IOSR-JHSS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Jul-Aug-2013

Abstract: This paper reviews the 2013 National Budget for Zimbabwe that was presented in Parliament on 15 November 2012. The authors interrogate the extent to which the budget as a policy instrument fosters the developmental agenda. Selected key areas of human development are reviewed. Although estimates of expenditure are a reflection of the national economic policy direction, the current paper shall dwell much on the policy prescription of the budget in the light of scarce resources available in an economy still recovering from a decade of recession. The paper has selected such areas as public sector employment, health, social protection, and agriculture and food security. It is observed that the budget represents a splendid effort to realign the economy and equitably distribute the meager resources in an economy still recovering from a decade of recession.

[1]. Anseeuw, W. Kapuya T. and Saruchera D. (2012) Zimbabwe‟s agricultural reconstruction:
[2]. Present state, ongoing projects and prospects for reinvestment. Planning Division Working Paper Series No. 32 Development Bank of Southern Africa.
[3]. Carlson, B. (1999) social dimensions of economic development and productivity: inequality and social performance. London: The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
[4]. Chitambara P. (2010) Social Protection in Zimbabwe, Labour and Economic Development Research Institute of Zimbabwe (LEDRIZ): Harare
[5]. Government of Zimbabwe (2012) 2013 The National Budget Statement. Presented to the Parliament of Zimbabwe on Thursday, November 15, 2012. Harare, Ministry of Finance.
[6]. Government of Zimbabwe (2006) Zimbabwe 2003 Poverty Assessment Study Survey Main Report. Harare, Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare.
[7]. International Monetary Fund (2011) "Country Report Number 11/135; Zimbabwe 2011 Article IV Consultation, "Publication Services: Washington, DC.
[8]. Kramarenko V, Engstrom L, Verdier G, Fernandez G, Oppers S. E., Hughes R, McHugh J, Coats W. (2010)
[9]. Zimbabwe: Challenges and Policy Options after hyperinflation. Washington D.C, International Monetary Fund.
[10]. Marisamhuka L. (2010) Zimbabwe Country Analysis Report for Zimbabwe. Government of Zimbabwe/ United Nations Country Team. Harare.

Abstract: Women are considered an important human resource of the nation and every state should try to utilize them as mediators of economic growth and development. Encouragement for women entrepreneurship is one of the ways for that. But unfortunately the traditional mind set of the society and negligence of the state and respective authorities is an important obstacle for the women entrepreneurship development in India. In spite of that women of today break all those obstacles and involve themselves in various sectors and proving their excellence. Major part of national economic development is contributed by rural economy. Rural women have to be initiated to step out of home and take responsibilities in the society. Entrepreneurship is considered to be a key for women empowerment especially in rural areas and hence promotion of women entrepreneurs is focused highly by the government.There is a need of continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and co-operate women entrepreneurs, awareness programs should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business.This paper gives a brief idea about the importance of entrepreneurship and its influence on the empowerment of rural women. Also it throws light on constrains of rural women entrepreneurs with solutions to overcome those.

Keywords: Women, Entrepreneurship, Rural India, Problems, development

[1]. http://www.preservearticles.com/201101143354/need-for-rural-entrepreneurship.html [2]. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12279418 [3]. http://www.indianchild.com/women_of_rural_india.htm [4]. http://www.enotes.com/business/q-and-a/whar-major-problems-faced-by-women-entrepreneurs-55369 [5]. http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/entrepreneurship/10-major-problems-faced-by-women-entrepreneurs-in-india.html [6]. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/article3532982.ecehttp://www.isrj.net/june/2011/Economic_WOMEN_ENTREPRENURSHIP_PROBLEMS_AND_PROSPECTS_OF_INDIAN_ECONOMY.html [7]. http://www.aygrt.net/PublishArticles/630.aspx [8]. http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/ewco/2005/10/EE0510NU02.htm [9]. http://www.management-issues.com/2006/11/15/research/rural-women-more-likely-to-be-entrepreneurs.asp

Abstract: Illegal mining is one of the biggest problems with regard to environmental destruction and ecological disruptions. When large numbers of gem seekers and gold diggers converge on a locality and begin their environmentally hostile mining activities in an uncontrollable manner, they cause untold destruction to mother earth, which is often accompanied by pollution of the soil and rivers (with mercury and cyanide in the case of gold diggers). Legal measures have proved totally inappropriate as a means of control, because the form of mining involved requires very little equipment that are highly mobile, hence providing them good chances of evading control. Moreover, supervision becomes nearly impossible when large numbers of such people converge on an area and are willing to use force in defense of their interests. Consequently, damage to the physical and biological environment is accompanied by pronounced social tensions between the various interest groups. This paper presents a critical analysis of illegal mining activities, their environmental effect and remedial measures.

[1]. Adeleye, D.R (1976). The Geology of the Middle Niger Basin, in Kogbe C.A (ed), the Geology of Nigeria, Elizabethan pub. Lagos, Nigeria.pp283-287.
[2]. Agbesinyale, P.(1990). Small Scale Traditional Gold Mining and Environmental Degradation in the Upper Denkyira District of Ghana, Spring Phase 1, Universität Dortmund 1990.
[3]. Akinyede, J.O, and Boroffice, R.A (2003). Space application and sustainable National Development'inproceeding of papers presented at the 38th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of Nigerian Institution of Surveyors, Lokoja, Kogi state, pp5-14
[4]. Cummins, A.B, Given I.A. (1973). SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Vol. 1 & 2, SME/AIME, New York.
[5]. Power And Steel Exploration Agency (1989) Preliminary investigation of the mineral resources
Of Niger State. Unpublished report.
[6]. Russ, W. (1957), The geology of part of Niger, Zaria and Sokoto provinces, Geology Survey
[7]. Nigeria Bulletin, 27,42.
[8]. Shekwolo, P.D (1995). The preliminary report of geology and mineral resources by the inter ministerial committee on solid mineral resources development, Niger State.
[9]. Sengupta, M. (1990). Mine Environmental Engineering, Volumes I and II, Boca Raton, Florida.
UNEP (2000), Industry and Environment Review – Volume 23, No. 4 - Sustainable Mobility (UNEP-DTIE, 72 p.)

Abstract: Through textual analysis, the paper examines Akachi Adimora-Ezeigbo's artistic response in Trafficked, to the experience of Nigerian ladies in the international sex-trade and prostitution. Through characterization, setting and other literary devices, the writer dramatizes the nature, form and effect of the sex-trade on Nigeria. The rehabilitation and reintegration of victims of the trade into society through legislation, advocacy and entrepreneurship education are some strategies suggested by the writer to mitigate the negative effects of the trade on individual victims and on the larger Nigerian society. Such effects, as indentified by the writer include: societal collapse, the separation of loved ones, emotional dislocation, depression, oppression and exploitation among others. It is hoped that this present enquiry would help to better explicit the text, and make additional contributions towards the liberation of women from patriarchical oppression and exploitation.

[1] Adimora-Ezeigbo, A. (2008). Trafficked. Lagos: Lantern Books.

[2] Awake (2003, February).

[3] http:.//www.soroptimist.org/trafficking/faq.htm (Retrieved 6/1/2013 5:01 pm)

Abstract: Philosophy in the West had the anti-metaphysical inclinations as its basis in the beginning of twentieth century. It witnessed an increase in secularization and a decline in religious credence. In this period humanism has come to refer to a philosophy that rejects traditional religious dogmas and regards humans as capable of using their intelligence to live their lives. Humanism is not new to Indian traditions. It differs from mysticism, asceticism and religion. In India humanism has a long illustrious history which dates back to Carvaka (the materialist) and Buddha.

[1]. A.S.K., E.V.Ramasamyum Ambedkarum (Tamil version), Meena Gopal Pathippagam, Chennai, 2004.
[2]. Arijnar Anna, E.V.Ramasamy Oru Sagaptham, E.V.Ramasamy Suyamariyadhai Prachara Niruvana Veliyeedu, Chennai, 2005.
[3]. Palanisamy, T. E.V.Ramasamy Kanda Paerunmaigal (Tamil version), Manivasakar Pathippagam, Chennai, 1997.
[4]. Palany Arangasamy (trans.) Gopalakrishnan (compilation), Is there a God?, Emerald Publishers, 1996.
[5]. Prema Aravindan, E.V.Ramasamyin Ponmoligal, Swamimalai Pathippagam, Chennai, 2005.
[6]. Saraswathi,S., Towards Self-Respect E.V.Ramasamy EVR On a New World, Institute of South Indian Studies, Madras, 1994.
[7]. Thangaraju, P., Selected Thoughts of Dr.Ambedkar, Puratchikkanal Publications, Madras, 1996.
[8]. Thanthai E.V.Ramasamy, Samudaya Seerthirutham (Tamil version), E.V.Ramasamy Suyamariyadhai Prachara Niruvana Veliyeedu, Chennai, 1999.
[9]. Veeramani, K. Samuga Neethi (Tamil version), Dravidar Kalaga Veliyeedu, Chennai, 1998.
[10]. Veeramani, K., E.V.Ramasamyin Samudaya Ariviyal Paarvai (Tamil version), Dravidar Kalaga Veliyeedu, Chennai, 2001.

Abstract: Knowledge is part of human nature. Much of man's search or quest is to know or have knowledge on one thing or the other. Wisdom (knowledge) is the principal thing (Proverbs 4:7). Man is by nature apt to know and to have knowledge of the abstruse things and situations in the universe that he finds himself. But there are some issues, characteristics, instances and situations that militate the free-flow of knowledge acquisition. In effect, when one begins to abhor knowledge and embrace ignorance it is abnormal. When one begins to select what he should know at the expense of other knowledge, then he is losing some sort of knowledge. Knowledge is the pursuit and possession of clarity, certainty and truth for the solution of human problems. Hence, lack of the zeal to know and/or lack of knowledge and knowledge by selection make one less knowledgeable, less informed, less successful and less human – 'my people perish for lack of knowledge (wisdom)'. In this paper, attempts are made to outline the factors that hamper and terminate knowledge in human beings as teachers and/or learners.

Key Words: Knowledge, Termination, Factors.

[1]. Audi, Robert. The Cambridge Dictionary of philosophy Edwinburgh: Cambridge University press, 1999.
[2]. Aristotle in stumpf S. E. Socrates to Sartre. London: McGraw-Hall 1999.
[3]. Blackburn, Simon. Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University press, 1996.
[4]. Edwards, Paul. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy vol. 3 and 4, New York: Macmillan, 1967.
[5]. Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary of current English, New York: Oxford University press, 2001.
[6]. Maxwell, J. C. The power of Influence. Benin: Joint Herirs, 2001.
[7]. The Holy Bible (King James Version)
[8]. Ozumba, G. O. in I. I. Asouzu (ed) Philosophy and Logic Today. Calabar: University of Calabar press, 2004.
[9]. Millar, C. Questions that matter: An invitation to philosophy. New York: MCgraw-Hill, 1996.
[10]. Dupre, Ben. 50 Philosophy ideas you really need to know, London: Quercus, no year.

Abstract: Fundamental human rights are the inalienable rights of all members of human family. They are those rights which are characteristic of, or common to human beings. Such rights include; right to life, right to educate and be educated, right to own property, right to marry and be married, etcetera. These rights are guaranteed by the United Nations Organization (UNO) and constitutions of various countries of the world. These rights, as being practiced in the Deeper Life Bible Church, are the focus of this paper.

[1]. T.F. Yerima "Internationalisation of Human Rights: A Critical Appraisal and comparison of the Trilogy of Documents in the U.N. system" in Ikeja Bar Review, vol 1 parts I and II, Sept., 2006 – Mar. 2007 p.27
[2]. E.A. Ayandele: The Missionary Impart on Modern Nigeria 1842 – 1914 London: Longman 1966 p.8
[3]. A.A. Agbaje "Rev. S. B. J. Oshoffa 1909 – 1985" in J.A. Omoyajowo (ed) Makers of the Church in Nigeria (Lagos: C.S.S., 1995), pp.170 – 193 Ibid p.186.
[4]. M.A.Ojo: "Deeper Christain Life Ministry: A case study of the Charismatic Movement in Western Nigeria" in Journal of Religion in Africa vol. xviii, 2(1988)
[5]. Okpara Okpara: Human rights: Law and Practice in Nigeria Enugun: Chenglo, 2005 p.36
[6]. Ben Nwabaeze: Constitutional Democracy in Africa vol.2 Ibadan: Spectrum, 2003 p.4
[7]. Exodus 20:13 (King James Version), p.1611.
[8]. A.L. Akintola "Making the Life more meaningful under the Nigerian Constitution" in a Journal Ife Juris, vol.1, Part 2, 2004, p.359
[9]. International Convention on Civil and Political Rights Article 6. Section 33 (1) 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
[10]. Laws about special sacrifices in Deeper Life‟s Search the Scripture, vol. 25, p.18. A.L. Akintola, Ibid, p. 360.

Abstract: The problem of underdevelopment in Africa can neither be underscored nor over-emphasised. As such, Africa's economic, political and social crises have been and continue to be a topical issue. This paper seeks to establish the missing link in Africa's quest for development. African countries are trying to redress the effects of imperialism (a relation of dominance) which produced chronic conditions for perpetual poverty and underdevelopment. This paper argues that development is not purely an economic phenomenon, instead, development must encompass more than the financial and material aspects of life. It (development) must be perceived as a multi-dimensional process involving the re-organisation and re-orientation of entire economic and social systems. The paper also argues that the adoption of the former coloniser's language, for instance, the dominant use of the English language in former British colonies has also been seen to have negative implications on the development of such countries. In other words, when people neglect their traditional structures, language, culture and values, it is tantamount to throwing away their identity, which apparently, impacts negatively on their development. The paper advances the argument by dependent theorists who advocate a 'return to the source' approach, that is, a return to traditional structures and the use of native languages in Africa's quest for development. This is in contrast to the modernisation theory which postulates that developing countries should throw away traditional structures, language, culture and values and emulate Europe and The United States as models for development.

[1] F. Nemani, Modernisation and Industrialisation Theoretical Framework for the Transition to Industrial Capitalism (London: Penguin, 1997).

[2] W.W. Rostow, The Stage of Economic Growth, a non Communist Manifesto, (Cambridge: Cambridge: University Press, 1960).

[3] V. Ferraro, Dependency Theory: An Introduction (South Hadley: Mount Holyoke College, 1996).

[4] O. Senkel, National Development Policy and External Dependency in Latin America, The Journal of Development Studies, (6), 1969.

[5] F. Salager-Meyer, Hedges and Textual Communicative Function in Medical English Written Discourse, English for Specific Purposes, 13(2), 1994,149- 171.

[6] T. Dos Santos, Readings in U.S Imperialism, In Fann et al (Boston: Porter Sargent1971).

[7] B. Davidson, The Black Man‟s Burden (Oxford: James Carey, 1992).

[8] B. Blake, All About Language (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

[9] C.A. Bowers, Cultural Literacy for Freedom (Eugene: Elan Publishers, 1974).

Abstract: An intrinsic relationship exists among culture, a people and the media. This relationship is so profound that it exerts significant influence on the nature or shape of every society and its media. Over the years, what has been established is the fact that the media are not only influenced by cultural forces, they are indeed cultural institutions. That sort of relationship may sound so simplistic. The question therefore is whether culture and the media do conflict – how does culture interact with professionalism? There is therefore, the need to further define this relationship. Of particular concern here, however, is the question whether the professional character of Nigeria journalists is driven by cultural traits or by professional codes of ethics? Anchored on the functionalism theory, this study finds that there is a subsisting conflict between Nigeria culture and professional codes of ethics. As a result, the way Nigeria journalists carry out their professional duties is profoundly influenced by the Nigeria culture and largely unethical. The study recommends a structural balance that promotes culture but does not compromise professional ethics.

Key words: culture, media, code of ethics, professionalism

[1]. Aiyetan, D. (2002, May 6). Corruption in the media. Tell magazine, p.32
[2]. Baran, S.J. & Davis, D.K. (2003), Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment, and Future. Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomas Learning.
[3]. Bittner, John (1989). Mass communication: An introduction, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[4]. Bo, D. (2006). Ethical Issues in Nigerian Media: Revisiting the 1964/65 Elections, Mass media review: An introductory journal of mass communication, Vol. 1, No 2. P 48-61
[5]. Bo, D. (2012). Assessment of Ethical Practices in Nigerian Journalism. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Department of Mass Communication, Benue State University, Makurdi.
[6]. Bodley, J.H. (2009), "Culture." Microsoft Encarta. Redmond WA: Microsoft Corporation Gemstone, 2025 Nigeria (2009). Value system. http://www.gemstone2025.or.Retrieved23-10-09
[7]. Learning Commons (2009). What is culture? Values and beliefs as components of culture. http://www.wsu.edu/gened/learn-modules.retrieved 25-10-09
[8]. MacBride S. Et al (1981). Many voices, One world, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
[9]. Mbiti, John S. (1975). An Introduction to African Religion. London: Heinemann.
[10]. Mfumbusa, B.F. (2008). Newsroom ethics in africa: quest for a normative framework. Africa communication research. 1.(2). September, 139-157

Abstract: The socio- economic development of a state depends on the proper, well planned, scientific utilization of natural resources. To harness the vast potentiality of all round of development in rural areas. We have together share, care and preserve with the natural wealth, viz forest, wild life, water bodies like river, wetlands etc. In order to accelerated the development perspective, promotion of eco- tourism is the best way, It has not help us to open way for income generating, but also help to propagate the social, cultural and natural heritages in broader sense. Beyond it, eco- tourism is helpful to community involvement in nature conservation and to change the environmental arena of an ecological sensitive area. In this paper we are trying to carry out documentation on eco- tourism potentiality at Chandubi Beel of South Kamrup. Connected to Assamese myth, legend and mystery, Chandubi Beel may become a tourist heaven all over the world. And also to examine the changing trends of community involvement in nature conservation through tourism practices. In this paper, descriptive and analytical method has been used. We have visited the famous place, meet local people, consulted tour operators and reviewed various books and articles published in news papers and magazines.

[1] Hunter, M. L. Jr.(1990): Wildlife, Forests and Forestry, principles of managing forests for biological diversity.
[2] Baishya, Dinesh (ed) (1986) : Bipanna Udvid
[3] Borthakur, Ranjit (ed) (2009) : Nature economics
[4] Hazarika, Mriganka (ed) (2012): Ankur
[5] Prater, S.H. (1948) : The Book of Indian Animals Bombay Natural History Society
[6] Purkayastha, Jayaditya (2012) : Urban Herpetofouna
[7] Souvenir, Orchid Festival, Dhemaji, 2012
[8] The Hindu, Environment Survey, 2011
[9] The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972

Abstract: This paper emphasizes the Self Directed learning Strategy which is an effective language learning strategy as 21st century society is an increasingly complex, diversified, globalized and media-centered with a plethora of opportunities. To meet its standards, 21st century language learner should have the knowledge of diversified fields. Apart from these, the student as well as the teacher should focus on language learning strategies since English language has become a tool in every field of learning. Language learning strategies are not newly created but have been in use thousands since many years. Research shows different language learning strategies such as Cognitive, Meta-Cognitive, Guided, Compensation, Social, Affective and self directed etc. It is not an easy task for teachers to accommodate different learning styles unless the students develop the skill to shift learning styles according to the activity, situation and the need of the day. In order to be an effective learner, one could adopt the self directed learning strategy by which the student hones the language learning skills.

[1]. Stella Hurd, Tim Lewis. "Language Learning Strategies in Independent Settings." Multilingual Matters.2008. Web.15.June .2013.
[2]. Michael Lessard-Clouston." Language Learning Strategies: An overview for L2 Teachers: First published in Essays Languages and Literatures," 8, at Kwansei Gukuin University, December ,1997.web.14,15 June. 2013.
[3]. Candy, P. "Self Direction for Life Long Learning: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice." Sanfransisco. Jossey Bass,(1991)Web. 16, 17 June.2013
[4]. Andrew J. Morrall. "An Investigation Into Learner's Disposition and Perceived Ability to Learn Independently in the Centre for Independent Language Learning". Hong Kong Polytechnic University in January 1998.web.16 June. 2013.

Abstract: Community Development anywhere in the world is facilitated by the extent to which the local people can mobilize their resources to address local needs. The role of the youths to fast-track Community Development Programmes has been recognized, particularly, in local communities where they have played pivotal role in education, health, environmental sanitation, mass mobilization, religious activities etc. This study poses that through active participation and encouragement; youths can be effective instrument for CD programmes and may take ownership as well. With field-based data from Cross River State, South-South Nigeria, the study examines the extent and strategies to which the youth can be meaningfully engaged in CD programmes and presents an evaluation of the challenges facing them in that direction. Recommendations for Sustainable Development via youth participation are made at the end of the study. Keywords: Youths, Participation, Community Development, Programmes, Mobilization.

[1] United Nations, 2005 Figures of World Population Prospects: 2008 revision (Geneva: UN Population Division, 2008).

[2] World Bank, World population report (Washington: D.C.: World Bank, 2010).

[3] J. Nitzberg, The meshing of youth development and community building, putting youth at the center of community building, new directions for youth development, No. 106, summer 2005. [4] B. Checkoway, Involving young people in neighborhood development. Children and Youth Services Review, 20, 1998, 765–795.

[5] A. E. Luloff, and L. Swanson, Community agency and disaffection: enhancing collective resources, in L. Beaulieu, and D. Mulke, (Ed.) Investing in people: the human capital needs of rural America, (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).

[6] J. Nitzberg, The meshing of youth development and community building, putting youth at the center of community building, new directions for youth development, No. 106, summer 2005.

[7] A. C.Kubisch, Comprehensive community building initiatives--ten years later: what we have learned about the principles guiding the work, putting youth at the center of community building, new directions for youth development, No.106, summer 2005.

[8] E. S. Cahn, & C. Gray, Using the co-production principle: no more throwaway kids. Putting youth at the center of community building, new directions for youth development, 106: summer 2005.

[9] A. Lynn, Youth using research: Learning through social practice, community building, and social change. putting youth at the center of community building, new directions for youth development, No. 106, summer 2005.

[10] M.A. Brennan, R. Barnett, and M. Lesmeister, Enhancing leadership, local capacity, and youth involvement in the community development process: findings from a Survey of Florida youth, Journal of the Community Development Society, (forthcoming), (2006).

Abstract: Ageing is a multidimensional process; old age is the closing period of the life of an individual. However as already stated the elderly are not a homogenous group. Experts are of the view that it could be divided into three categories; young-old (60-69); old-old (70-79); and oldest-old (80+ years). Each category has different characteristics and many different health problems. It is believed that the real problems of old age affect a person only after 80 years of age. The present study was conducted in Guledgudd Hobli of Bagalkot District with the focus on socio-economic aspects of health condition and morbidity pattern of the rural elderly. Objectives of the study:  To study the socio-economic status of the rural elderly.  To understand the health problems faced by the rural elderly persons. Methodology: A total sample 350 Respondents consisting 133 males and 217 females were selected by using the simple random sampling method. Results: Age and Sex an important criterion which shows the demographic characteristics of survey respondents. 168 (48%) elderly of them are in the age group of below 60-69 years, followed by the respondents 112 (32%) elderly of them are in the age group of 70-79 years.

Keywords: Ageing, Health Condition, Morbidity Pattern, Prevalent Diseases.

[1]. Chaturbhuja Sahu (1998) "Problems of Ageing among the Indian Tribes", New Delhi-02.
[2]. Hoyer W. J. and Roodin P. A. (2003) "Adult development and ageing", New Yeark, McGaow Hill.
[3]. Vijay Kumar S (1998) "Health Services for the rural Elderly"; Social Change issues and perspectives". Journal of the council for social development.
[4]. World Health Organisation (1946) "Constitution of the World Health Organisation", Publishing Health Report.
[5]. Camacho et al (1993) "Functional Ability in the oldest old", Journal of ageing and health.
[6]. Situational Analysis of the elderly in India: June 2011, Central Statistics office, Government of India.
[7]. Vinod Kumar (1996) "Ageing Indian Perspectives and Global Scenario", New Delhi.
[8]. John A. Ross (1982) "International Encyclopaedia of Population Center for population and family health.
[9]. K. Vijayakumar Et al (1992) "Life and Health of the elderly in a community in transition".
[10]. WHO Technical Report Series 779(1989) "Health of the Elderly", WHO, Genevo-1989

Abstract: Nineteenth century America produced eminent prose writers and poets such as Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Whitman, Emerson, Thoreau, and Mark Twain but none of comparable quality in the field of drama. The gap remained until after the First World War, the year 1920, to be exact, with O'Neill's production of "Beyond the Horizon" and the inception of the "Theater Guild" which enabled him to face the challenge by refining the genre which had so far lagged behind in its development and maturity, as well as in form and content. Appreciating O'Neill's contribution, this study aims is to highlight O'Neill's craft in making drama a distinct literary genre with diversity of both form and technique. A thorough thematic analysis focuses primarily on the different forms and techniques which O'Neill has implicitly or explicitly employed in his short plays from the outset of his career until its end. O'Neill's experimentation in form, including his use of multiple acts and scenes, makes him entirely a different dramatist. He was internationally recognized as a dramatist not because he used one or the other technique in his plays but because he blended all those techniques in his plays in a highly personalized manner.

Keywords: O'Neill's Short Plays, Diversity, Form, Technique Highlights: The study of O'Neill's diversity of form and technique reveals that his stature as a great artist stems from the highly personalized approach he brought to this blend of form and technique.

[1]. Alexander, Doris, (1962) The Tempering of Eugene O'Neill., New York: Hartcourt, Brace and World
[2]. Bloom Harold. (June 2012), The Iceman Cometh: A play in four acts by Eugene O'Neill. New York premiere: Martin Beck Theatre, 9 October 1946, The Iceman Cometh, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006. Posted on 6 June 2012
[3]. Bogard, Travis,(1988) Eugene 0'Neill: Complete Plays. (3Vols.) New York, Oxford University Press,
[4]. Gagey, Edmond M. (1947), Revolution in American Drama, New York: Columbia University Press
[5]. Goyal, Bhagwat S. (1970), O'Neill and his Plays. New Delhi: Aaartic Book Center Goyal, Bhagwat S. (1975), The Strategy of Survival: Human Significance of O'Neil's Plays. Ghaziabad, India: Vimal Prakasher
[6]. Hayashi, Tetsumaro. (1983), Eugene O'Neill: Research Opportunities and Dissertation Abstracts. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland
[7]. Krutch, Joseph Wood. (1957)The American Drama since 1918: An Informal History.New York: Braziller
[8]. Prasad, Hari Mohan (1987).The Dramatic Art of Eugene O'Neill, New Delhi: Associated Publishing House
[9]. Raleigh, John (1966). The Plays of Eugene O'Neill, Carbondale, IL, SIU Press Ronald H. Wainscot (1998), Staging O'Neill: The Experimental Years, A Survey Of The Dramaturgy And Scenography of O'Neill's plays; Yale University Press, Beyond the Horizon and the struggle towards Expressionism, Posted on 10 June 2012
[10]. Winther, Sophus Keith. (1961), Eugene O'Neill: A Critical Study. New York: Russell and Russell

Abstract: This study aimed to investigating the identifying of learning high schools based on "Peter M. Senge" learning organization's five disciplines in view of high school teachers and managers in "Tabriz" city of Iran. The study method was quantitative- descriptive survey approach for studying among 115 high school teachers and administrators as sampled through systematic random sampling with using the "Marquardt" learning organization questionnaire for data collection. For analysis of data collected used some descriptive and inferential statistics techniques by using of SPSS software. The Results of findings showed that public high schools are low to owning five components of learning organization to become learning schools but only the two components consist of "personal mastery" and "system's thinking" is applied. As a result this is not a strong indication for become learning school and since the school's administrator performance and activities to creating positive organizational climate that encourages and support the teachers learning have positive effects on learning schools and thus teachers will be interested and motivated for collective and group learning.

Keywords: learning schools, learning organization, education system

[1]. Ghadamgahi M, and Ahanchian MR. (2005). Survey on condition of Mashhad schools based on elements of learning organization, Quarterly of educational innovations, 14 .137-147.[Persian]

[2]. Anders O. (2004). The learning organization: Towards an integrate model, the learning organization, 1(2), 129-144

[3]. Anona A, and Foley P. (2003). Foundation for a learning organization: Learning organization mechanisms, the learning organization, 10(2), 74- 82

[4]. Beuger W, and Braun W. (2006). Transformation leadership in organization; an environment induced model, International Journal of Management, 8(4), 46-82.

[5]. DuFour R. (2004). Schools as learning communities, Educational Leadership, 61(8), 6–11.

[6]. Giles C, and Hargreaves A. (2006). The sustainability of innovative schools as learning organizations and professional learning communities during standardized reform, educational administration quarterly, 42(1), 124-156.

[7]. Leithwood K, Leonard L, and Sharratt L. (1998). Conditions fostering organizational learning in schools, educational administration quarterly, 34(2), 243-276.

[8]. Lipshitz R. (1996). Building learning organizations: the design and implementation of organizational learning mechanisms, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32, 292-305.

[9]. Marqart M. (2006). The obstacles of establishing learning organizations, Translated by Mohammad Reza Zali, Tehran University Publications.

[10]. Senge PM. (1990). The fifth discipline, the art and practice of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday.

Abstract: The right of citizenship is an important right in every democratic political country. As a member of the political community, a citizen is provided with certain rights to fulfil his aspirations and to develop his personality to the fullest extent. In a democratic country like India, after the adoption of the Constitution, several rights were granted to the citizens of the country. The government tried to act as a welfare agency in the life of the human beings. However, the development initiatives taken by the Government of India in the post-independent period, present a different picture before us. People are denied their citizenship rights. The present initiatives taken by the Government of India transform the North-East into country's future power hub is significantly denying the people of the region from their basic rights including right to security of life, healthy environment, and livelihood and depriving of them from their community life. This article is an illustration of the evil effects of development initiatives in the life of the people of North-East India. Keywords: citizenship, development paradigm, displacement, livelihood and security.

[1] Acharya Amitav, Singdeo K Sudrat, Rajeretnan M, Human Security: From Concept To Practice-Case Study From North-East India and Orissa (World Scientific Publication, New Delhi, 2010)

[2] Bharali Gita, Development-Induced Displacement and Human Security in Assam (Department of Political Science, Gauhati University, 2006)

[3] Hussain Monirul, Interrogating Development: State, Displacement and Popular Resistance In north-East India (SAGE Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2008)

[4] Dutta Akhil Ranjan (edit), Human Security In North-East India: Issues and Policies (Anwesha Publication, Guwahati, 2008)

[5] Fernandez Walter, Rehabilitation Policy For The Displaced, Economic and Political Weekly, Volume 39, Issue 12, March 20, Pp-1191-1193, 2004

Abstract: It is a common palace of commercial life today that businesses are conduct not only in the form of a single private or public company, but also in the form of a group of companies consisting of a holding company (which may often be a listed public company) and a number of usually wholly owned subsidiaries and possibly sub-subsidiaries. Nowadays the group from may be employed at quite a small level of private business for tax or other reasons. As with larger groups of companies, different branches of the business or different properties will be located in each subsidiary. It may be convenient for different parts of business to be managed by separate but connected companies. There is in practice a presumption of direction of the wholly-owned subsidiary by its parent company. Because of this direction, the parent company is often fined for the illicit behaviour of the subsidiary. But the presumption of direction can be rebutted and the parent company can deny its liability, proving the independence of the subsidiary. This research work for: To set out some of the arguments and provide links to academic and other material that can shed light on the debate, notably proprietary research that examines the holding companies liability to subsidiary company, from a regulatory and corporate governance perspective under the Companies Act 2006.

Key Words: Holding Company, Subsidiary Company, Antitrust Violations, Liability for Debts, Agency Relationship

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Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between self-efficacy and feeling of reduced personal accomplishment among female teachers in South Eastern Nigeria (Abakpa Girls Secondary School). A total of 50 participants comprising of 25 young and 25 old female teachers of Abakpa Girls Secondary School, were used, for the study. The participants who were randomly selected using simple random sampling of which case were within the age range of 25-35 years and above with mean age of 18.8 years and standard deviation of 7.8 years. Two instruments namely; Self-efficacy Scale, ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree, developed by Barumert (2008) and questionnaire measuring the feeling of reduced personal accomplishment among female teachers, ranging from a few times a year to every day, developed by Bakker (2004) were used in the study. Correlational design was used, pearson product moment correlation co-efficient as statistical test revealed a positive relationship between self –efficiency and feeling of reduced personal accomplishment of (48) = 0.79 at P< .05.

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Abstract: This study examined the relationship between self esteem and achievement motivation among university undergraduates. The sample consists of 100male and 100 female undergraduates from the University of Nigeria, Enugu campus (UNEC) with the age range of 18-35. Correlational design was used. Hudson (1982) 25-item index of self-esteem scale and Hermann (1970) 29-item achievement motivation scale were administered. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient statistics revealed a positive relationship between self esteem and achievement motivation, r(198)=0.34 at p<.05. The findings were discussed and suggestions made.

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