IOSR-JHSS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of yoga training aerobic training and detraining on muscular strength among college boys. To achieve this purpose of the study, forty five college boys were selected as subjects who were studied various department in the Nagaland University, Lumami. The selected subjects were aged between 18 to 21 years. The selected subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 15 subjects each group. Group one acted as experimental group I (yoga training) and group two acted as experimental group II (aerobic training) and group three acted as control group. The subjects were tested on selected criterion variable such as muscular strength prior to and immediately after the training period. The selected criterion variable such as muscular strength was measured by grip dynamometer. The collected data from the three groups before, during and after the experimentation was statistically analyzed by using two-way (3×3) factorial analysis of variance with last factor repeated measures. The data collected from the three groups at post test and detraining (three cessation) was statistically analyzed by using two way (3×4) factorial ANOVA with last factor repeated measures. Two way factorial ANOVA was used to find out the significant differences if any, the Scheffe's test is applied as post hoc test to determine which of the paired mean had significant differences. The 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the significance. The result of the present study has revealed that there was a significant difference among the experimental and control group on muscular strength.

Key words: yoga training-aerobic training-physical fitness variables

[1]. Chen T.L, et al., (2009) "The Effect of Yoga Exercise Intervention on Health Related Physical Fitness in School-Age Asthmatic Children", The Journal of Nursing, Vol II.
[2]. Clarke David H. and H. Harrison Clarke, (1988) Advanced Statistics, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.,), 31-38.
[3]. Cooper, H. Kenneth, (2009) Aerobics, Bantan Publishing, www.en.vikipedia.org.
[4]. Davis. R.J., et. al., (1991) Physical Education and The Study of Sport, England:Wolf Publishing Ltd.,
[5]. Exercise: 7 Benefits of Regular Exercise, www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/HQ01676
[6]. Hertler L, et. al., (1992) "Water Running and the Maintanence of Maximum Oxygen Consumption and Leg Strength in Women", Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24, S23.
[7]. Licl et al., (2006) "The Effectiveness of an Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Worksite Health – Related Physical Fitness – a case in a High-Tech Company", Chang Gung Medical Journal, Vol I.
[8]. Madanmohan et al., (2008) "Effect of Six Week Yoga Training on Weight Loss Following Step Test, Respiratory Pressure, Handgrip Strength and Hand Grip Endurance in Young Healthy Subjects", Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, Vol.II.
[9]. Pradhan, P.K., (2008) "Yogic Practices for Health and Sports Performance", Indian Journal of Yoga Exercises & Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Vol. II., 12.
[10]. Stevan Roy and Richard Irvin, Sports Medicine Prevention, Evaluation, Management and Rehabilitation (Englewood cliffs:Prentice Hall Inc. 1993) 64.

Abstract: There are eight main MDGs and many stake holders in various countries have contributed to achieving some of these goals. Achieving the MDGs does not depend on economic growth and expensive solutions alone. Man himself has the solution very close to his bosom if he can make maximum use of what nature provides for him. Ethno-botany is an integral part of indigenous/local knowledge of a particular society. The ethno-botanicals accessed from forest areas not only provide a substantial amount of food security to the women but also play a significant role in securing the household economy. Women have developed local provisions of insurance of livelihoods for local communities, ethno-medicine for family health, growing of staple food crops, exploration of plant based innovations for food and biodiversity conservation. However, tens of thousands of plant species are at risk of being extinct, including plants used for food and nutrition, medicine, cultural and spiritual purposes, and the maintenance of livelihoods. These are needed to alleviate poverty, provide food security and ensure sustainable development in many nations. This paper focuses on the roles of an ethno-botanist in achieving some of the MDGs in Africa.

Key words: Ethno-botany, MDGs, anthropology, poverty alleviation, environmental sustainability

[1] THISDAY LIVE (2013) http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/nigeria-37-others-bag-un-award-for-meeting-mdgs-hunger-target/150734/ (Accessed August 3, 2013).
[2] R. J. Ford, Ethnobotany: Historical diversity and synthesis in R.J. Ford (Ed.), The Nature and status of ethnobotany, Anthropological papers, (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor : Museum of Anthropology, 1994).
[3] R.E. Schultes and R. F. Raffauf, The Healing Forest. (Dioscorides Press, Portland, 2003).
[4] S. K. Jain, Dynamism in ethnobotany, Ethnobotany, 17(122), 2005, 20-23.
[5] P. Pushpangadan and B. Kumar, Ethnobotany, CBD, WTO and the Biodiversity Act of India. Ethnobotany, 17, 2005, 2-12.
[6] R. E. Schultes, The importance of ethnobotany in environmental conservation. American Journal of Economics and Sociology.56(2), 1994, 202-206.
[7] M. E. Osawaru and F. M. Dania-Ogbe, Ethnobotanical studies of West African okra (Abelmoschus caillei (A. Chev) Stevels) from some tribes of South western Nigeria. Science World Journal 5 (1), 2010,
[8] P. Shengji, Ethnobotany for biodiversity conservation in B. R. Bhatta, S. R. Chalise, A. K. Myint, and P. N. Sharma (Eds.), Recent concepts, knowledge, practices and new skill in participatory integrated watershed management trainers (Resource Book, FAO, ICIMOD, PWMTA, 1999).
[9] D. M. Warren and Cashman, Indigenous knowledge for sustainable agriculture and rural development, Gatekeeper series SA (10), (Interact Institute for Environment and Development (HED), London, 1988).
[10] J.S. Thomas, Carlson and M. A. Luisa, Review of Ethnobotany and Conservation of Bio-cultural Diversity, Advances in Economic Botany (15), 2005

Abstract: Reading occupies a pivotal role in the life of a man. Reading opens the doors of the treasures of knowledge. It is an important means of introducing the child to the world that surrounds him. It is the very foundation on which the edifice of the child is to be built. Reading is one of the most important components of our language and it is an essential tool for lifelong learning for all learners. In order to face the 21st century, education has to prepare these learners to adapt to social and technological changes that are taking place at an unprecedented rate. Education under these circumstances depends largely on language competency. In this context, reading especially is a resource for continued education, for the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, for gaining information through media, especially newspapers, books, radio, television, and the computers.

Keywords- Reading habits

[1]. Asemi, A. (2005). Information Searching Habits of Internet Users: A Case Study on the Medical Sciences University of Isfahan, Iran, Webology, Volume 2, Number 1, April, 2005
[2]. Balasunduram, S.(1991). A Survey of children‟s reading interest. Singapore book world,20.82-105
[3]. Bignold, H. (2003. Gender difference and reading. Journal of School Librarian,Vol.50, no.3: 122-133.
[4]. Bullent, Y. (2002). Reading and library usage habits of Turkish students in Austria. Journal of IFLA. Vol.28, no.2: 74-76.
[5]. Beers, K. (1996). No time, no interest, no way, the three voices of literacy. Journal of School Librarian, Vol.42, no.2: 30-33.
[6]. Cunningham, A.E. & Stanovich, K.E. (1998). What reading does for the mind? American educator. 22(1): 8-15
[7]. Cheah, Y.M. (1998). Nurturing the Singapore readers. Reading, 32 (1): 33-34

Abstract: In this research paper I have tried to find out the effect of privatization on Pakistan's corporations. Government has privatized PAKSAUDI fertilizer; which was a huge asset for Pakistan's fertilizer industry. This industry has millions of tons of production capacity and was earning huge million dollar capital income for economic progression of country. During 2001-2002 PAKSAUDI fertilizer was purchased by FFC's subsidiary and consequences occurred which had never been repaired. In my research report I tried to show the effect of this acquisition on BIN QASIM plant. I also try to show that in Pakistan certain private entities manipulate to purchase national organization for their own benefits this has caused a huge loss to not only our nation but also to whole economy. In short this report is associated to huge macroeconomic perspective of privatization and its effect on our economy. After purchasing PAKSAUDI plant FFC has effectively reduced its debt share so that operating profit of firm has increased because PAK Saudi fertilizer has capacity of production of million tons of fertilizer as per need of consumption, targeting this industry has led FFC to better growth of operating profit. Operating profit is generally defined as profit that a firm has gained from its operations, so after purchasing operations of FFC has increased thereby greater the operation with les cost greater will be the operating profit margin. with archeological perspective and eagle eye view point of a analyzer I can only say that in 2004 firm has enough resource to be used in future operations but if we place an eagle eye's view on 2001 picture there was very disappointing situation of operation.

[1]. COMMISSION, ISLAMABAD STOCK EXCHANGE. LIST OF COMPANIES THAT HAVE CHANGED THEIR NAME. http://www.ise.com.pk/RenamedCompanies.asp. [Online] http://www.ise.com.pk/RenamedCompanies.asp.
[2]. nation, the. corruption in privatization. lahore, pakistan : the nation, 20 aug ,2013.
[3]. REPORT, PRIVATIZATION COMMISSION. http://www.uspakistan.org/Government_of_Pakistan_Privatisation.pdf. [Online] http://www.uspakistan.org/Government_of_Pakistan_Privatisation.pdf.
[4]. NAQWI, SYED NAWAB HAIDER. STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT EMPLOYMENT AND PRIVATIZATION IN PAKISTAN. PRIVATIZATION. pp. 1-13, 15-21.
[5]. HUSSAIN, ISHRAT. RECENT PRIVATIZTION IN PAKISTAN AND THEIR IMPACT. pp. 1-17.
[6]. SCRIBD.COM. WWW.SCRIBD.COM. SCRIBD.COM. [Online] http://www.scribd.com/doc/16912894/Impact-of-Privatization-on-Pakistan-Economy.
[7]. KAMAL.A.MUNIR.http://tribune.com.pk/story/349491/privatisation-of-ptcl-a-lesson-for-policymakers/.THEEXPRESS TRIBUNE. [Online] http://tribune.com.pk/story/349491/privatisation-of-ptcl-a-lesson-for-policymakers/.
[8]. CLAIRE.E.HUMPHAIRE. PRIVATIZATION IN BANGLADESH. PRIVATIZATION IN BANGLADESH.
[9]. rehman, javaid ur. WWW.NATION.COM. www.nation.com. [Online] http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/islamabad/18-May-2012/psm-chairman-against-privatisation.
[10]. PRIVATIZATION IN PAKISTAN. KEMAL, d.r A.R. pp. 1-36.

Abstract: Privatization is now become phenomenon of world, it is now practiced by most of organizations who generally wanted to achieve specific goals to flourish their economy by selling those organization creating burden on economy. Therefore in wake of many recession and certain monarchies begin to appear on world map, they have achieved different approaches on setting new targets for achieving better economic growth rate and good economic trend has become their only necessity to achieve such targets of more prosperous economy Prime assets of Pakistan were generally thrown for use of favorites and thus privatization of such economy diamond proved as a failure for economy and our economy began to move toward recession. Privatization of 63 industries including two banks named as ABL and MCB, 7 industries related with automobile category, 8 cement plants, 5 chemical plants, 1 fertilizer plant, 16 units of ghee, 14 ROTI plants and 1 textile unit. Gross Domestic growth rate was generally very much higher than 6% in 1980 after that during rapid privatization diminished to 4% in post privatization period.

Keywords- Effect of privatization on GDP rate, Effect of privatization on debt/GDP growth rate Effect of privatization in inflation, Effect of privatization on unemployment rate, Effect of privatization on import and export price ,Effect of privatization on consumer spending and consumer price index ,Effect of privatization on external debt, Effect of privatization on producers prices

[1]. The New Model of Privatization in Serbia. Begovic, Boris. 2000, Center for Liberal Democratic Studies, pp. 3-4.
[2]. NIAZ, ADEEL. PRIVATIZATION :CHALLANGES AND CONSTRAINTS. ENGLISH ESSAYS. s.l. : JAHANGIR SERIES, 2012, pp. 203-205.
[3]. HAQ, COL. BOOK OF ESSAYS. book of essays. s.l. : JAHANGIR SONS, 2012, pp. 9-25.
[4]. Privatization and Nationalization Cycles. Roberto Chang, Constantino Hevia. 2009, privatization and nationalization cycle, pp. 5,7,8.
[5]. Decentralization, Intergovernmental Relations and Markets. Bennett, Robert. 1-26 : Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990, Decentralization, Local Government and Markets: Towards a Post-Welfare Agenda, pp. 1-26.
[6]. Pre-Post Performance Assessment Of privatization in pakistan. Ahmed Nawaz Hakro, muhammad akram. 1 january 2009, International Review of Business Research Papers, pp. 2,3,4.
[7]. Privatization: What Have We Learned? Sergei Guriev, william maginsom. 2000, Privatization: What Have We Learned?, pp. 3,4,10,12.
[8]. The Privatization-Nationalization Cycle: The Link. Chua, Amy. 1995, Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository, pp. 222,222,225.
[9]. Privatization in Emerging Markets: Pakistan's Perspective . Mubbsher Munawar Khan, Muhammad ZafarYaqub,Farida FaisaL. APRIL 2011, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, p. 101.
[10]. IS PRIVATIZATION IN PAKISTAN PURPOSEFUL? Khan, Dr. Akhtar Hasan. 2012, IS PRIVATIZATION IN PAKISTAN PURPOSEFUL?, pp. 3-9, 11-13.

Abstract: The success of democracy depends upon free and fair elections. Elections serve as a means of communication between the public and government. It is a process through which leaders are selected by vote for a political office. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 marked a new era in the democratic set up of the country as it created Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) as third tier of the federal set up. It gives considerable attention to the nature of elections for the three levels of panchayati raj institutions. Direct elections are specified for seats at all levels. The act provides for one additional potential avenue of representation and accountability of local government. Unopposed elections are the reflection of mature democratic trend.

Keywords: Election, Haryana Panchayati Raj, Panches, Panchayat Samit, Sarpanch, Unopposed Elections,,Zila Parishad.

[1] Rule 3, Haryana Panchayati Raj Election Rules 1994, vide Haryana Government Notification No. GSR 56/HA 11/94/209/94 dated August 24, 1994.

[2] Section 37, Haryana Panchayati Raj (Election) Rules, 1994, ibid.

[3] Dainik Jagran, April 16, 2010, p.1

[4] R.K.Kundu and S.L.Kundu, Unopposed Elections in Haryana Panchayati Raj Institutions: An Analysis of Fourth General Elections, 2010, (Coimbatore: Asian Review of Social Sciences, An International Peer- Reviewed Journal on Social Sciences, 1(1) January-June, 2012, 10.

[5] Government of Haryana, Report of State Election Commission Haryana2000, Chandigarh, p. 10.

[6] Government of Haryana, Report of State Election Commission Haryana1994-2004, Chandigarh, pp. 102-103.

[7] Government of Haryana, Report of 2nd State Finance Commission Haryana, Chandigarh, September, 2004, 58.

[8] Government of Haryana, Report of State Election Commission Haryana, Chandigarh: 2005, 38.

[9] Government of Haryana, Report of State Election Commission Haryana, Chandigarh: 2005, 22-24.

[10] R.K.Kundu and S.L.Kundu, Unopposed Elections in Haryana Panchayati Raj Institutions: An Analysis of Fourth General Elections, 2010, (Coimbatore: Asian Review of Social Sciences, An International Peer- Reviewed Journal on Social Sciences, 1(1) January-June, 2012, 10.

Abstract: Information literacy is considered an essential skill that every society is expected to acquire in the modern knowledge-based global economy. Schools play the vital role of producing future citizens who are expected to be creative, critical thinkers, and lifelong learners. To accomplish this objective, schools are expected to implement information literacy programmes that are explicitly designed to equip students and teachers with the necessary aptitude that would help them become independent and active learners and workers. Information literacy is the adoption of appropriate method to identify, through whatever channel or medium, information well fitted to information needs, leading to wise and ethical use of information in society.

Keywords- Information literacy, Information technology, Lifelong learning, Information Abundance, Teaching and Learning

[1]. American Library Association 2000. Information literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education. Retrieved on 30th November, 2010 form http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/acrl/standards/informationliteracycompetency.cfm
[2]. American Library Association and Association for Educational Communications and Technology. 1998. Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning Roles and Responsibilities of the School Library Media Specialist.
[3]. Asselin, M. and Moayeri M. 2010. New tools for new literacies research: an exploration of usability testing software. International Journal of Research and Method in Education , 33 (1), 41-53.
[4]. Behrens, Shirley J. 1990. Literacy and the Evolution towards Information Literacy: An Exploratory Study. South African Journal of Library and Information Science, Vol.58 No. 4. P. 355
[5]. Candy, Philip C. 1993. The Problem of Currency: Information Literacy in the Context of Australia as a Learning Society. The Australian Library Journal, Vol.42 No.(4) p.290
[6]. CILIP [Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals]. 2004. Information Literacy: Definition. Available form http://www.cilip.org.uk/policyadvocacy/informationliteracy/definition/default.htm
[7]. Duggan, A., Hess, B., Morgan, D., Kim, S., and Wilson, K. 2001. Measuring student' attitude toward educational use of the internet. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 25(3), 267 -281
[8]. Hancock, Vicki E. 2003. Information Literacy for Lifelong Learning. http://www.libraryinstruction.com/information-literacy.html
[9]. Mokhtar, Majid and Foo (2004). Measuring infromation literacy in education.
[10]. Procceding. Conference on Information Literacy: Information, Learning, Innovation: Delivering Global Knowledgehttp://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/sfoo/publications/2004/2004CILLLI_fmt.pdf Date retrieved 12/05/2011

Abstract: This present situation Nigeria posse's serious threats and challenges to both government and well meaning citizens. The problems facing the country centre on high population rate without corresponding increase in resources. In developed countries the ratio of population go's together with the economic resources. Situations were population rate is higher than the economic resources then there is an economic crisis. It is in the light of above, that this paper examines the influence of counseling on population and economic growth Nigeria with the view of addressing it. Certain counseling issues like family planning should be adopted so as to minimums the number of children's like three (3) and a maximum of four (4).With this we, are sure that the problem will be solve. The paper adopts Adam Smith and Simon theory of growth as it theoretical framework of analysis.

[1]. Aguirre, M. S. (2007) ―Population Resources and Environment: A Survey of
[2]. the Debate'', The Catholic Family and Human Right Institute.TheCatholic University of America.
[3]. Beetseh,K .and Kohol,B.(2013)Challenges of Ethics and Accountability in Nigeria Civil Service: Implication for Counselling in Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences.Vol.9 Issue 2 Mar-April 2013 PP18-23
[4]. Caldwell J.C (2002). The Theory of Fertility Decline. Academic Press, New York.
[5]. Caldwell, John C. I. O. Oruboloye, and Pat Caldwell (2006). Fertility Decline in Africa: A new type of transition? Population and Development Review 9new York) 1vol.8,No.2, pp. 211-242.
[6]. .Coale, A. J and Hoover, E. A (2007). Population Growth and Economic Development in Low-income Countries. Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press.
[7]. Damoder, N. Gujarati (2003) ―Basic Economics''. Tata McGraw-Hill Book Company Limited, New York.
[8]. Easterlin, R. A. and E. M. Crimmins (2001). The Fertility Revolution: A Supply-Demand Analysis. Chicogo: University of Nigeria Chicago Press.
[9]. Federal Ministry of Healh (1998). National Policy on population for Development, Unity, Progress and Self-reliance. Federal Ministry of Health, Lagos, Nigeria.
[10]. Furedi, F. (2004) ―Population and Development: A Critical Introduction'' In Aguirre, M.S. ed population, Resources and Development.

Abstract: A basic challenge in understanding human cognitive development is to understand how children acquire number concepts. The Hindu-Arabic number system represents amounts of objects by number symbols, without referring to other properties of these objects (e.g., color, size). That is to say that the number symbols, like many other symbols, are linked to the objects that they represent in an arbitrary but agreed upon manner with fixed representation rules. Therefore, when the number system is used in a teaching-learning process, the child is required to perform a relatively complicated cognitive process. This paper reports on a research project that was carried out to investigate preschool children's mapping of numbers onto the linear number lines. A total of thirty 5 and 6 year old preschool children were interviewed individually in a number-space task with three sets of number lines that is 1 – 10, 1 - 20 and 1 – 100. Preliminary findings suggest that children understood the task and adopted a consistent strategy of mapping consecutive numbers onto consecutive location. Implications of the findings to the teaching of mathematics at preschool level will be discussed.

Keywords: Number concepts, Number line, Representation

[1] Wright, R. J. (1994). A study of the numerical development of 5-year-olds and 6-yearolds. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 26, 25–44.
[2] Young-Loveridge, J. M. (2004). Effects on early numeracy of a program using number books and games. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19, 82-98
[3] Blevins-Knabe, B., & Musun-Miller, L. (1996). Number use at home by children and their parents and its relationship to early mathematical room. Early Development and Parenting, 5(1), 35−45.
[4] Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B.A. (2009). Does higher quality early child care promote low-income children‟s math and reading achievement in middle childhood? Child Development, 80, 1329–1349. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01336.x
[5] Jordan, N.C., Kaplan, D., Ramineni,C., & Locuniak, M.N. (2009). Early math matters: Kindergarten number competence and later mathematics outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 850-867.
[6] LeFevre, J. , Skwarchuk, S. , Smith-Chant, B. L. , Fast, L. , Kamawar, D. and Bisanz, J. (2009) Home numeracy experiences and children's math performance in the early school years. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 41 , pp. 55-66.
[7] Baroody, A. J. (2009). Fostering early numeracy in preschool and kindergarten. Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp. 1-10). London, ON: Canadian Language and Literacy Research Network.
[8] Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., et al. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428-1446.
[9] Feigenson, L., Dehaene, S., & Spelke, E. (2004). Core system of number. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 307–314.
[10] Carey, S. (2001). Cognitive foundations of arithmetic: Evolution andontogenesis. Mind & Language, 16, 37–55.

Abstract: Many research on primary school children in Malaysia indicate an over reliance on the written symbols representation (Munirah, 2001; Parmjit, 2005; Munirah& Noor Azlan, 2002; Chinappan & Ambigapathy, 2009; Mohini & Jacinta, 2010). This is a cause for concern as researchers draw strong connections between the representations children use and their understanding (Lamon, 2001). Janvier (1987) describes understanding as a "cumulative process mainly based upon the capacity of dealing with an 'ever-enriching' set of representations". Furthermore, representations are considered as a means in the formation of conceptual understanding. The ability to move smoothly between various representations of the same concept is seen as an indication of conceptual understanding and also as a goal for instruction (Lesh, Behrand Post, 1987). Moreover, according to Kaput (1991), possessing an abstract mathematical concept is better regarded as a notationally rich web of representations and applications. This paper reports on a research that was carried out to investigate preschool children's mapping of the number words onto it's symbolic and concrete representation. A total of thirty 5 and 6 year old preschool children were individually interviewed on number name and it's symbolic and concrete representation. Findings suggest that there are children who are able to move smoothly between the various number representations. Pedagogical implications from the findings will be discussed.

Keywords: Childhood,Mathematics,Representations

[1] Munirah, G. (2001). Kajian kepekaan nombor murid tahun lima. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru.
[2] Parmjit, S. (2005, Aug. 7 - 12). Multiplicative thinking in children's learning at early grades. Paper presented at the ICMI East Asia regional Conference on Mathematics Education, China.
[3] Munirah, G., & Noor Azlan, A. Z. (1999). Assessment of school children's number sense Proceedings of The International Conference on Mathematics Education into the 21 Century: Societal Challenges: Issues and approaches. Cairo, Egypt.
[4] Chinnapan, M., & Pandian, A. (2009). Malaysian and Australian children's representations and explanations of numeracy problem. Educational Research for Policy and Practice 8(3), 197-209.
[5] Mohini, M., & Jacinta, J. (2010). Investigating Number Sense Among Students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 8, 317–324.

Abstract: This research paper is aimed to investigate the effect of currency depreciation on the Trade Balances of South Asian Countries. The analysis was based on Marshal-Lerner Model developed by Lerner, A. P. (1944) and J-curve. The Marshal-learner model is the extension of model of Marshall, A. (1923), which stated that devaluation or depreciation of currency makes exports relatively cheaper and imports relatively expensive. Making textual analysis of the available data from South Asian countries, the study makes predictions on the devaluation of currency, its causes and the consequences. The cross sectional data was tested via multiple regression analysis. Effects of currency depreciation on the trade balances of each individual country were then subjected to a comprehensive analysis. The study supports and confirms Marshal-Lerner Model highlighting that devaluation of currency does not always help improve balance of trade.

Keywords: Trade Balance, currency depreciation, developing economies, currency devaluation

[1]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1985). Devaluation and the J-Curve: Some Evidence from LDCs. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 67 (3), 500-504.
[2]. Goldstein, Morris, and Mohsin S. Khan, (1985) "Income and Price Effects in Foreign
[3]. Trade," in: R.W. Jones and P.B. Kenen, eds., Handbook of International Economics, (North-Holland, Amsterdam), 1041-1105.
[4]. Hooy, C.-W., & Chan, T.-H.(2008). Examining Exchange Rates Exposure, J-Curve and the Marshall-Lerner Condition for High Frequency Trade Series between China and Malaysia. MPRA Paper No. 10916, 1-10.
[5]. Lerner, A. P. (1944). The Economics of Control: Principles of Welfare Economics. New York: The MacMillian Company.
[6]. Magee, S. P. (1973). Currency Contracts, Pass-Through, and Devaluation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 1, 303-325.

Abstract: Food security is the basic human right and is achieved if adequate food is available and accessible for all individuals at all times to live a healthy and happy life. In gender inequality, women are poorly nourished , have less access to health care and live in poor sanitary and household conditions.

Keywords: Food Security, Fragile Equilibrium, Habitat Security, Household Livelihood Security, Health Security.

[1] WHO(2000).Food and Nutritional security.www.foodsecuirty.org/DL/course/shortcourseme Fa/en/pdf.

[2] Gross, R., Schoeneberger, Hans, Pfeifer Hans, Joachim Hans and Preuss A (2000). The four dimensions of food and nutrition security: definitions and concepts. www.foodsec.org/DL/Course

[3] UNSCN, (2004).5th report on the world nutrition situation.Nutrition for improved development outcomes. Geneva. Original not seen, assessed in LiobaWeingoetner (2009). The concept of Food and Nutrition security. In Went-IntenrationaleWeilibildung.

[4] Weingartner, Lioba (2009). The concept of food and nutritional security. Achieving Food and Nutritional Security.InWent-InternationaleWeitbildunggGmbH Klaus, Klennert @ inwent.org.www.inwent.org.

[5] Bouis, H. (1993). Food Consumption Survey: How random are measurement errors? New directionS for household surveys, ed. J. Von Braus and D. Pietz, 219–231. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

[6] Rathnayeke, Ishara and Weeraheva, Jeevika. (2002 ). An assessment of Intra household allocatinon of food: A case study of urban poor in Kandy. Sri Lanka Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol. 4, part I, pp. 95-105.

Abstract: This paper presents Socratic Method of teaching as an essential tool to improve teaching learning process. The results presented in this paper are obtained by blending conventional and Socratic Method of teaching to allow smooth transition in teaching method. It shows improvement in various parameters such as average attendance, assignment submission, marks obtained, learner's ability and student's feedback.

Keywords: Socratic, pedagogy, interactive classroom, moral education.

[1] A. H. Premji, "In Persuit of Excellence in Engineering Education Through Innovation", Wipro's Mission 10X, 2007.
[2] Rob Reich, "The Socratic Method: What is it and How to use it in the Classroom", Speaking of Teaching, Stanford University Newsletter on Teaching, FALL 2003, Vol 13, No.1, May 2003.
[3] D. U. Silverthorn, "Teaching and Learning in the Interactive Classroom", Advances in Physiology Education, December 2006.
[4] Mohsen Adib Hajbaghery, Mohammad Aghajani, "Traditional Lecture, Socratic Method and Student Lectures: Which One do the Students Prefer?" WebmedCentral MEDICAL EDUCATION 2011; 2(3): WMC001746, March 2011.
[5] Andreja Lavric, "Teachers‟ Reflections on Their Attitude Towards Students", Association of Teacher Education in Europe, 31st Annual ATEE Conference, October 2006.
[6] "Teacher Involvement in Educational Change", PRELAC Journal, Regional Educational Project for Latin America and The Caribbean, July 2005.
[7] Bonni Gourneau, "Five Attitudes of Effective Teachers: Implications for Teacher Training", University of North Dakota. www.usca.edu/essays/vol132005/gourneau.pdf [8] Affizal Ahmed, Rafidah Sahak, "Teacher- Student Attachment and Teachers‟ Attitude Towards Work", Jurnal Pendidik Dan Pendidikan, Jil. 24, 55 – 72, 2009. [9] Jennifer M. Cassady, "Teachers‟ Attitude Towards the Inclusion of Students with Autism and Emotional Behavioral Disorder", Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, Vol. 2, No. 7, winter 2011.

Abstract: The present research paper is an attempt to analyse the spatial patterns of rural beggars' demographic characteristics, literacy, employment, income, household infrastructural facilities and their socio-economic status. The study is based on primary source of data, collected through the field survey in the Aligarh district carried out during 2009 and altogether, 496 households of beggars were surveyed for the present study from the 70 villages of the district. Spatial analysis reveals the fact that the high level of demographic, literacy, employment, infrastructural facilities among rural beggars is witnessed in the peripheral parts of the district while, high level of per capita income is found in the central part of the study area. However, the overall analysis reveals the fact that the peripheral parts of the district are more developed than the central parts.

Key Words: Literacy Rate, Employment Rate, Per Capita Income, Household Infrastructural Facilities, Socio-Economic Status.

[1]. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba, 1993. Change for the Better Program Statistical Report, Winnipeg.
[2]. Addictions Foundation of Manitoba, 1996. Change for the Better Program Statistical Report, Winnipeg.
[3]. Bodnarchuk, J., Patton, D. and Rieck, T., 2006. Adolescence without Shelter: A Comprehensive Description of Issues Faced by Street Youth in Winnipeg Addictions Foundation of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba.
[4]. Bose, R. and Stephen, W.H., 2002. Income and spending patterns among panhandlers. Canadian Medical Association Journal 167 (5), 477–479.
[5]. Cama, K. H., 1945. Types of beggars. In J. M. Kumarappa (Ed.), Our Beggar Problem: How To Tackle It. Bombay: Padma Publications Ltd, 1-17.
[6]. Census of India, 2001. Primary Census Abstract, Series-1, Total Population: Table A-5. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
[7]. Chaudhuri, S., 1987. Beggars of Kalighat, Calcutta. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, (MHRD).
[8]. Das, D. K. L., 1983. Evaluation of beggar problem in Tirupati. Social Defence, 19.
[9]. Duneier, M., 1999. Sidewalk, Farrar Straus and Giroux, New York.
[10]. DWCWAP, 1980. Profile of Beggars in Hyderabad City: A Socio-Economic Study. Andhra Pradesh: Indian Council of Social Welfare.