IOSR-JHSS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-3 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: Theobjectives of this research are: (1) to analyze the growth of both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehiclesover the last 5 years (2007-2011); (2) to analyze the target and realization of both parking tax andretribution revenue in Makassar city; and (3) to analyze the contribution of parking tax andretribution revenue towards the regional income.The main focus of this research is performance of parking tax andretribution revenue relate with local revenue of Makassar. The contribution of parking retribution towards the regional income over the last 5 years (2007-2011) was relatively insignificant at average of 0.50 %. Thecontribution of parking tax towards the regional income over the last 5 years had shown higher number at average of 1.26 %. The higher contribution of the parking tax than the retribution was due to the taxation was leviedmonthly or annually, and the object of parking tax was focused on companies, not individual contributor, so it ran with less of irregularities. The main constraints in implementing the policies of parking management in Makassar city are found on: (1) management (2) skill of human resource in mapping out the target, and (3) inaccurate data/information of retribution object.

Keywords: Parking policies, regional income

[1] Law of the Republicof Indonesia Number32Year2004 on Regional Government.

[2]. Law of the Republicof Indonesia Number33 of 2004on Fiscal Balancebetween the Central GovernmentandLocal Government.

[3]. Rochmansjah, HeruSalahChabib. 2010.Regional FinanceandAssetManagementRegions. Focusmedia. Bandung.

[4] Rochmansjah, HeruSalahChabib. 2011.Public Policy: Dynamics ofPolicy, PolicyAnalysis, PolicyManagement. Jakarta: PT. Scholastic.

[5] Haris, Syamsuddin. 2007.Decentralizationand Local Autonomy. Third edition, LIPIPress. Jakarta.

[6] Subarsono, A.G. 2010. Analysis of Public Policy; Concepts, Theory and Applications. Pustaka Pelajar Yogyakarta.

[7] Moleong, Lexy J. 2006. Qualitative Research Methodology. Remaja Karya, Bandung.

[8] Bungin, Burhan. , 2009.Qualitative Research: Communication, Economics, Public Policy, andOther SocialSciences. Jakarta: KencanaPrenadaMediaGroup.

[9] Cheema, S, Shabbir dan Rondinelli Dennis A. 1983. Implementing Decentralization Programmes in Asia. Local Capacity for Rural Development, Nagoya, UNCRD.

[10] Moleong, Lexy J. 2006. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung, Remaja Karya.

Abstract: This paper investigates political violence and its socio-economic consequences on the development of Yobe State particularly and Nigeria generally. To achieve this objective, the study uses both the primary and secondary sources of data collection. A sample of 500 respondents was selected and administered with questionnaire in six Local Government Areas of Yobe State through the simple random sampling techniques. The data obtained from the respondents were manually analyzed through percentage technique and cross tabulation. The Social Movement Theory (SMT) was used as the main theoretical framework for the study The results of the study revealed that poverty and unemployment are not the causes and motivations of political violence in Yobe State but rather ,the causes of political violence in Yobe State was as a result of systemic leadership failure . Thus, the study recommends among others that political leaders should play a role in building effective government through their constitutional duties and mandates.

Keywords: Violence, Political violence, Socio-economic development, Yobe State,Nigeria

[1]. A. Rochester and D. Pearson, A comparative study of civil strife In H.D Hugh (ed.) Violence in America: historical and comparative perspective (Washington, Govern Press 1984)

[2]. R. Douglas, The Human Right to Peace (Mumbai, Better Yourself Books 2003)

[3] Ibid [4] I. A. Gambari Challenges of conflict resolution and the role of Nigeria in regional and global peace and security ( National Defence College Nigeria Graduation Lecture Series No.13 August 2008)

[5] H. Mohammed Nigeria's convulsive federalism: perspectives on flashpoints of conflict in Northern Nigeria (Ibadan Cypress concepts and solutions ltd 2012)

[6] R.P Wolf, On violence. Journal of philosophy .66(19)1969 pp602-606

[7] N.L Nieburg Political violence: the behavioural process (New York st.martins press 1969)

[8] D. Keane The economic functions of violence in civil war Adelphi Paper (London: international Institute for strategic studies 1998)

[9] Ogle Violence defined in terms of physical force in J.M.G Van der Dennen (ed.) theories of political and social violence ( New York Free press.2004) [10] Ibid

Abstract: The arts have functionally intertwined with almost every facet of human lives—the most obvious being in the socio-cultural and religious aspects. In the more remote periods and ages, the arts (essentially dance and performance, storytelling and poetry recital, and body painting and object carving, and many more) are usually tailored towards securing politically and economically stabled community. Thus, the arts have been important tool in the sustenance and preservation of human existence and the creative recourse has dated to prehistoric times, when life and security sustainability was equally measured in terms of artistic representation of experiences. From the genre of the arts, the visual arts have steadily grown in their importance to human sustainability on earth. Moreover, art and life have become inseparable in the understanding of human evolutionary processes and security, but the arts have not enjoyed much attention in literary domain in its provision as security to life and property. This essay, therefore, discusses particularly the visual arts as major signpost in human security context, illustrating with instances and materials, forms and types of the fine and applied arts that serve as security tools across different ages and peoples. It shows that religion, art and architecture has all the while been inseparable trio in our determination of security of life and property, and that advancement in modern technology has also assisted in blurring functional distinctions earlier known among art, religion, spirituality and architecture.

Key Words: Art, Security, Life

[1]. Adepegba, C. (1995). Nigerian Art: Its Tradition and Modern Tendencies. Ibadan: Jadad Publishers.
[2]. Atmore, A and Stacey, G. (------) Black Kingdoms Black Peoples. Nigeria: Fagbamigbe Publishers
[3]. Boorstin, Daniel J. (1992). The Creators: A History of Heroes of the Imagination. N.Y.: Random House.
[4]. Davidson, Basil (1991). Africa in History. London: Phoenix Press.
[5]. Egonwa, Osa D. (2011). Nigerian Art: Introductory Notes. Ibadan: Ababa Press Ltd.
[6]. ------------ (2005). African Art: A Contemporary Source Book, Abuja: National Gallery of Nigerian Arts.
[7]. Fagg, William and Margaret Plass (1973). African Sculpture. London: Studio Vista.
[8]. Gardner H. (1980). Art through the Ages. N.Y.: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
[9]. Gombrich, E.H. (1985). The Story of Art. Oxford: Phaidon Press Limited.
[10]. Hodge, Susie (2009). The Secret History of the Knights Templer. London: Hermes House.

Abstract: African countries have adopted the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a tool within their wider development planning framework, in order to improve the living conditions of their citizens. MDGs are measurable targets attached to a timeframe for making a difference in the lives of the people. This paper, against the background that corruption poses the greatest threat to the commitment of Governments to provide resources and policies to implement the MDG goals, looks at the invaluable role played by the Institute of Forensic Accountants, Nigeria, in wiping out the evils of corruption and bad governance. Forensic accounting is the intersection between accounting, investigations, and law. The paper asserts that the war against corruption will not be fruitful without the concerted integration of forensic accountants into the governance framework. It strongly advocates a highly sincere will of the Nigerian government to support the widespread growth of forensic accounting in its bid to wage the anti-graft war, restore deprived basic human rights, such as health, education, shelter and security as well as tackle the challenges of poverty and infrastructural/economic development.

Keywords: Corruption, Forensic Accountants, Governance, IFA, MDGs.

[1]. El-sheikh, Consensus for Achieving the MDGs in Africa. 2008. http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2008/July/consensus-for-achieving-the-mdgs- in-africa.en;sessionid

[2]. Economic Commission for Africa, Better Governance, More Goals Achieved. 2005a. http://www.uneca.org/mdgs/story2september05.asp

[3]. Economic Commission for Africa, MDGs – It‟s not the money but what you do with it. 2005b http://www.uneca.org/mdgs/story1september05.asp

[4]. A. Fosu, Achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Africa: An Issues Paper. A presentation at Conference of African Ministers of Finance,

[5]. Planning and Economic Development, 11-13 May, 2005, Abuja. http://www.uneca.org/conferenceofministers/2005/documents/cm

[6]. J. Roy, Implementing the Millennium Development Goals: Our Human

[7]. Rights Obligation. Conference Report, Ottawa, 8-9 June, 2005. http://www.dd-rd.ca/site/publications/index

8]. E. Harsch, Focusing Aid on Africa‟s Own Priorities. Africa Renewal, Vol 19 No 2

[9]. 2005, pg 10. http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol19no2/192_pg15 htm

[10]. B. Hubbard, The 2008 G8 Summit: Outcomes for Africa. 2008 http://www.one.org/blog/category/topic/corruption

Abstract: Violence may be defined as the deliberate use of power or physical force against oneself or some other entity. It involves a power relationship between the tormentor and the victim. And so, threats and intimidation may also be considered acts of violence. The use of violence or force in every sphere of human life has become a common feature of the world after the World War II. The dramatists of the theatre of the absurd have highlighted it not only in the themes of their plays but also in their language. N. F. Simpson's plays One Way Pendulum (1959) and The Form (1961) deal with the theme of violence, which is both physical and verbal. Taking recourse to violence is a means of escape for the individual both from his own self and the world outside. The play is about Kirby's inhuman obsession with violence. He is merely engrossed in the celebration of mindless violence. In Simpson's The Form, we find how the unemployed Whinby usurps the authoritative position of his employer Mr. Chacterson by mastering the act of verbal violence, The intruder celebrates such violence and the victim willingly surrenders himself to the same. This paper is an attempt to study the strange manifestations of violence in postwar world as depicted in both the plays by Simpson.

Keywords – Violence, power, absurd, escape, celebration

[1] Martin Esslin, The Theatre of the Absurd (London: Methuen Drama, 2001).

[2] N. F. Simpson, One Way Pendulum (New York: Grove Press Inc., 1960).

[3] N. F. Simpson, The Form (London: Samuel French Ltd., 1961).

[4] Neema Parvini, N. F. Simpson and ―The Theatre of the Absurd,‖ Platform, 3 (1), 2009, 1-18.

Abstract: This paper attempts to have a brief look at the concept of Islamic Banking and little efforts that have been made to float Islamic banks and other Islamic financial institutions in Nigeria. The Nigerian Central Bank of Nigeria however has a standing policy prior to this time that non-interest banking or financial institutions could emerge but not to carry any religious connotations. (BOFIA) This has made it difficult for individuals and corporate bodies to float full fledge Islamic compliant banks or financial institutions in the country. A few who attempted it have gone into oblivion today, e.g. Habib Bank and Nigeria Arab Bank. Consequently, what the existing banks do is to open Islamic window as one of their products to cater for the teaming Muslim populace who are reluctant to patronize these banks because of their Islamic belief. This development has led some concerned Muslim individuals and groups to attempt to champion the course of Islamic financial theories in this regards operating under different names to avoid being subjected to government policies which may not be in line with Shariah principles. A few of these groups are Al-Hayat Relief Foundation, Ijebu-ode, Assalam Foundation, Al-Ansar, etc. This paper therefore intends to evaluate the contributions of Al-Hayat Relief Foundation to grassroots economic development with a bid to x-raying the areas of strengths and weaknesses in Islamic financial theories, more so that the foundation is at the verge of establishing an Islamic Micro finance Bank.

Keywords: Islamic financial theories, Al-Hayat Relief Foundation, grassroots empowerment.

[1]. Gusau, S. A. 1993. ―Islam in Africa‖. Proceedings of the Islam in Africa Conference. (Editors). Nura Alkali, Adamu Adamu. Spectrum books Ltd. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 354-363.

[2]. Jaiz International Plc. 2006. Private Placement Memorandum. http://jaizbankplc.com/about-us.aspx

[3]. Gusau, S. A. 1993. ―Islam in Africa‖. Proceedings of the Islam in Africa Conference. (Editors). Nura Alkali, Adamu Adamu. Spectrum books Ltd. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 354-363.

[4]. Hornby, A.S. 2001. Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary. 6th Edition. Ibadan :Oxford University Press.

[5]. Sekoni Tajudeen. 2012. ―Interest Free Banking: Investment and Profitability‖. Guest Lecture delivered at Al-Hayat National Annual General Meeting Held at Otunba Dipo Dina Stadium Ijebu-ode, June 17th, 2012. np.

[6]. Gusau, S. A. 1993. ―Islam in Africa‖. Proceedings of the Islam in Africa Conference. (Editors). Nura Alkali, Adamu Adamu. Spectrum books Ltd. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 354-363.

[7]. Gusau, S. A. 1993. ―Islam in Africa‖. Proceedings of the Islam in Africa Conference. (Editors). Nura Alkali, Adamu Adamu. Spectrum books Ltd. Sunshine House, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp. 354-363.
[8]. Duff Victoria. 2012. ―What Are the Negative Effects of Low Interest Rates‖. www.ehow.com, assessed on 03/11/2012.

[9]. Azeez, A. O. 2007. ―Prospects of Islamic Banking System in Nigeria. (Editors). Muhibbu-din M.A, Lawal I.A Al-Hadarah-LASU Journal of Arabic and Islsamic Studies. Department of Religions, LASU Ojo, Lagos. pp. 49-63.

[10]. Azeez, A. O. 2007. ―Prospects of Islamic Banking System in Nigeria. (Editors). Muhibbu-din M.A, Lawal I.A Al-Hadarah-LASU Journal of Arabic and Islsamic Studies. Vol. 7. Department of Religions, LASU Ojo, Lagos. pp. 49-63.

Abstract: Gender-based inequalities in India translate into greater importance being placed on the health and empowerment of males than of females. In India, health and population indicators that are driven by gender differences include sex ratios at birth, infant and child mortality by sex, and low ages at marriage for women. At the household level, dis-empowerment of women results in less access to education, employment, and income, and power and freedom of movement. Considering all these fact, India and its society has a mammoth task of empowering women to provide them the basic needs and to prepare them for a safe and productive future.

Keywords - Women in India, Gender Inequality in India , Modern India Problems.

Books:
[1] United Nations Development Program's Human Development Report 2013.
[2] "India Dishonoured: Behind a Nation's War on Women", By Sunny Hundal, Guardian Books.
Chapters in Books:
[3] High Level Expert Group (HLEG) on Universal Health Coverage (UHC) , October 2010.Chapter 9 , Gender and Health, Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Initiative Of India.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical industry contributes to the welfare of humanity and provides significant socio-economic benefits to the society through creation of jobs, supply chains and community development. Indian Pharmaceutical industry is one of the world's largest and most developed, ranking fourth in terms of volume and thirteenth in terms of value. The country accounts for an estimated 10% of global production and 2% of world markets in pharmaceuticals. It has over the years made significant progress in infrastructure development, technical capability and hence produced a wide range of pharmaceutical products. The industry now produces bulk drugs under all major therapeutic groups. It has a sizable technically skilled manpower with prowess in process development and downstream processing. It has the capital investment of about US$4.1billion. It produced bulk drugs of value of US$3.5 billion and formulations worth US$15.4billion in 2008. Bulk drugs have grown at a rate of approximately 14%, and formulation by 24% in the nineties. There is an increasing interest and investment in R&D. It provides employments 29 million people. The contribution of pharmaceutical sector in India's GDP is 2% and 12% of manufacturing sector GDP.

Keywords: Pharmaceutical industry; balance of trade; bulk drugs; formulation; TRIPs

[1]. Budget (2007-08). Ministry of finance, Government of India, New Delhi www.india.budget.nic.in.
[2]. Cadila Annual Report (2008 & 2009). www.zyduscadila.com
[3]. Chaudhuri S. (2005). "The WTO and India‟s Pharmaceutical Industry; patent protection, TRIPs and Development Counties", Oxford University Press, New Delhi: 45-188.
[4]. Department of Pharmaceutical (2009), Ministry of Chemical and fertilizers, Government of India, New Delhi, www. pharma.nic.in.
[5]. DiMasi J.A., R.W. Hansen, and H.G. Grabowski, "The Price Innovation: New Estimates of Drug Development Costs." Journal of Health Economics 2003, 22(2):151–85.
[6]. Directory of pharmaceutical manufacturing units in India (2007), National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority, Government of India, New Delhi. http://www.nppaindia.nic.in.
[7]. Dr. Reddy‟s Annual Report (2009). www.drreddys.com
[8]. Ernst & Young (2010). "Doing Business in India", Ernst &Yong Pvt Ltd, Kolkata, www.ey.com/india: 45-46
[9]. Expert – Import Bank of India (2007). "Indian Pharmaceutical Industry, Surging Globally", Occasional Paper No. 119, Quest Publication August: p.28.
[10]. Express Pharma (2007): "Shaping SEZ", 16-31 December, Fortnightly insight for pharma professionals. www.expresspharmaonline.com.

Abstract: Past researchers claimed that women and men are different in their speech from one another. The aim of this case study is to uncover the differences in linguistic features in the speech of men and women. The differences in the speech used by men and women are mainly marked by their choice in language forms, topics of conversation, etc. Some of the distinct features in the speech of men are they talk more than women, ask less questions and converse mainly on competitive matters, teasing, sports, aggression and doing things. Women focus on family, home, self, feelings and affiliation with others. However, findings by past researchers about which gender is more polite are rather contradicting. The present study replicates some of the major findings by yesteryear researchers. It is found that women use more polite forms of address than men, ask more questions and use more humours than men. Notably, men used slightly more of fillers, hedges and affirmatives than women. However, both genders are direct in their speech. It is also found that men's conversations focus on the topic of doing things i.e. works of entrepreneurs whereas women centre on the topics of home, self, feelings and affiliation with others. Analyzing the linguistic forms used, women appear more polite than men as they prefer using their ethnic group terms of address when addressing and referring to one another. Indeed, this study provides some insight and understanding about the differences in men and women's linguistics features in the Malaysian context which is made up of multi-racial society and rich in its varied cultures, customs, traditions, beliefs and religions.

Key words: linguistic features, gender, speech, cross-cultural communication, affiliation

[1] Haas, A. (1979) Male and female spoken language differences: Stereotypes and evidence. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 86, No. 3, 615-626.

[2] Shibamoto, J. S. (2001) Language, gender and sex in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York.

[3] Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and women's place. New York, NY: Harper and Row.

[4] Michael, A. S., S. C. Liaw, Muthusamy, C. & Veeravagu, J. (2010). Gendered-linked differences in speech styles: Analysing linguistic and gender in the Malaysian context. Cross-cultural Communication Vol.6 No.1 2010
[5] Nemati, A & Bayer, J. M. (2007) Gender differences in the use of linguistic forms in the speech of men and women: A Comparative study of Persian and English. Retrieved April 16, 2010 from http://salr.net/Documents/AzadehBayer2007.pdf

[6] Uchida, A. (1992). When difference is dominance: A critique of the anti-power-based cultural approach to gender differences. Language in Society, 21, 547-568.

[7] Philip, S. U., S. Steele, C. Tanz (1987). Language, gender and sex in comparative perspective. Cambridge University Press, New York.

[8] Baron, D. (1986). Grammar and gender. Yale University Press, New Haven.

[9] Kremer, C (1974). Wishy-washy mommy talk. Psychology today.

[10] Mulac, A. (1998). The gender-linked language effect: Do language differences really make a difference? In D. Canary & K. Dindia (Eds.), Gender differences and similarities in communication: Critical essays and empirical investigations of gender and gende in interaction, (pp. 127-153). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.

Abstract: Liberation of British colonies and disintegration of Soviet Union changed the world power structure and it was expected that this new world order will give a new lease of life to world civilization. Much to our expectation, cultural struggle continued to regulate the relationship of the west and east. After 1980s onward the Middle East occupied the western imagination. A horrified spectacle of American imperialism took the centre stage. South Asian literature pins down the growing assertion of European imperialism in the Middle East and criticizes the changing form of exploitation of the weaker nations. The present paper is an attempt to investigate the continuation and perpetuation of colonial othering by the western nations in order to suit their greater interest and to look into the possibility of peace, serenity and sanity amidst chaos and organic flow of power in the society as projected in the famous play Burning Desert of Sahitya Academy Award wining author Zahida Zaidi.

Keywords: Colonialism, Displacement, Imperialism, Othering, Power and South Asian Literature.

[1]. Mills, Sara (2005). Michael Foucault, New York: Routledge.
[2]. Zaidi, Zahida (1998). Burning Desert. Aligarh: Aabshar Publication (All the subsequent references to the Burning Desert are to this edition)