IOSR-JHSS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-2 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: Higher education systems have changed all over the world, but not all have changed in the similar ways. Even though system expansion and massification have been universal themes, there have been system-specific changes as well. It is these changes that have an important impact on academic work and on the opinions of the staff that work as higher educators. The academic profession has a key role to play in producing the next generations of knowledge workers, and this task will be more readily achieved by a relaxed academic staff working within well-resourced teaching and research institutions. Teachers are human soul, emotionally concerned with several personal and family oriented requirements to be met. Unable to complete those requirements may result in frustration, isolated behavior, and finally they get dismayed. Unluckily, in the present situation, the teacher is especially a fatality of such malicious circumstances. The rationale of the study is to ascertain the relationship between challenges of higher education and satisfaction of their teachers. Academically the study will provide obligatory knowledge for the future researchers to base on as means of reference. Keywords - Aided colleges, Higher education, Job Satisfaction, Privatization, Teachers

[1] Emerging Issues in Higher Education Approach and Strategy of 11th Plan, UGC Report:2008
[2] UGC (2006), Annual Report: 2004-05, New Delhi.
[3] Gupta, S.P., (1987) A Study of Job Satisfaction at three levels of teaching. In M.B. Buch (ed.), Third Survey of Research in Ed, NCERT, New Delhi, PP. 809-810.
[4] National Knowledge Commission (2007), Report to the Nation 2006, New Delhi: National Knowledge Commission, Government of India.
[5] Tilak, J.B.G. (1999), "Emerging Trends and Evolving Public Policies on Privatization of Higher Education in India", in Private Prometheus: Private Higher Education and Development in the 21st Century (ed. P.G. Altbach), Greenwood Publishing, Westport, pp. 113-35
[6] NIEPA (2005), Report of the CABE Committee on Financing of Higher and Technical Education, Central Advisory Board of Education, New Delhi, June
[7] Anandakrishnan, M. (2006), "Privatization of Higher Education: Opportunities and Anomalies", Presented at, National Seminar on Privatization and Commercialization of Higher Education, New Delhi, (2 May)
[8] Judge, T. A., & Klinger, R. (2007) Job satisfaction: Subjective well-being at work. In M. Eid, & R. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 393-413). New York, NY: Guilford Publications.

Abstract: The Niger Delta region in Nigeria is richly endowed with abundant crude oil resources that place the nation as the seventh largest producer of oil in the world. The oil wealth enriches Nigeria as a country but it has not alleviated the challenges of poverty and social development in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Owing to this, the region has been redden by youth restiveness despite several interventions initiated by organizations, government and international community that have not yielded any positive result since the conflict has escalated and received international coverage in the 1990s. The aim of this study is to first examine the causes of the protracted resource conflict in the region; it will do a review of the initiatives so far taken and the reasons for their failure. Also, the study will investigate the likely determinants of a successful process of mediation that can restore peaceful co-existence to the region. The paper is of the opinion that the protracted violent conflict in the region is a product of the lopsidedness of Nigeria federalism. Hence, the study submits that, to have peace in the region, there is need for true federalism in such that the people in the region will be meaningfully engaged in any initiative to resolve the violent conflict in the region.

Keywords: Nigeria, Niger Delta, Federalism, Resource conflict and violent conflict

[1]. Aboribo, R.O. and Umukoro, N. (2008): "Conflict of Globalization and the Globalization of Niger Delta conflict" in Nigerian Sociological Review, Vol. 8.
[2]. Afinotan, L.A. and Ojakorotu, V. (2009): "The Niger Delta Crisis: Issues, Challenges and Prospects" in African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 3. No 5 http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR (accessed 14/11/2012).
[3]. Ahmad, I.A.R. (2009): "Ogoni: Bill of Right as a Solution to Niger Delta Conflict" in Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. http://www.unpo.org/article/9845 (accessed 15/11/2012).
[4]. Dike, V.E. (2001): Niger Delta Crisis and the Nigeria Economy. http:/www.mhtml:file://H:\NIGERDELTAFILE\niger.org (accessed, 12/11/2012)
[5]. Ebienfa, K.I. (2011):"Militancy in the Niger Delta and the Emergent Categories" in Review of African Political Economy, Vol.38. 130
[6]. Ibaba, I.S. and Ikelegbe, A. (2010): "Militias, Pirates and Oil in the Niger Delta" in Okumu, W. and Ikelegbe, A (eds) Militias, Rebels and Islamist Militants Human Insecurity and State Crises in Africa. South Africa; Institute of Security Studies.
[7]. Isele, P. (2006): "Militants Blow Up Another Oil Boat" in The Punch. Lagos; Punch Nigeria Limited
[8]. Kepner, C.H and Likubo, H. (1996): Managing Beyond the Ordinary. New York; AMACOM
[9]. Nairaland Forum (2012): Isaac AdakaBoro and Niger Delta Militancy – Politics – Nairaland. mhtml:file://H:\NIGERDELTAFILE (accessed, 01/11/2012
[10]. Nnenyelike, N. (2009): Why Niger Delta Crisis Persists. http://www.indigenouspostal.com/news/ (accessed 14/11/2012)

Abstract: Cooperatives, credit cooperatives in particular, are an integral part of the Indian rural economy. They are having far reaching direct and indirect impacts on agricultural growth and rural development. In the changing scenario characterized by globalisation, structural adjustment programmes, transition from a centrally planned to a market oriented economy, processes of democratisation and decentralisation, agricultural industrialisation and rural out-migration, cooperative are facing new challenge. But they must succeed and have to be resilient to weather the transition. They need to reevaluate and reinvent themselves, adapt to the changing paradigm and reestablish their relevance as effective rural institutions. This paper reviews the evolution of cooperative movement, examines its role and problems, and highlights its potential to adjust to the new perspectives in the context of Odisha, India. It concludes with some policy suggestions reposing great hope on the cooperative sector.

Key words: Cooperative credit, agriculture, rural development.

[1]. Dwivedi, R.C. (2005): Hundred years of Cooperative Movement in India, Centre for Promoting Cooperatives.
[2]. Government of India (2005): Report of the Task Force on Revival of cooperative Credit Institutions, Ministry of Finance
[3]. …………………… .(2009): Report of the High Power committee on Cooperatives, Ministry of Agriculture
[4]. …………………… (2011): Report of the working Group on Outreach of Institutional Finance, Cooperative and Risk Management for the 12th Five Year Plan, Planning Commission in of India
[5]. Mishra, B.S. (2010): Performance of Primary Cooperatives in India: An Empirical Analysis, MPRA paper no.21890 NABARD website
[6]. NAFSCOB (2011): Basic Data on Performance of State Cooperative Banks (April-1, 2009 to March-31, 2010)
(2011): Basic Data on Performance of District Central Cooperative Banks (April-1,2010 to March-31, 2011 (2012): Performance of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (April-1, 2010 to March-31 2011)
[7]. NSSO (2005): All India Debt and Investment Survey, 2002
[8]. RBI (1954): Report of the All India Rural Credit Survey Committee
[9]. (1965): All India Rural Debt and Investment Survey, 1961-61
[10]. (1977): All India Debt and Investment Survey, 1971-72

Abstract: Outdoor sculpture in Southwest of Nigeria is fast growing in practice and art historical values. Since its emergence in 1934, it has developed different modes in practice which have not been given proper art historical consideration. The nature of the fleeting practice, poor maintenance and preservation as well as constant loss of works portends serious art historical gap if left unattended to. It is therefore imperative that studies on the outdoor sculpture practice be conducted from time to time. In this study, themes and styles of the outdoor sculpture in the Southwestern Nigeria from 1900-2005 were examined. The period under study represents the emergence to the proliferation period of the practice. The outdoor sculptures within the period were enumerated and classified under form, style and material for proper analysis. Themes and styles from the samples of the works were specifically studied. Findings in the study reveals that thematic consideration in all the works were basically hinged on socio-political and economy state of the zone at each developmental phase. Forms were mainly expressed in realism with variation in each artist's style. The study was conducted to place the themes and styles expressed in the nascent art on art historical record in the main stream contemporary Nigerian art. Significantly, the study is hoped to provide information and stimulate further studies in the related scholarly area.

Keywords: aesthetics, outdoor sculpture, public art, style, theme

[1] C. Adepegba, Nigerian arts: Its tradition and modern tendencies (Ibadan, Jodad, 1995).

[2] W. Bascom, African art in cultural perspective: An introduction (New York, W.W. Norton, 1973a).

[3] W. Bascom, Creativity and style in African art, in D. Biebuyek (Ed,) Tradition and creativity in tribal art (Berkley, University of California Press, 1973b) 122-127.

[4] W. Fagg, Nigerian images, (Lagos, National Commission for Museums and Monuments, 1990).

[5] B. Idowu, Olodumare: God in Yoruba believe, (London, Longman, 1977). [6] R. O. Rom Kalilu, Between tradition and record: A search for the legendary wood carvers of old Oyo, Ufahamu XX (11), 1992, 49-63.

[7] R. O. Rom. Kalilu, Crisis in African art studies: Yoruba gourd carving and the need for historical concern in art history, in R. O. Rom Kalilu (ed), African art: Definition, forms and styles (Ogbomoso, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, 1995) 28-42.

[8] R. F. Thompson, Yoruba Artistic Criticism, in Warren L.d'Azevedo (Ed.), The Traditional Artist in African Societies (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973) 19-61

[9] R. Abiodun, The future of African art studies: An African perspective, paper presented at the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D .C. 1987. 65-87

[10] F. Odiboh, Outdoor sculpture in Lagos metropolis, m. a. diss. in visual Arts, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 1987.

Abstract: As a system of economic management, capitalism promotes and encourages the ownership of the means of production by private individuals. One major feature of this system is the existence of two dominant classes: the owners of means of production (that is, the "haves" or "bourgeoisie") and the non-owners (thst is; the "have – nots" or "proletariat"). This essay examines the phenomena of the state, surplus value and exploitation in a capitalist system and it is argued that there is a close relationship between them. It is stated that in a capitalist system, the state is regarded as an instrument used by the dominant class (the "haves") for the exploitation and oppression of the weaker class (the "have – nots"). Furthermore, in this system, the exploitation of the workers takes place once the surplus value they produce is appropriated not by them but by the capital-owners.

Keyword: Capitalism, surplus values, mode of production, exploitation, class struggle, the state.

[1]. Abalkin, L., S. Dzarasov and A. Kulikov (1983). Political Economy: A Short Course, Translated from the Russian by Yuri Sdobnikov. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
[2]. Chaturvedi, A. K. (2006). Dictionary of Political Science. New Delhi: Academic (India) Publishers.
[3]. Eminue, Okon (2001). Introduction to Political Science. Calabar, Nigeria: Clearlines Publications.
[4]. Eze, Osita (2010). "Conflict Prevention and Management through Democracy and Good Governance" in Celestine Oyom Bassey and Oshita O. Oshita Ed, Governance and Border Security in Africa. Lagos, Nigeria: Malthouse Press Ltd.
[5]. Giddens, Anthony (1996). Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Low Price Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6]. Heywood, Andrew (2007). Politics, 3rd edition. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
[7]. Johari, J. C. (2005). Principles of Modern Political Science. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.
[8]. Mclean, Iain and Alistair McMillan (2003). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[9]. Mukherjee, Subrata and Sushila Ramaswamy (2005). A History of Political Thought – From Plato to Marx. New Delhi: Prentice – Hall of India Private Ltd.
[10]. Nettl, J. P. (1968). "The State as Conceptual Variable" in World Politics, vol. XX, No. 4, July.

Abstract: The formal acknowledgement of their status, responsibilities and obligations as the occupying power makes the US occupation of Iraq which began in April 21, 2003 unique. It marked the first instance since the inception of the UN that the invader or aggressor is acknowledging and accepting responsibilities as an occupier and the UN is given approval to the situation. UNSC Resolution 1483 was unanimously approved on May 22, 2003 to validate the occupation mandate in Iraq. It was interpreted in consonance with relevant provisions of The Hague Regulations and the 4th Geneva Conventions. Equipped with these legal documents this article weighs the performance of the US in her military occupation of Iraq. It concludes that there were enormous limitations on the US to meet up their responsibilities and obligations as occupying power in Iraq. It recommends that aggression and invasion of sovereign states should remain abrogated. When war inevitable occurs and there is military occupation; occupying powers should conscientiously adhere to the responsibilities and obligations embedded in the international law of occupation.

Keywords: Occupational Mandate, Limitations, Obligations, US, Iraq

[1] Clarke Ben (2005 Aug), Military Occupation and the Rule of Law: The Legal Obligations of Occupying Forces in Iraq, Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, Murdoch

[2] Eyal Benvenisti (2003), The Security Council and the Law of Occupation: Resolution 1483 on Iraq in Historical Perspective, Tel Aviv University Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Tel Aviv

[3] Paine Ellen (Nov 16, 2007), The Multinational Force Mandate, in Global Policy Forum Journal, Princeton University, Princeton

[4] Khan Ali (July 2003), Lawlessness in Iraq and the Failure of Unilateralism, Washburn University - School of Law Press, Washburn

[5] Tremblay Rodrigue (Jun 18, 2008), The Illegitimate and Disastrous U.S. Military Occupation of Iraq, Atlantic Free Press

[6] Roberts, A (2005), What is a Military Occupation, in Ben Clarke(Aug 2005) Military Occupation and the Rule of Law: The Legal Obligations of Occupying Forces in Iraq, Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, Murdoch

[7] Joffe Alexander, (Mar 2004), Museum Madness in Baghdad, Middle East Quarterly Journal, Philadelphia

[9] Knickmeyer Ellen (Feb\ 23, 2006), Bombing Shatters Mosque in Iraq, in The Washington Post Newspaper

[10] Croke Lisa Ashkenaz (Apr 27, 2007), Abuse, Torture and Rape Reported at Unlisted U.S.-run Prisons in Iraq, The New Standard Newspaper

Abstract: This paper examines the social and economic impacts of the global financial and economic crisis and highlights a global jobs crisis involving widespread job losses, increased unemployment and wage repression in developed countries, and characterized by a growing informal economy, increased vulnerable employment and working poverty in developing countries. It briefly reviews the reach of the crisis across demographic and social groups, showing its varied effects on the employment and income of women and men, its disproportionate effect on youth and the strain it imposed on various vulnerable groups in terms of reduced income. In so doing, this paper highlights the dire consequences that individuals and their families face in both developed and developing economies. It concludes by highlighting some of the major challenges faced in addressing the jobs crisis, and suggests that, besides employment generation and income support, other forms of social protection will be of utmost importance in overcoming the effects of the crisis.

[1]. Baker, Dean and David Rosnick. 2003. ―Too Sunny In Latin America? The IMF's Overly Optimistic Growth Projections and Their Consequences.‖CenterforEconomicandPolicyResearch Briefing Paper,..cepr.net/documents/publications/econ_growth_2003_09.pdf
[2]. Baker, Dean and Rivka Deutch. 2009. ―The State and Local Drag on the Stimulus.‖ Center for Economic and Policy Research,.://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/stimulus-200905.pdf.
[3]. Baker, Dean. 2009. ―Housing Market Monitor: Mortgage Applications Surge as Homebuyers Seek to Benefit from Tax Credit.‖ Center for Economic and Policy Research, October.

Abstract: Using cross country regressions, this paper investigates how gender inequality in education and labour force participation affect economic growth. The study concentrates on the contemporary data of 61 developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America over the year 2010. Such inequality is found to have an effect on economic growth. The result suggests that gender inequality in education adversely affects economic growth, whereas gender inequality in labour force participation has a positive impact on it.

Key words: Economic Growth, Gender inequality, Education, Gender inequality in labour force participation.

[1]. Çagatay, N. and Ozler, S. (1995), Feminization of the Labor Force: The Effects of Long-Term Development and Structural Adjustment, World Development Vol. 23, No.11, pp.1883-1894.
[2]. Fatima, G. (2010), Female Education as a Determinant of Economic Growth- A Case Study of Pakistan, International Conference of Applied Economics.
[3]. Forsythe, N. and Korzeniewicz, R. P. (2000), Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Longitudinal Evaluation, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 573-617.
[4]. Klasen, S. (2000), Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions, Sonderforschungsbereich 386, Paper 212.
[5]. Klasen, S. (2002), Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development, The World bank economic review, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 345–373.
[6]. Klasen, S. and Lamanna, F. (2003). "The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic Growth in the Middle East and North Africa‟, background paper for Gender and Development in the Middle East and North Africa, World Bank: Washington DC.
[7]. Lagerlöf, N. 1999. "Gender Inequality, Fertility, and Growth‟. Mimeographed. Department of Economics, University of Sydney.
[8]. Rasouli, Z. (2013). Economic growth & Gender inequality in India
[9]. Seguino, S. (2000), Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: A Cross Country Analysis, World Development, Vol. 28, No. 7, pp. 1211-1230
[10]. Todaro, M. P. (2007), Economic development Waring, M. (1988), If Women Counted, New York, Harper and Row World Bank. (2012), World Development Indicators, Washington DC, the World Bank.

Abstract: A basic understanding of ICT in library school is vital in keeping abreast of rapidly changing information society. This review examined the status of ICT in library schools, integration efforts of ICT in library schools, benefits of ICT, challenges of ICT integration. The paper recommended among others the need to review the curricular of library schools to incorporate ICT: and also the urgent need for policy development by the government which will create an enabling environment for all stockholders in building critical mass of ICT proficiency and competencies. There is the need for strategic and specialized ICT skills among academic staff of library schools in order to enhance their optimum productivity.

Keywords: ICT, Library Education, 21st century.

[1]. Adjadi, T.O. Salawu, I. O. and Adeoye, F. A> 2008). E-learning and distance education in Nigeria. The Turkish on line Journal of Educational Technology.
[2]. Aguele, L. I. (2007). Information and Communication Technology in Universities in Nigeria: Challenges for teaching and learning. Retrieved from www.ece.salford.ac.uk/proceeding/paper/2007/pdf.
[3]. Aluede, O. (2011). Enhancement of capacity Building in Teaching/Learning in Nigeria Schools through Information and Communication Technology (ICT): issues for the future. During the international conference on ICT and Education Development in Africa Organised by the Faculty of Education, Delta State University, Abraka.
[4]. Ejedafiru, E. F. and Akporhonor, A. B. (2011). ICT and the dynamics of university education. Approaches in international Journal of Research Development, 4 (1) 260 – 271.
[5]. Engauge, North Central Regional Educational Laboratory: Retrieved from http://www.ncrel.org/engauge/skills21skills.htm:
[6]. Federal Ministry of Education (2009). Roadmap for the Nigeria Education Section, Abuja Nigeria: Author.
[7]. Obunadike, J. C. (2011). Implementation of ICT in Educational Curriculum to enhance Learning in Primary and Secondary schools in Anambra State. Approached in international Journal of Research Development, 4 (1) 169 – 177.
[8]. Ogunsola, L. A. (2004). Nigerian University Library

Abstract: The study is intended to establish the best ways of managing electronic information and improving library services using Delta State University of Abraka and University of Benin as a case study. The survey research design was adopted, the systems administrators were interviewed and the researchers also observed ICTs facilities on ground in the two universities. Studies have shown that, even academic libraries with sizable budgets are having difficulty in coping with the incessant changes in electronic information. More technologies and methods are needed to manage, filter, organize and summarize electronic information sources. Electronic information services are gradually becoming the most likely use services in libraries. This paper is an overview of the challenges of electronic information management in university libraries, issues ranging from management style, frequent changes in technologies, financial constraints, availability of e- books and e-journals and constraints to the management of e- resources. It concludes by recommending actions that need to be taken if the challenges are to be fully addressed.

[1]. Abubakar, B. M. (2010). E. resources for effective academic library service in Nigeria: opportunities and challenges. Journal of the Nigeria library association, Bono state chapter vol.9, no.1 issn :1596-4437
[2]. Adams, L. (1995). Electronic communication technology and development in Africa F/D news bulletin, 45(10),298-306.
[3]. Adams, L. (1997).Content and the web for African development. Journal of information science, 23(1) 91-97.
[4]. Aleraiye, J. T.(2005). Impact of electronic information resources on collection management in Nigeria education sector ,information trends 2:45-54
[5]. Bozimo, O. D. (2011). The Nigeria University Libraries consortium: Its Origin, Its Challenges. Nigerian Libraries 44 (2)
[6]. Davenport, T. H. (1997). Information ecology: mastering the information and knowledge environment. New York: oxford university press.
[7]. Ejedafrim, R.F.(2010). Globalization and adoption of information and university libraries; A critical edge in the knowledge age. Pecop journal of the arts and liberal studies. Vol. 2, no.1and 2 issn 0331-2828.
[8]. Fall, M. (1996). Networking in west African. Offices of international affairs national research council. U S A bridge include. African experience with information and communication technology, 157-176.
[9]. Gbaje, E.S. (2007). Implementing a national virtual library for higher institution in Nigeria. LIBRES; library and information science research electronic journal. 17 (2). Retrend from http://libres.curtinied anl
[10]. Hedstrom, M. (1998). Digital preservation: a time bomb for digital libraries. Retraced from :http://www.uky.edu/kierian/Dl/hedstrom.htw.

Abstract: The present paper aims to analyse the state wise educational status of Muslims in India. It also aims to compare the educational status of muslims with the educational status of other religious communities in India. The country level and state level published data have been obtained from census of India. At the same time the association between the educational status of muslims is sought with their socio-economic development. The results have revealed that the educational status of Muslims in India is not satisfactory and needs special attention. It is found that more than half i.e., 53.95 per cent of the total population of the Muslims in India is illiterate with 17.48 per cent literate people just for the name sake only. Technical education or higher education is meager among the muslims. From the results it is also clear that Muslims who accounts for 13.46 per cent of the total population of the nation show lowest literacy rate, lowest percentage of higher education and lowest degree of female education. Budhist who only claim for less than half per cent of the total population of the country are most literate. The percentage of higher education, sex ratio and female literacy rate is also highest in this religious community.

Keywords: Education, Development, Muslims, Religious Communities

[1]. Sachar Committee Report. (2006), Social Economic And Educational Status Of Muslim Community In India, Cabinet Secretariat, Government Of India, New Delhi
[2]. http://www.islamfortoday.com/syed07.htm
[3]. http://www.indiatogather.org/2007/aur/edu-muslimedu.htm
[4]. S.P. Katiyar, Techniques and Models of Rural Development through Universities, University News, 46(29), 2008, 13-16.
[5]. M. Dayal, Importance and Universalisation of Education: The Role of Media, University News, 46(28), 2008, 17-22.
[6]. Sachchidananda, The Harijan Elite, (Thomson Press (India) Limited, Haryana, 1977).
[7]. G.S. Gosal, Spatial Perspective on Literacy in India, Population Geography, 1, 1979, 41-67.
[8]. B.B. Mathur, Rural Literacy in Uttar Pradesh: A Spatial Analysis, The Geographer, 15,1988, 80-90.
[9]. N.L. Gupta, and S. Kothari, Female Literacy in Rajasthan 1961-1981, Population Geography, 12, 1990
[10]. R.S. Tripathi, Impact of Urbanisation on Literacy and Concentration of Non- Agricultural Workers in Rural Areas of Bunelkhand (U.P), Geographical Review of India, 55, 1993, 78-82.

Abstract: For the last twenty years, the concept of citizen participation and local democracy has largely been used in the local government discourse. These concepts are heavily related to the rights of citizens and democratic governance. Linking citizen participation to local government raises fundamental and normative questions about the nature of democracy and the skills and strategies for achieving it. This paper seeks to explore literature related to the dynamics and avenues of citizen participation and local democracy in Zimbabwean local government system. Factors which promote citizen participation and local democracy will be discussed including the issue of local government elections, participatory budget in local authorities, consultative forums, public hearings, existence of civil society organisations as well as the formal structures which exist within the local government institutions.

Key Terms: Citizen participation, active participation, passive participation, local democracy and local government Conceptualization of key terms.

[1]. Africa Community Publishing and Development Trust (2006): Strengthening citizen participation in local decision making, Fingerprint Cooperative Ltd, Cape Town, South Africa.
[2]. Braun, V.J and Grote (2000), 'Does Decentralisation serve the poor?"Paper read at IMF Conference on Fiscal Decentralisation; Washington DC, 20-21 November
[3]. Doer J.E. (1998), Dictionary of Public Administration, Kualar Lumpur, Golden Books Centre
[4]. Fung, A. (2006), "Varieties of participation in Complex Governance', Public Administration Review-Washington DC-66: 66-75
[5]. Lisk, F (1985 popular participation in Planning for Basic Needs, Blackmore Press, Longhead.
[6]. Nkala P, (2004), the social Sector and the National Budget. A centre on Social Welfare,Education, Agriculture and the Informal Sector in Zimbabwe, A paper prepared for the budget process workshop at Holiday Inn Bulawayo.
[7]. Makumbe, J (1996) Participatory Development, University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare
[8]. Muriisa, R.C (2007) NGOs and Rural Development in Uganda, MPhil thesis, monograph: University of Bergen; Norway.
[9]. Saito, F.C (1999), Decentralisation in Uganda: Challenges for the21stCentury: Copenhagen: DANIDA.
[10]. Urban Councils Association of Zimbabwe (2006), Best Practices in Participatory Budgeting for five cities in Zimbabwe, UCAZ Publications, Harare.

Abstract: Despite Pakistan's great geographic, cultural and demographic diversity, it shares many challenges and issues that are fundamental to improve the quality and relevance of media education as a means of human resources development and reliable source of information for ignorance stricken but an emerging nation. Educational institutes which are imparting media education must consider a coherent strategy for training of media students in which on campus training facility plays an important and vital role. Among the critical issues that must be considered when planning training programs to develop above mentioned resources are the following: Growing number of students in media schools and continuously increasing utilization of media by masses; poor offers of internships for fresh graduates at media houses and inefficiency of PEMRA in ensuring training facilities for students at these media houses; increasing demands for secondary and technical education; and poorly managed training infra structure at public sector media schools.

Key words: Pakistan, Education, Training, Media Schools, PUFM 104.6, Radio Kinnaird 96.6, Voice of LCWU 97.6, Political Change, awareness.

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