IOSR-JHSS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Local Economic Development in East Java
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Jumadi, M. Pudjiharjo, Ghozali Maski, Moh. Khusaini
	:	10.9790/0837-1310107

Abstract: This research aims at investigating and analyzing the impact of implementation of fiscal decentralization on local economic development in East Java. This study uses panel data across districts and cities in East Java Province, which consists of 29 districts and 9 cities in 2007- 2010. The data used, including direct expenditures and indirect expenditures, capital expenditures, grants (DAU, DAK and DBH), education index, health index, index of purchasing power, long road, electricity ratio, and economic growth, as well as other data that support this research. This research was conducted by using SEM to identify the effect of fiscal decentralization, human development, physical development and input factors on economic growth. Results of this study indicate that there is a significant and positive effect between Fiscal Decentralization on Human Development; Fiscal Decentralization on Physical Development; Human Development on Local Economic Growth; Physical Development to Local Economic Growth, and Input Factors on Local Economic Growth. In addition, this study also showed a negative effect between Fiscal Decentralization on Local Economic Growth.

Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, Local Economic Development, Human Development, Physical Development, Factor Inputs, Local Economic Growth.

[1] Akai, Nobuo, et all, Complementarity, Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth, Economics of Governance, Heidelberg, 8 (4), 2007, 339.
[2] Barro. Robert J and Sala-i-Martin. Economic Growth (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995).
[3] Baskaran. Thushyanthan., and Feld Lars P. Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: Is There a Relationship?, CESifo Workifo Paper, 2009, 2721.
[4] Bird, R. M, Threading the Fiscal Labyrinth: Some Issues in Fiscal Decentralization, National Tax Journal, 46 (3), 1993, 207-227.
[5] Bloom, David E, David Canning and Jaypee Sevilla, The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: A Production Function Approach. Elsevier Ltd: World Development, 32 (1), 2004, 1–13.
[6] Chowdhury, Shyamal et, all, Governance Decentralization and Local Infrastructure Provision in Indonesia. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009, IFPRI Discussion Paper 00902.
[7] Davoodi, Hamid, and Heng-fu Zou.. Fiscal Decentralization and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Study. Journal of urban Economics, vol 43, 1998.
[8] Eaton, K, Political Obstacles to Decentralization: Evidence from Argentina and the Philippines, Development and Change, vol. 32, 2001, 101-127.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Language and Ideology in Chimamanda Adichie's Purple Hibiscus.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Lawal M. Olusola, Lawal, Fatai Alabi
	:	10.9790/0837-1310816

Abstract:Exclusive and unique set of words, in language, are imperative and indispensable on occasions when serious and "deep meaning" discussions are made. Ideology, on the other hand, cannot be separated from language for the two are intertwined. The major focus in this work is to examine how special and unique language use has assisted Adichie in her Purple Hibiscus to exhibit and address the aspect of the ideological configurations of gender and power. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's magnum opus, Purple Hibiscus, ranks among the recent literary texts that is permeated with preponderance of exclusive ideological expressions and a lot of other literary and linguistic apparatus. In this study, we shall examine the special language use and their underlying ideologies in the novel. The study uses the critical discourse analysis (C D A) which is a remarkable development of discourse analysis (DA) in an attempt to put the language use in proper view. In other words, the study shall make an exploration into the synergy and interconnectedness that are operative between the language use and ideology in Adichie's debut; an area which has not been rigorously pursued or had been understudied by linguistic scholars.

Keywords : Purple Hibiscus, Magnum opus, Ideology, Gender, Power.

[1] Tannen, D.1987. That‟s not what I meant. London: Dent Reiss (eds) Contemporary theories about the family. Vol. 1:295-316 New York: the Frex press

[2] Lakoff, R. 1975, Language and woman‟s place. Harper and Row publishers.

[3] Croates, J.1986. Women, men and language London, Longman.

[4] Van Dijk, T. A. 1995. Discourse, Semantics and Ideology. In Discourse Society. Sage. Vol. 6. (2) 243-289.

[5] Fairclough, N. (1995). Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Longman.

[6] Sol saporta, "The Application of Linguistics to the Study of Poetic Language" Style In Language (Cambridge: the M.I.T press, 1960) p.86.

[7] Nils Erik Enkist, "On Defining Style", Linguistics and Style (London, 1965), p. 12.

[8] Bmidele, L.O. 2008, "Literature and Sociology‟.Ibadan,Sterlinng-Horden publishers(Nig). [9] Anyokwu, C.2009,Postmordern Gothic and Chimanda Adichie‟s "Purple Hibiscus‟. In Papers in English and Linguistics Vol.10, 2009.Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

[10] Fairclough, N. 2001a. Language And Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effectiveness of Roleplay in Enhancing Speaking Skills of Tertiary Level Learners
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. Shyamala Bharathy
	:	10.9790/0837-1311719

Abstract: The changeover from the existing methodology of talk and chalk approach for language acquisition to technology driven approaches in the educational setup is recommended for improving language skills especially speaking skills. Though technical skills are important, a diagnostic test is conducted on speaking in English for the purpose of placement. Recruiters require candidates to possess excellent communication skills to adapt to international scenario. Therefore communication skills laboratory was introduced to enable task based language learning thereby equipping the student with the required speaking skills. This paper discusses the importance of speaking skills for the technical student and brings forth an analytical perception of how role play emerges as a successful task based learning for all the four skills.

1]. Poorman, P. B. (2002), Biography and role-playing: fostering empathy in abnormal psychology. Teaching of Psychology, 29(1), 32-36.
[2]. Jones, K. (1982). Simulations in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Teahan, J. E. (1975). Role playing and group experiences to facilitate attitude and value changes. Journal of Social Issues, 31(1), 35-45.
[4]. Joyce, B. & Weil, M. (Eds.). (2000). Models of teaching. Boston. Allyn and Bacon.
[5]. Teahan, J. E. (1975). Role playing and group experiences to facilitate attitude and value changes. Journal of Social Issues, 31(1), 35-45.
[6]. Lori Jarvis. et al,2002, Role-Playing as a Teaching Strategy, CPU McGregor, J. (1993). Effectiveness of role-playing and anti-racist teaching in reducing student prejudice. Journal of Educational Research, 86(4), 215-226.
[7]. Nunan, David. 2004, Task-based language teaching, CUP Krashen, Stephen D. Principles and Practice in second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International,1987.
[8]. Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning.
[9]. Prentice-Hall International,1988.
[10]. Gardner and Miller .1999,Establishing self access: Theory to practice, CUP.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Teaching Culture in EFL: Implications, Challenges and Strategies
Country	:	Saudi Arabia
Authors	:	Murshed Haider Choudhury
	:	10.9790/0837-1312024

Abstract: Language and culture have an inextricable and interdependent relationship. Learning a foreign language without learning the culture can only produce a "fluent fool," that is someone who speaks the language well but does not understand the social or philosophical context in which it exists. In this era of technology, globalization, immigration and mass media, it is even more imperative for EFL teachers to equip students with high level of intercultural communicative competence. This paper addresses some challenges faced by EFL teachers while teaching target culture and reinforces importance of incorporating culture in teaching English as Foreign Language and suggests how and which components of culture should be taught.

Keywords - culture, EFL, intercultural communication

[1] I. Krasner, The role of culture in language teaching, Dialog on Language Instruction, 13(1-2), 1999, 79-88.
[2] M. Byram, Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997).
[3] B. Kachru, The other tongue: English across cultures (USA: University of Illinois Press, 1992).
[4] C. Kramsch, Language and culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
[5] A. J. Liddicoat, L. Papademetre, A. Scarino, and M. Kohler, Report on intercultural language learning (Canberra ACT: Commonwealth of Australia, 2003).
[6] E. Hinkel, Culture in second language teaching and learning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
[7] H. H. Brown, Principles and language learning and teaching, 4th ed. (White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000).
[8] N. Brooks, The analysis of foreign and familiar cultures, in R. Lafayette (Ed.), The culture revolution in foreign language teaching (Skokie, Illinois: National Textbook Company, 1975).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Showcasing Nigeria through the Home Videos
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Alawode, Sunday Olayinka , Sunday, Uduakobong
	:	10.9790/0837-1312533

Abstract: Despite the diverse potentials and opportunities available in Nigeria and with Nigerians, there seems to be lack of effective medium or mechanism to project them attractively to the world. The home video phenomenon being an emergent and celebrated art is a veritable and accessible means of communication which can be pivotal towards showcasing Nigeria to the world through its offerings. The need to showcase is further contingent on the increasing maltreatment of the Nigerian citizens outside its shore due to the country's negative image and/or perception by the misinformed. With the realization that home video has been widely acclaimed as being watched and appreciated all over the world, this study based on Agenda- setting as theoretical framework through content analyzing of fifty (50) video films televised by television stations in Lagos and Africa Magic (cable network) sought to determine how the film makers have showcased Nigeria through portrayals and representations in the home videos. The result reveals that the film producers extensively project the nation's traditional societies with applicable cultures, beliefs, lifestyles, values, norms, dressing and sometimes languages, amongst other things. They have also done a great deal to show Nigerians as very religious people with diverse kinds of persuasions.The lifestyle and attitudes of Nigerians in urban settings as they portray are often flawed with exaggerations of flamboyance, affluence and elegance. Other kinds of exaggerations are in their exposition of corruption, violence, ritualism, thuggery and hooliganism as well as witchcraft, occultism/cultism and other kinds of fetish acts amongst others. Very little is done in the home videos to showcase the nation's natural resources, agricultural produce, mineral resources, monumental and historical centres and settings, tourist centres and attraction as well as the nation's flags , currencies, coat of arm to mention but a few.The impacts and efficacy of offerings of the home videos, being a medium for showcasing the nation and its people would be evidenced in the responses and attitudes towards Nigeria, its products and services as well as its people.
Key Words: Home Video, Portrayals, Representation,Showcasing

[1]. Adenugba, Olushola Oladele (2007),'Culture as an aspect of film aesthetic‟ filminnigeria: a blog on Nigerian film industry
[2]. Adenugba, Olushola Oladele(2007), "The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry‟ filminnigeria: a blog on Nigerian film industry
[3]. Adenugba, Olushola Oladele (2007), "Motion picture and the Nigerian image‟ filminnigeria: a blog on Nigerian film industry
[4]. Akande, V. (2010), Hazy Pictures: The Arts, Business and politics of the Nigerian Motion Picture industry, Ibadan: Kraft Books Ltd
[5]. Akeh, K. (2008),The Movie Industry in Nigeria, Nigeria: Speedy Prints Ltd
[6]. Ekwuazi, Hyginus, (1991), "The Communicative Import of film in National Development" in Unoh, Solomon (ed) (1991), Tropical Issues in Communication Arts, Uyo: Modern Business Press
[7]. Folarin, B. (1998), Theories of Mass Communication: An introductory Text, Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers (Nig) Ltd
[8]. Gauntlett, David, (2002), Media, Gender and Identity: An introduction, London: Routledge
[9]. Hamley, Katherine, (undated), Media Use in Identity Construction, www. Aber.ac.uk/media/students/kl9802
[10]. Haynes, J (2005), "Nollywood: What is in a name?‟ nollywood.net Nigeria& African film makers, July 2004

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rationalists' Concept of Mental Activity: The Cartesian Example
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Francis Israel Minimah
	:	10.9790/0837-1313444

Abstract: The philosophical criticisms of the last two centuries have prosecuted a very searching analysis of the cognitive capacity of the human mind to know if there is a real world outside the mind. With the transition to the modern period, there was enormous transformation in the conception of thinking and knowing. Philosophers of some certain persuasions began to set the philosophical agenda to understand the objective world based on the foundations of rationalism. These philosophers have insisted that the human mind naturally possess innate ideas, principles or capacity to know things independent of sense – experience. Given these antecedence, this paper extrapolates the rationalists' concept of mind using the Cartesian example as a case study1. It argues that for Descartes, the deliverances of external objects by the senses are deceptive and cannot lead us to the true knowledge of things. For him, the human mind possesses the modalities of thought and has at its disposal certain innate principles produced by the mechanism of reasoning that lead to our knowledge of the world. His attempt to investigate the cognitive activities of the subject as the key source of understanding the objective universe opens the door to the development of an epistemology that sees the mind as a 'productive' process. In this way, Descartes' theory of mind and consciousness represents a move away from the investigation of reality (the structures, categories of reality/object) as conceived by classical philosophers to the investigation of the knowing process (the structures, categories of the knowing process/subject) as initiated by modern philosophers.

[1]. The term Cartesian is from the Latin word "Cartesius‟. It is often used as a nickname for Descartes‟ philosophy. In the seventeenth century Descartes‟ writings were published in Latin the official language used during this period.
[2]. Robert Pasnau, Theories of Cognition in the Later Middle Ages (New York: Cambridge University Press), 1997, p.9
[3]. "Considera igitur hanem trium potentiarum operations et habitudines, et videre poteris Deum per te tanquam per imaginem, quo est videre per speculum in aenigmate" ( itinerarium mentis in Deum III, 1)
[4]. "Ipsum enim lumen intellectual quod est in nobis, nihil est aliud quam qaedam participate similitude luminis increate" (ST 1a 84.5C).
[5]. W.T. Jones, A History of Western Philosophy, Vol III (Hobbes to Hume) 2nd ed., Revised (New-York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1952, p. xix
[6]. Jones, A History of Western Philosophy, Vol III (Hobbes to Hume) 2nd ed., Revised, p. 115
[7]. Laurence BonJour, In Defense of Pure Reason, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 1998, pp. 15 – 16
[8]. Richard H. Popkin et al, The History of Skepticism From Erasmus to Descartes, (New – York: Har per & Row) 1968, p. 189
[9]. A. J. Ayer, The Problems of Knowledge. (Londom: Penguin Books) 1956, p.54
[10]. W.T. Hamlyn, The Theory of Knowledge. (London: Macmillan Press), 1970, p. 88

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Vernacular Publishing: The Nigerian Experience
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ashaver, Doosuur
	:	10.9790/0837-1314549

Abstract: The paper treats vernacular publishing: The Nigerian Experience. It gives a succinct definition of vernacular, and publishing thereby arriving at vernacular publishing as the ability of making known to the public. Announcing to the public the available literature in the indigenous languages and the dialect of a region or a particular country – Nigeria. The importance of vernacular publishing, the prospect which highlights the foundation already existing in Nigerian languages on which vernacular publishing can be easily built. The problems of vernacular publishing in Nigeria which is basically rooted in the multi-linguistic nature of the country. Secondly, tonal nature of Nigerian languages where dialectical signs must be inserted and this makes it difficult for printers to carry out. Suggestions are made to improve vernacular publishing that, teachers and the government should do everything possible to revive and improve on terminologies in our vernacular and encourage the teaching of vernacular at least in the primary school level. Parents can also help by introducing the child to the mother-tongue first before any foreign language. Churches can come in by improving on vernacular publishing.

[1]. ADA, N.A. (2005) The Need for the Use of Indigenous Language as a Medium of Instruction for Primary Science: A Basis for Technological Take Off. Being a Paper presented at the School of Languages Seminar, College of Education, Katsina-Ala.
[2]. AKO, G.A. (2005) The English Language Syllabus in Nigerian Colleges of Education, with Specific Reference to the College of Education, Katsina-Ala. A paper presented at the School of Languages Week, College of Education, Katsina-Ala.
[3]. Elbow, P.(2012) Vernacular Eloquence: what speech can bring to writing. Oxford university press.htt://www.grammer.about.com/od/tz/vernacularterm.htm. retrieved 02/05.2013
[4]. Iwu, J. J. (2010) Problems of books publishing industry in Nigeria: The Onibonje Publishers Experience after 50 Years. Publication of the Pacific Northwest Library Association.
[5]. Adejoke L. A. (2001). Indigenous Publishing in Nigeria: problems and prospects. In folarin, B. (ed) Tropical Issues inCommunication arts and sciences, I, Ibadan: Bakinfol Publications.
[6]. Altbachi, P. G. (2000) Tefera, D. (ed) Publishing in African Languages challenges and prospect Chestnut Hill, Belingo Publishing network.
[7]. Obidiko, N. M. and Publishing in Nigerian Languages: Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Institute for Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Aba Campus. http:www.inlan.edu.ng. vol.2 No. 2.
[8]. Emenanjo E. N. (2007) Language Policies and Cultural Identities: A global survey in Ozo-Mekuri Ndinele (ed): Convergence: English and Nigerian Languages. A festschrift for Munzali A. Jubril. Port Harcourt: and J. Grand Orbit Communication and Emhai press.
[9]. Finegan E. (2004). Language: Its structure and use. United State: Thomson Wadsworth.
[10]. Hannett, J.( 2010) Bibliopegia: or the Art of Bookbinding, in all its Branches. Cambridge library collections: printing and publishing history ,Cambridge university press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Curbing the Cultural Practices of Wife Inheritance and Polygamy through Information Dissemnation in Benue State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ashaver Doosuur, Agada Samson Arome
	:	10.9790/0837-1315054

Abstract: The present study investigated information dissemination as a tool for curbing the twin cultural practices of wife inheritance and polygamy in Benue state of Nigeria . A total number of 4500 participants ( 2250 men and 2250 women) were drawn in equal number from each of the three senatorial zones in the state for the study. Using a structured questionnaire and simple random sampling techniques, data were collected and analyzed. Independent t-test statistics was used to test the study hypothesis. The result revealed that, (1) there was no significant difference in the perceptions of men and women on polygamous marriages as a mode of Hiv/aids transmission in the state. (ii) There was a significant difference between men and women on the perception of wife inheritance as a mode of Hiv transmission in the state with the men being more aware of the practice of wife inheritance in this regard than the women. It was suggested that, library and information practitioners, having the responsibility of information dissemination, storage and retrieval must go beyond the walls of the library to expose to the average Benue woman the dangers behind these cultural practices, that women should be more proactive to empowering their selves than depending solely on the men. While this is done, it is expected that these cultural practices will gradually go into extinct.

[1]. Asa, U.J (2006) Curbing Traditional Practices for the removal of the Risk of HIV/AIDS and other communicable disease. A paper presented at a seminar on "The effect of human trafficking and violence Against women and youths in the society" organized by the ministry for local government and Chieftaincy affairs in conjunction with touch consultants held at the conference hall of Our Lady of Perpetual Help Cathedral, Makurdi.
[2]. Ape, R (2012) meeting Health information needs of people with HIV/AIDS through public library services in Benue state. A PhD thesis; University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
[3]. Benue State Agency for the Control of HIV /AIDS (2008). HIV/AIDS modes of transmission in Benue State. Makurdi BENSACA Ante-Natal Care survey (2005). National HIV/Syphihis. Abuja Federal Ministry of Health.
[4]. Medel-anonuevo, O. (1997) Learning Gender Justice, the challenge for Adult Education in the 21st century. Journal of Adult Education and Development 49, 81-90.
[5]. National POPULATION commission (2006). National Demographic and population census. Abuja national population commission.
[6]. Niger, B. (2012) The three reasons for polygamy. In, the human beast.www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the human beast/201210/the-three-reason-polygamy. Retrieved 26/04/13.
[7]. Omanze,O.U. and Ibene,S.K.(2011) obstacles to provision and use of development information in rural communities in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and Practice. http://.www.uidaho.edu/-mbolin/lpp.html. retrieved 23/04.13.
[8]. Sudha,S (2003). women and HIV/AIDS. New Delhi; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Limited.
[9]. UNAIDS (2004) Report on the global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS.
[10]. Yahya, ,I.H. (2009). Information Services for Rural Community Development. Library Philosophy and Practice. http://.www.uidaho.edu/-mbolin/lpp.html. retrieved 23/04.13.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impact of Global Crisis in Present Scenario: A Practical Study of Corporate Recruitment and Selection Process in India.
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Madhavaiah Upati
	:	10.9790/0837-1315559

Abstract: It is evidently clear that Indian corporate industry has gone through several stages like production centric, service centric and now employee centric which may not be the same in future. It has also been experiencing several changes in terms of pooling the right talent. It need further required skill set in order to achieve efficient and effective operations to perform the assigned task skillfully. Apparently, this is how the role of H.R Department has become highly pivotal in business organizations run by effectively and mind mapping the skills and aspirations of the employees. Having identified and getting experienced with current recruitment and selecting process, this paper throws a light on Indian corporate industry at present. However, strategies and approaches in attracting the right talent and the ongoing processes of recruitment and selection coupled with retaining strategies.

Key Words: Employee Centric, Pool, Right Talent, Efficient, Pivotal, Strategies & Retaining.

[1] Armstrong, M (2009), Handbook of HRM practice, Kogan Page, London and Philadelphia. [2] Article published by DECCAN HERALD News paper (11/6/13)
[3] http://www.deccanherald.com/content/133284/it-companies-logging-high-growth.html. [3] Human Factor Monthly magazine published by IIPM (A PLANMAN MEDIA –IIPM THINK TANK PUBLICATION)
[4] http://www.moneycontrol.com/annual-report/tataconsultancyservices/directors-report/TCS#TCS
[5] http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/enterprise-rent-a-car/recruitment-and-selection-at-enterprise-rent-a-car/introduction.html#axzz2Vt4XUXd7
[6] http://hr.ucr.edu/recruitment/guidelines/proces s.html
[7] http://www.slideshare.net/ramanraman/us-recession-and-its-impact-on-indian-economy
[8] http://www.scribd.com/
[9] http://www.dipity.com/

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Artistic and Creative Paradigms of Oral Narrative Performances: The Relevance of the Bakor Song Composer to His Contemporary Milieu
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Francis Mowing Ganyi , Idom Tom Inyabri
	:	10.9790/0837-1316573

Abstract: Performance has been recognized as the bedrock of Oral Literature thus contextual performance situations become the best avenues for the appropriate assessment and analysis of pre-literate traditions and their artistic endowments. In the past, Oral performances of the so-called pre-literate societies were erroneously classified as fossils and lacking artistic or aesthetic appeal. This paper, therefore, attempts an assessment of Bakor Song compositions within their contextual performance situations with a view, not only to bring out the artistic and creative potential of the artists but also to portray the contemporary relevance of the artists and their compositions

Key words: Artistry; Aesthetics; Creativity; Song composition; Contemporary relevance.

[1]. Bascom, William (1955) verbal Art. Journal of American Folklore No. 68.
[2]. Casalis, T (1965) "From Oral to written literature in I. Schapera (ed) praise poems of the Tswana Chiefs. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
[3]. Chukwuma, Helen (1994) Igbo Literature: Theory and Tradition. Abak: Belpot Publishers.
[4]. Dathorne, O.R. (1974) The Black Mind: A History of African Literature. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press.
[5]. Diawara, Mamadou (1994) "Production and Reproduction: The Mande oral popular culture revisited by electronic media". M.publishing, University of Michigan Library.
[6]. Finnegan, Ruth (1970) Oral literature in Africa. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
[7]. Finnegan, Ruth (1979) Oral Poetry: It's Nature, Significance and social context. Cambridge: Cambridge University. Press.
[8]. Friedman, A . B (1961) "The Formulaic Improvisation Theory of Ballad Tradition-a counterstatement." Journal of American Folklore No 74.
[9]. Ganyi, Francis M. (1987) "in- performance Composition in Bakor Song Texts: A view of the Parry-Lord oral formulaic Theory and African literature. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books ltd.
[10]. Gizelis, Gregory (1973) "A neglected aspect of creativity of Folklore performers". Journal of American Folklore Vol. 86, No. 340.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Socio-economic and Gender aspects of Arsenicosis - A Case Study in Rural West Bengal (India).
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Abhijit Das
	:	10.9790/0837-1317483

Abstract: With an aim to study the impacts of social as well as demographic factors of arsenicosis, a total number of 200 respondents have been interviewed on the basis of a structured questionnaire in arsenic affected rural areas under Murshidabad district of West Bengal. Using Logistic regression model it has been observed that respondents' income, age, gender and education play a significant role in augmenting or lowering this risk. The most significant finding of this study is that the worst affected of the arsenic- related disease is the poor male working groups mainly belong to agricultural activities. There exists significant poverty and gender related differences in access to health care for arsenicosis. Gender discrimination was also reflected through expenditure on medical treatment. The findings of this study may help the policymakers and planners at the national level to determine the target population for prevention and treatment in public health programmes.

Key words: Arsenicosis, Socio-demographic factors, Gender aspect, Logistic regression model, Murshidabad district.

[1]. B. Cvjetanovic, Health effects and impact of water supply and sanitation, World Health Statistics Quarterly. 39(1), 1986, 105-117.
[2]. Water Aid, Drinking water quality in rural India: issues and approaches, Drinking water quality background paper. Available at http://www.wateraid.org/documents/ plugin_documents/drinking_water.pdf. Viewed on 10 January, 2011.
[3]. K.C Saha, Malignancy in Arsenicosis, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Control of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater, Public Health Engineering Department, Government of West Bengal during 5-6 January at Kolkata, India, 2000, 195-199.
[4]. Census of India (2001): Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (http:// www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx). Viewed on 17th February, 2011.
[5]. Report of National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), New Delhi Under the aegis of: Ministry of Water Resources Government of India New Delhi, 2010.
[6]. B. Das, Investigation for Safe Water Options in Groundwater Arsenic Contaminated Rural and Urban Settlements in Lower Ganga Plain, doctoral dissertation, Jadavpur University, 2010.
[7]. A. Hadi and R Parveen, Arsenicosis in Bangladesh: Prevalence and socio-economic correlates", Public Health, 118, 2004, 559-564.
[8]. M. Hossain and R Islam, Arsenicosis in rural areas of Bangladesh: Socio-demographic Correlation", Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 2(9), 2009, 231-234.
[9]. S A I Mahmood and A K Halde, The Socio-economic impact of Arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh", Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 3(3), 2011, 65-73.
[10]. D. Das, G Samanta, B K Mandal, T R Chowdhury, C R Chanda, P P Chowdhury, G K Basu, D Chakraborti, Arsenic in Groundwater in six districts of West Bengal, India: biggest calamity in the world", Environ Development health, 18,1996, 5-15.