavansh (Hindi Translation), pp. 65-66.
[7]. Op. cit.
[8]. Mahavansh (36-103).
[9]. Samudragupta.
[10]. Op. cit. p. 63.

Abstract: The aim of this study is site-selection optimal sites for bird watching to ecotourism and hospitality development in The International Qurigol wetland. The International Qurigol wetland which is located in East Azerbaijan province, (Tabriz) Iran, as an international wetland has been recorded in the RAMSAR Convention on 1975. About 132 bird species, live, breed and overwinter in this wetland. Wetlands are the best and most important places of living and breeding birds. By using multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods, GIS analysis by consideration of environmental conditions and different criteria, four optimal sites as the best and most appropriate place for construction Bird-sites in Qurigol wetland were selected. The spots is located in (N:37°55'17.44"- E: 46°41'34.57"), (N: 37°55'0.2" –E: 46°41'42.96"), (N: 37°54'32.13"- E: 46°41'52.63"), (N:37°54'39"- E: 46°42'13.08"),(N: 37°54'57.13-E: "46°42'18.65"). Planning and developing of Qurigol wetland ecotourism and hospitality with emphasis on bird watching, is a win – win cooperation and interaction between local community, Ecotourists and wetland ecosystems. The value of this research is that first time the done in this area and for international Qurigol wetland. The value of this research is for first time is done in this area and for international Qurigol wetland. There is no Brid watching site in wetland. This research can be a start for ecotourism and hospitality development studying before Implementation Phase.

Keywords: Bird watching, Ecotourism, Hospitality, International Qurigol wetland, MCDM, Rural development Article Classification: Research paper

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Abstract: In practice, an undue influence is an exceptional phenomenon in a transaction; however, the remedy for an undue influence is a very pertinent issue in every transaction. In the modern world, the forms of undue influence are very complex, thus, the types of remedy for this influence also vary from one transaction to another transaction under the Common Law Legal System. In this type of situation, a restitutionary remedy could be more appropriate rather than damage or a compensation for the claimant in a transaction, but in many cases the court usually refuses to grant a restitution resulting from an undue influence due to an ambiguity of the laws. As a result, the claimant is sometimes not provided with an adequate legal remedy for a possible unjust enrichment of the defendant as appropriate for the circumstance. On the other hand, a restitutionary right for an undue influence is also recognized in the Islamic law. According to the Islamic Legal Principles, an influencer is bound to restore the subject matter of the contract made under an undue influence. The focus of the research will be a restitutionary remedy for an undue influence exercised by the defendant at the expense of the plaintiff.
Keywords: Restitution, Unjust Enrichment, Remedy, Undue Influence, Islamic Legal Principles.

[1]. "Al-Quran." (n.d.).
[2]. Andrew Burrows, Ewan Mckendrick, James Edelman. Cases and Materials on the Law of Restitution. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2005
[3]. Bant, Elise. "Incapacity, Non Est Factum and Unjust Enrichment." Melbourne University Law Review (2009): 14.
[4]. Birks, Peter. An Introduction to the Law of Restitution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
[5]. Burrows, Andrew A. The Law of Restitution. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2011.
[6]. Burrows, Andrew. Restatement of the English Law of Unjust Enrichment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
[7]. Charless Mitchell, Paul Mitchell. Landmark Cases in the Law of Restitution. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006.
[8]. Fong, Cheong May. Civil remedies in Malaysia. Selangor: Sweet & Maxwell, 2007.

Abstract: The research has endeavoured to highlight the problems of the diglossic relationship of Shona and English in the teaching and learning situation in Zimbabwe secondary schools. It focused on how English as a high variety language has adversely affected the performance of learners writing 'O' level Shona examinations in Secondary school. The research also sought to confirm whether teachers and learners of Shona in Zimbabwe secondary schools look down upon their language and show negative attitude towards it.
Finally, the use of English in the teaching of Shona, the less hours allocated to Shona, the low esteem of Shona vis-à-vis the dominance of English and the association of English with social mobility impact on the attitude of students towards Shona as a subject. This linguistic attitude coupled with orthographic problems causes low passes in Shona at 'O' level. Hence, one proposes, language awareness campaigns, use of Shona in the teaching of practical criticism and grammar and that the government gives value to Shona and other African languages by making them a requirement as working languages for people employed in the public sector.
Keywords: Language planning, diglossic, language policy, medium of instruction, African languages.

[1]. Adegbija, E.1994. Language attitudes in sub-saharan African: A sociolinguistic overviews. Clevedon: Multi-lingual Matters.
[2]. Awoniyi, T. A.1982.The teaching of African Languages, London: Hodder and Stoughton.
[3]. Bamgbose, A. 1991. Language and the Nation: The language question in sub- saharan Africa. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
[4]. Bernstein, J. 1994. English and Shona in Zimbabwe‟. In World English. Vol. 13, 411-418.
[5]. Chapanga, E and Makamani, R. 2006. "Teaching Shona in English/Shona: ideological challenges and implications- whither UZ and MASU?‟ Zimbabwe Journal of Educational research, Volume 18 No3 p383-397.
[6]. Chimhundu, H. 1993. "The status of African Languages in Zimbabwe‟. SAPEM, October 1993, 57-59.
[7]. Chimhundu, H. 2002. Adoption and adaptation in Shona. Oslow: ALLEX project.
[8]. Chiwome, E. M. 1996. A social History of the Shona Novel. Effel Flats: Juta Zimbabwe Pvt Ltd.
[9]. Chiwome E. M.& Thondhalana J. 1989. "The teaching of Shona through the medium of Shona and English in High schools and at the University of Zimbabwe.‟ In Zambezia, 1989 xvi(ii).
[10]. Crystal, D. 1996. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Abstract: Good health is fundamental to a full and active life. It is the key to wealth and prosperity. Good health contributes directly to economic growth while poor health drives poverty. The right to health is considered directly in many international instruments including the World Health Organization. Every single country in the world is now a member of at least one of the many international instruments where health is treated as a human right. Sound health is a pre- condition to enjoy right to live peaceful. This right to health is guaranteed by the Federation Constitution of Malaysia. If anybody in Malaysia is deprived of enjoying his life then he can go to the court in order enforce his right. This paper aims at giving an overview of legal and regulatory framework of different international legal instruments and national laws of Malaysia relating to healthcare and shares the response of Malaysia Government in relation to the framework. Keywords: Health, Fundamental Rights, Human Rights, International Human Rights Instruments, World Health Organization, Laws of Malaysia.

[1]. Harding. Andrew. Constitutional landmarks in Malaysia: the first 50 years, 1957-2007. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan : Malayan Law Journal.(2007).
[2]. R.H. Hickling. An Introduction to the Federal Constitution. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Law Publishers. (1982).
[3]. Mohamed Salleh. Selected Articles & Speeches on Constitution, Law & Judiciary. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Law Publishers. (1984).
[4]. Kevin YL Tan & Thio Li-ann. Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore. (2nd Ed.). Singapore: Butterworths Press; (1997).
[5]. Abdul Aziz Bari. Malaysian Constitution: A Critical Introduction. The Other Press. (2003).
[6]. Nik Rosnah Wan Abdullah. Regulating the Private Health Sector in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaysia Press; (2005).
[7]. Puteri Nemie Jahn Kassim. Medical Negligence Law in Malaysia. Malaysia: Laser Press; Rev.2008
[8]. M.C Gupta. Health and Law: a Guide for Professionals and Activists. New Delhi: Kanishka Publication; (2002).
[9]. Detels, R,. Holland, W,. et al. Oxford Textbook of Public Health.(3rd Ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.(1997).
[10]. Mohammad Naqib Ishan Jan. Principles of Public International Law: A Modern Approach. Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press; (2008).

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of using indigenous languages in formal education in Zimbabwe. The study also investigated the opinions and attitudes of primary school teachers toward teaching science using an indigenous language. Qualitative data was collected using twenty classroom observations and interviews with ten purposely selected primary school teachers. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis. The findings revealed institutional and attitudinal barriers to using Shona as a language of instruction in Mathematics teaching and learning. The results also showed that some teachers frustrate and silence students' voices by preferring to use the English-only discourse in their teaching. When it came to using an indigenous language (Shona) as the only medium of instruction in teaching and learning, lack of learning materials, education language policies, attitudes of teachers and administrators were found to be barriers to the proposition. Changes in language policy, production of indigenous learning resources and transformation of teacher education curriculum were some of the recommended solutions required to promote indigenous languages as media of instruction for science education and schooling in general.

Keywords: language planning, medium of instruction, African language, language barriers,

[1]. Adegbija, E. 1994. Language attitudes in sub-Saharan Africa: A sociolinguistic overview. Clavedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.
[2]. Atkinson N (1972). Educational Co-operation in the Commonwealth: An Historical Study. Series in Education. Occasional Paper No. 1 (1972). Salisbury: University of Rhodesia, p. 265.
[3]. Bamgbose, A. 1991. Language and the Nation: The language question in sub- saharan Africa. Edinburg: Edinburg University Press.
[4]. Chimhundu, H. 1992. "Standard Shona Myth and Reality‟ in Democratically speaking International Perspectives on language Planning, Vigel, T. Crawhall (editor). National Language Project, Salt River. 7924. Republic of South Africa.
[5]. Chimhundu, H. 1993."The status of African Languages in Zimbabwe‟. SAPEM, October 1993, 57-59.
[6]. Chimhundu, H. 1998."Keynote address of the Zimbabwe delegation to the experts meeting of the intergovernmental Conference on African Language policies.‟ Harare: March 17-21. Chivhanga, E. 2008
[7]. The diglossic relationship between Shona and English languages in Zimbabwean secondary schools. Pretoria: Unisa.
[8]. Chiwome, E. M. 1996. A social History of the Shona Novel. Effel Flats: Juta Zimbabwe Pvt Ltd.
[9]. Chiwome E. M.& Thondhalana J. 1992. "Sociolinguistics and education: a survey concerning attitudes on the teaching of Shona through the media of shona and English.‟ In R. K. Herbert (ed) Language and Society in Africa. (P247-263) Cape town: South Africa.
[10]. Chiwome E. M.& Thondhalana J. 1989. "The teaching of Shona through the medium of Shona and English in High schools and at

Abstract: The aim of this research was measure of proving social capital components at the high schools Izeh city. Method of research was a descriptive and statistical community was including all of the teachers of high school course in Izeh city which were 452 people. The bulk of statistical sample using Karjis and Morgan table was obtained 207 people but returned questionnaires were 191 questionnaires. The method of classical random sampling was proportional to the statistical community of female and male teachers. The tools of measuring were a social capital questionnaire including 35 items based on SCAT model. Contextual reliability using Kandal coefficient 0.65 was obtained and reliability of the questionnaire was obtained by Alpha coefficient of Cronbach 0.83. To analyze data, the statistical methods of one_ variable t and multivariable variance analysis were used. The results were indicated in point of view of teachers, trust, cooperation, commitment, reciprocal relations, attitudes, integration, social norms components were proved in the high schools of Izeh city and this finding was significant as statistical aspect. Results showed that in the view of teachers trust, cooperation, commitment, reciprocal relations, attitudes, integration, and social norms of social capital proved in high schools of Izehcounty and this finding was significant statistically

Keywords: social capital, teachers, high school

1]. Abdolbaghi,alimohammad.(2007) .social capital development in shade of trust.article collection of social capital and development conference.Tehran:specialized conferences office and international affairs.
[2]. Alvani,SeyedMohammad.(1999).role of management in production and development of social capital.Tadbir publication.no 100
[3]. Bicker, et al .(2003). social capital management;efficient policy in human resource management.Management and development.No 19
[4]. Beikzadehghalejogh,Shahram(2007) study of relation between social capital and personnel performance (case studying,bank mellat branch) m.a thesis Islamic Azad university,science and researcher unit
[5]. Fokoyama,f.(2000).order ends (social capital and its maintenance).Tavasoli translation.Tehran:Iranian society publication.
[6]. Hasan Pour,Nader. (1388). study of relation between social capital and mental welfare among socialwelfare and social provision ministry.M.a thesis in Tehran University
[7]. Kavosi,elahe.(2006).designation and social capital measurement pattern presentation.M.a thesis,Islamic as ad university,sciences and research branch
[8]. Shirvani, Ali.(2003). the influence of governmental organizational section on social capital.phd thesis Islamic AzadUniversity,sciences and research branch
[9]. Sharepor, Mohammad and hoseinirad, Ali (2008) study of relation between social capital and sport participation (case studying of 15-29 citizens of Babel)Harkat publication, no 37, page 131-153
[10]. Salehihicoi,mahdiye. (2005). study of relation between social capital network and mutual trust between individual and gender.M.a thesis,Azahra University

Abstract: Textbooks perform a very significant role in language teaching. In recent years controversial debates have been arisen throughout the ELT profession on importance of textbook in teaching English as a foreign or second language. Arguments have encompassed concerning the potential limitations experienced in using the textbook for guiding students through the procedure of learning as well as expectations of the teachers who are enrolled in teaching. Other primordial issues come into consideration recently, which include textbook design in response to its practicality and methodological validity and the role of textbooks in terms of authenticity of language and materials, needs analysis, condition of SLA and cultural components. The authentic evaluation of a text book is necessary for curriculum design and materials development. Otherwise the purpose of teaching is obstructed. This paper confidently focuses on the acute importance of pre evaluation of textbooks and its possible limitations in order to construct an effective SLA classroom. It will discuss and describe the intricate and complex evaluation procedure that had been done on Headway in context of English as SLA, and the purpose of this evaluative research project is to determine and establish the overall pedagogical validity and appropriateness of the book in terms of its specific language teaching program.

Keywords- Achievement, Evaluation, Motivation, Material Development, SLA

[1]. Hutchinson, T. and E. Torres. 1994. 'The Textbook as Agent of Change'. ELT Journal. Volume 48/4.
[2]. Sheldon, L. 1988. 'Evaluating ELT Textbooks and Materials'. ELT Journal. Volume 42/2.
[3]. Haycroft, J. 1998. An Introduction To English Language Teaching. Longman.
[4]. Richards, J. and T. Rodgers. 1996. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press.
[5]. Cunningsworth, A 1995. Choosing Your Coursebook. Heinemann. Yule, G., T. Matthis, and M. Hopkins. 1992. 'On Reporting What Was Said'. ELT Journal. Volume 46/3.
[6]. Ellis, R. 1992. Second Language Acquisition and Language Pedagogy. Multilingual Matters.
[7]. Ellis, R. 1997. 'The Empirical Evaluation of Language Teaching Materials'. ELT Journal. Volume 51/1.
[8]. Canale, M. and M. Swain. 1980. 'Theoretical bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing'. Applied Linguistics. Vol. 1.
[9]. Allwright, R. 1982. 'What Do We Want Teaching Materials For?' ELT Journal. Volume 36/1.
[10]. Alptekin, C. 1993. 'Target-Language Culture in EFL Materials'. ELT Journal. Vol. 47.

Abstract: This work examines liberalism in relation to communalvalues in Africa. The papershows that there are indispensable basic social values in African tradition that aregermane todevelopment. The proponents of liberalism have attempted, on the one, to jettison these core values andto replace them with ideals that do not fit the African society. This paper argues that basicAfrican values are indispensible and they presuppose that Africa has a value system that is in consonance with her environment and conditions, and any attemptsto displace it will pull the society backwards. These values are the guiding principles for genuine development which must remain indispensable to the Western values of individualism.

Key words: Development,Individualism, communal values, Liberalism, Society,Tradition.

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Abstract: In one breath, the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria of 1999as amended recognizes the Local Government system as constituting a tier of government different from the Federal Government and the States Governments, thereby giving the impression of Nigeria as having a three-tier government; while in another breath, it devolves power only to the Federal and States Governments. This latter standing defeats the realization of the perfect ideals of true federalism. As it is presently, the Constitution recognizes the Local Government as an arm of government which maintains an account based on received allocation from the Federation Account and which office holders occupy offices based on being validly elected to those offices. The way forward, therefore, is to amend the said Constitution in order to provide a legal template on which the mission of getting the local government as an autonomous federating micro-unit will be accomplished.

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Abstract: Islam as a comprehensive religion, it molds our way of life comprehensively from the religious activities to the business activities. Muslims are required to abide the Islamic teachings in their private lives as well as dealing with public. When the business dealings are examined, the top corporate players monitor the management of the company and these players are in turn observed the best corporate governance practices and guidelines issued by the respective regulators. From the conventional perspective, these guidelines are developed based on the theories developed by the prior researchers using their rational thinking and learning from the past experiences. In Islam, it is believed that human being has limited knowledge and thus, their theories founded on rational thinking might not be comprehensive and valid unless it combines with the revealed knowledge. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine whether the prevailing corporate governance theories such as transaction cost theory, political theory and resource dependency theory are in line with Shari'ah. It has been found out that none of them are completely in line with Islamic teachings. Thus, this paper suggests the regulators which allow the activities of Islamic finance should revisit their existing conventional corporate governance principles to ensure that they are in line with MaqasidShari'ah and applicable to the needs of the Islamic finance industry.
Keywords: Corporate governance theory, political theory, resource dependency theory, Shari'ah and Transaction cost theory.

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[3] Badulescu, D., &Badulescu, A. Theoretical Background of Corporate Governance (I), Annals of the Oradea University, Fascicle of Management and Technological, (2008). [4] Williamson, O. E., The Mechanisms of Governance,(New York: Free Press, Macmillan1998).

[5] Williamson, O. E. The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach. The American Journal of Sociology, 1981,548-577

[6] Pound, J., The rise of the political model of corporate governance and corporate control. New York University Law Review, 68 (5),1993, 1003–71.

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[8] Vives, X, "Banking and Regulation in Emerging Markets", The World Bank Research Observers, 21, 2, 2006, 179-206. .

[9] Vives Xavier ed, Corporate Governance: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives, (Cambridge: CUP, 2006.

[10] Roe, M.J. Political Determinants of Corporate Governance: Political Context, Corporate Impact. Oxford, (Oxford University Press, 2003).

Abstract: Many traditional forms of Chinese art are facing the risk of becoming extinct. Few people are willing to inherit old, folk craftsmanship due to its hidden nature. Given my passion for Chinese traditional arts, I investigated embroidery's uniqueness and its critical role in China's art history and Cultural Revolution at Hunan Embroidery Research Institute. While traveling to rural towns where Hunan embroidery originated, I interviewed local folk artists. This paper focuses on the role that people's traditional cultural values play in the survival and uniqueness of Hunan embroidery, and the transforming power of modern industrial revolution on the economic status of Chinese folk arts now and in the future. The goal is to raise people's awareness about the importance of appreciating and perpetuating their cultural heritage after examining the status of Human embroidery in today's Chinese society.

Keywords: Hunan embroidery, needlework, Chinese ink painting, Chinese politics, Sino-Japanese War, Cultural Revolution, Mao-Ze-Dong, Western oil painting, market status

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