IOSR-JHSS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-2 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: In this article, we tried to examine the tendency of parental influence on mating, which is associated with the level of collectivism in a culture. A scale to assess the degree of parental influence on mate selection was administered to 762 respondents at Bagalkot in Karnataka. The respondents mainly college students studying in final year degree in professional and non professional course. Respondents were found to be more conservative on every dependent variable. The perceived influence of parents on mate choices emerged as an influential factor on dependent variables regardless of the respondents culture of origin. Data analysis indicates that parental influence has been an important part of human mating.

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[3]. Barber, N. (2004). Reduced female marriage opportunity and history of single parent-good. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology; 35, 648-651.
[4]. Brewer, M. B., & Chen, Y. R. (2007). Where (who) are collectives in collectivism? Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Psychological Review. 114, 133-151.
[5]. Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204-232.
[6]. Buunk, AP, Park, J. H., & Dubbs, S. L. (2008). Parent-offspring conflict in mate preferences. Review of General Psychology. 12.47-62.
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[8]. Dugsin, R. (2001). Conflict and healing in family experience of second-generation emigrants from India living in North America. Family Process, 40,233-241.
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[10]. Goode, W. J. (1959). The theoretical importance of love. American Sociological Review 24,38-47

Abstract: The storm and stress period of adolescent is a very important subject for parental concern in Bangladesh. Physical and mental transaction period of adolescent is a dangerous moment every parent faces this situation. Gender inequality is still present in our society. As a result girls are facing the same conflicting situation in this stage of life with their parents. Conflict is a natural phenomenon of every adolescent girl's life. It takes a long time for children to reach adolescence. Adolescence is the period between childhoods roughly from twelve to twenty two years (Gander and Gardiner 1981) of development. Moreover, it is reasonable to refer to the description of the adolescent period by Eriksson (1959b). He has described adolescent as the final stage of childhood. After this stage individual is compelled to make these choices and engaged in a process of preparing for critical decisions in physical, sexual and cognitive transformations, the transaction from childhood through adolescence to adulthood involves major change in personality and social behavior that are influenced by parents, other family members, peers and school. Some are deliberate about marriage and still others drug- addiction, alcoholism etc. (Newman and Newman, 1978). It is therefore, needless to mention, that adolescence is one of the important parts of life span, when individuals prepare themselves for their future adult life. It is well known that, parents are the primary socializing agents to guide, direct the adolescent in general and adolescent girls in particular for being future adults. As such, there might be conflict between adolescent girls with their parents.

Keywords: About five key words in alphabetical order, separated by comma

[1] Uma D.Krishnan, M. S. "The Ohio State University", 2004
[2] Jerelyn, Schultaz, Ph. D. "Disaster Committee", 2003
[3] Lee Mo-Yee, Ph. D. & Patrick C. McKenry Ph. D."Adviser Human Ecology" copyright by Uma. D. Krishnan 2004
[4] Arnett, J. J Adolescent and storm stress, reconsidered American Psychologist, 54 317-326 (1999)
[5] BANGLAPEDIA- National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Vol:3 CHO-ENT, page 319
[6] Colmen, J.S. The adolescent society, Glencoe Hill, Free press (1991)
[7] Coper, 1998 w.w.w Gogle Search Parent-Adolescent Conflict. htm
[8] Frued, Anna, Adolescence Psychoanalytic Study Child 1998 13, 255-278
[9] Laursen, Coy, & Collins, Parent Adolescent Conflict, 1998
[10] Mary, J Gander. Harry w. Gardine, Child and Adolescent Development, Little Brown and Company Limited, Canada 1991

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to examine the determinants of cash flow of institutional lenders in Nigerian agriculture. These determinants are deposit liability, Interest rate, reserve requirement, profit (revenue) and tenure of cash flow. The paper analyses the relationship between these macroeconomic variables and cash flow of institutional lender in Nigerian agriculture. Econometric method was used and linear functional form provided the best fit to estimate the relationship. The results revealed that deposit liability, interest rate and reserves requirement of the monetary authority were important and significant in explaining variability in the level of cash flow of institutional lenders in Nigerian agriculture. Correlation analysis indicated a strong and positive relationship (r = 0.98) movement between the determinants of cash flow. There was a high coefficient of determination (R2) value of 96%. However, the elasticity of the estimated co-efficient revealed that percentage (%) change in the deposit liability, reserves requirement and interest rate made cash flow in agricultural sector to change by 0.52%, 15% and -71.5% considerably. The study concludes that for health cash flow to be meaningful and productive in Nigerian agriculture, early disbursement of credit, feasibility studies, elimination of defective and dysfunctional productive environment, check mating diversion of credit by farmers and evaluating and monitoring of repayment program must be sustained by institutional lenders and other collaborative bodies. Moreover, supportive government credit guidelines and reformed monetary policy as well as desirable financial services, products and technologies need to be proactive to guarantee effective cash flow into Nigerian agriculture.

Key Words: cash flow, institutional lenders, agricultural productivity, credit and macro economic variables

[1]. Adekanye, F. (1986) The elements of Banking in Nigeria FXA publisher 3rd Edition, Lagos pp 167-200;
[2]. Akanji, O. O and Ojo M. O (1996) The impact of macroeconomic policy Reforms on Nigerian Agriculture, CBN Economic and Financial Review Lagos (34) 2 549-578;
[3]. Essien E. A (2006) Assessing Technical Efficiency in Food Sector of small And medium industries (SMI) in Nigeria. Farm Management Association of Nigeria (FAMAN) Conference proceeding 2006 pp 90-99
[4]. FBN (1991) Financing Agriculture in Nigeria, First Bank monthly business and Economic Review, Corporate Development and Research Unit Head office, Lagos pp 1-10
[5]. FBN (1998) The Relative Effectiveness of Monetary Policy in promoting Economic growth in Nigeria. The time series analysis, Bi-Annual Review (FBN) Economic research Unit FBN Lagos (6) 70-77
[6]. Ijere, M. O (1998) Agricultural Credit and Economic Development Reading In Agricultural Finance (edited) Ibadan, Longman Publishers pp 25-35
[7]. Mellor, J. W (1995) Introduction Agriculture on the road to Industrialization, U.S.A. John Hopkins University Press, pp 1-6
[8]. Poyi, B. (2002) Effects of Institutional and policy changes on Bank lending to Agriculture, FBN Monthly Business and Economic Review FBN News Letter No 3 Head Office, Lagos.

Abstract: Since the publication of the World Development Report 1990, diverse views have been forwarded by different institutions and agencies about the role of social protection programs in addressing persistent poverty in the developing countries. This paper reviews the existing evidences and arguments about the impacts of such programs in the developing countries. Most of the literatures have recognized the positive impact of such programs especially on poverty and inequality, school enrollment and drop-out, and better nutrition and health outcomes. However, a major concern about these programs is related to the sustainability of their impacts, i.e., the impacts on growth and long term living standards. While the linkages between social protection and growth in the developed countries have focused cross-country empirical evidences, another view holds that such an approach is unsuitable for the developing countries given the lack of reliable data. With regard to the role of these programs in raising long term living standards, the existing evidences are mixed – some studies have recognized their role while there are skeptical views also. So as to address the structural cause of poverty, few studies have attempted to follow an anti-poverty policy bifurcation, with social protection focusing on transient and asset transfer on chronic poverty. However, the feasibility of policy bifurcation has been challenged also, and as such it has been suggested to map out a broader social protection framework that would take into account factors beyond risk and vulnerability to address both chronic and transient poverty.

Keywords: chronic poverty, growth, investment, social protection, social safety net, transient poverty.

[1] Devereux, S. (2002). Can Social Safety Nets Reduce Chronic Poverty?, Development Policy Review, 20 (5):657-675.
[2] Kanbur, R. (2008). Poverty and Distribution: Twenty Years Ago and Now. Working Paper. Cornell University, Department of Applied Economics and Management.

[3] World Bank (2001). Social Protection Sector Strategy: From Safety Net to Springboard. The World Bank Group, The Human Development Network, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

[4] World Bank (1990). World Development Report 1990. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.

[5] World Bank (1995). World Development Report 1995. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.

[6] Subbarao, K., A. Bonnerjee, J. Braithwaite, S. Carvalho, K. Ezemenari, C. Graham, and A. Thomson (1996). Social Assistance and Poverty-Targeted Programs. Washington, DC: World Bank Poverty and Social Policy Department.

[7] World Bank (1997). World Development Report 1997. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.

[8] Holzman, R. and S. Jorgensen (2000). Social Protection Sector Strategy Paper: From Safety Net to Trampoline .Washington, DC: World Bank.

[9] Barrientos, A., D. Hulme, and A. Shepherd (2005). Chronic Poverty and Social Protection: Can Social Protection Tackle Chronic Poverty?, European Journal of Development Research, March 2005.

[10] OECD (2001). Poverty Reduction, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, OECD, Paris.

Abstract: Nation building through leadership for greatness in new times of any entity demands concrete roles and efforts, particularly, of the 'what have' of History of that entity. The shaping of future leadership for any entity like Nigeria in a new time is recognized to demand a similar task of History. History's provision of the when, where, how and what of things as well as its consciousness raising activity and lessons of motions and above all, of its revolutionary endeavors to a great extent, combines in shaping nations and future leadership for greatness. This paper through a bold and concrete historical perspective identified and examined the nature and extent of Nigeria's inherent political and particularly, leadership problems and proffered history's problem solving approach through a popularly grounded revolutionary methodological perspective.

Keywords: Colonialism, History, Leadership Question, Nigeria.

[1]. London Times 8th January, 1897
[2]. Ali Mazrui, A. " Africa in Political Purgatory: The Crossroads between Collapse and Redemption" in Governance A Journal of the Institute of Governance and Social Research. Vol 1. 1998 Jos, Nigeria.
[3]. Abdullahi Mahdi, et al: Nigeria the state of the Nation and the way forward. Proceedings of the National Workshop Organised by Arewa House, Kaduna, Centre for Historical Documentation and Research of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2-3 February, 1994.
[4]. Usman, Y.B : Nigerian Realities and Options to the Year 2010 AD: A Discussant contribution to the paper presentation on "the place of Nigeria in the Global Economy by the year 2010". By Chief E.A.O Shonekan, Ibadan, 19th June 1997.
[5]. Usman, Y.B: History and the challenges of the Peoples and Polities of Africa in the 21st Century. Lecture delivered at the 44th Annual Congress of the Historical Society of Nigeria. University of Abuja, Nigeria. 1999.
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[8]. Elaigwu, Isawa : Africa- Crisis and challenges: Towards a casual analysis. In Governance; A Journal of the Institute of Governance and Social Research. Vol 1 Jos. 1988
[9]. Jerome Udoji: Under three Masters, memoirs of an African Administrator. Spectrum books ltd. Lagos 1995
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Abstract: Despite the large number of studies on entrepreneurial intention among tertiary students, there is a lack understanding of factors that lead entrepreneurial intention among engineering students. The objective of this quantitative study examines the factors that contribute entrepreneurial intention of engineering student by applied Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Participants were 328 final year engineering students from a public technical university in Malaysia. Using Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire (EIQ), the descriptive analyses found that entrepreneurial intention of engineering students were in moderate level. T-test and Annova One Way analyses revealed that no statistical difference of entrepreneurial intention of male and female, but engineering courses taken in the university play a role in explaining entrepreneurial intention. The study confirmed that students in engineering field did not possess high entrepreneurial intention. Among the three determinants in TPB that were examined, the highest mean score was recorded in perceived behavioral control. The study suggests that university management should provide resources planning of the university that related to entrepreneurship. The study contributes to the literature about the impact of entrepreneurship initiatives in Malaysia, particularly in a technical higher institution setting.

Keywords - entrepreneurship, engineering, Planned Behavior, Entrepreneurial Intention Questionnaire, business career.

[1]. S.T. Muench, Self-managed learning model for civil engineering continuing training. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 132(3), 2006, 1-8.
[2]. M.N. Ab. Rahman, J. Ghani, A.R. Ismail & R. Mohd Zain, Engineering students towards entrepreneurship awareness. Research Journal of Internatıonal Studıes, 18, 2011, 48-58.
[3]. M. R. Soleimanpour, S. Tohidlu, & R. Bakhtiari, Identification educational barriers to the development of entrepreneurial spirit in Zanjan University students. Journal of American Science, 8, 2012, 507-511.
[4]. I. Azjen, The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 1991, 179-211.
[5]. R.L. Engle, N. Dimitriadi, J. V. Gavidia, C. Schlaegel, S. Delano, I. Alvarado, . . . B. Wolff, Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Azjen's model of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 16, 2010, 35-57.
[6]. I. Azjen, Attitudes, personality and behavior (2nd ed.). (New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2005)
[7]. R. D. Astuti, & F. Martdianty, Students' entrepreneurial intentions by using theory of planned behavior: The case in Indonesia. The South East Asian Journal Management, 6(2), 2012, 100-112.
[8]. F. Bektas, Entrepreneurial intentions of Turkish university students. International Journal of Arts & Sciences, 4(8), 2011, 167–181.
[9]. S. Wu, & L. Wu, The impact of higher education on entrepreneurial intentions of university students in china. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15, 2008, 752-774.
[10]. X. Quan, Prior experience, social network, and levels of entrepreneurial intentions. Management Research Review, 35, 2012, 945-957.

Abstract: The paper, within historical and ideological contexts, traces the development of the Nigerian broadcasting industry from a colonial initiative to a wholly public (government) enterprise and an admixture of public and private operations following deregulation.. Using, as framework, McQuail's suggested mass media normative responses to environmental social forces, an appraisal of how Nigerian broadcast media organizations have been responding normatively to the demands of component social forces within their operational environment leads the paper to conclude and recommend that the challenges of the dynamic social forces in the media environment impinging on the operations, creativity and potentials of media operatives should be given adequate attention by the industry's stakeholders.

Keywords: broadcasting, deregulation, mass media, McQuail, normative responses

[1] B. Folarin, Foundation of Broadcasting (Ibadan: Atlantis Books, 2000).

[2] R. A. Udeajah, Broadcasting and Politics in Nigeria, 1963 – 2003 (Nsukka: Mass Communication Department, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 2005).

[3] D. McQuail, Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest (London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1992).

[4] P. Obazele, Challenges of Radio Journalism and Management of Broadcasting in Nigeria, in O. Dare and A. Uyo (Eds.), Journalism in Nigeria: Issues and Perspectives, (Lagos: Nigerian Union of Journalism, Lagos State Chapter, 1996) 67 - 93.

[5] L.U. Uche, Mass Media, People and Politics in Nigeria, (New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, 1989).

[6] R. A. Akinfeleye, Fourth Estate of the Realm or Fourth Estate of the Wreck: Imperatives of Social responsibility of the Press, (Lagos: University of Lagos Press, 2003).

[7] S. Enemaku, The Deregulation of the Nigerian Broadcast Industry and the Ensuing Challenges and Opportunities, in R. A. Akinfeleye and I. Okoye, (Eds), Issues in Nigerian Media History 1960 – 2000AD, (Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited, 2003) 47 - 61.

Abstract: Drawing on the theories laid down by several authors, this article examines the continuously re-defined and re-interpreted identity issue of the Limboo tribe of Sikkim. The origin and migration issue of the Sikkimese Limboos is still a matter of debate and controversies and, without relevant documentary sources, has not, nor seems likely to be elucidiated by the historians. Straddled between the two countries of Nepal and India, this fringe tribe has sustained fluid identity under the changing history. The flexibility of the geographical boundaries, battles of conquest, conspiracies and acquisition, and the theories of their originality have confused this community and has caused them to search for their identity. The onset of democracy has further marginalized them. The Limboos have been classified as Nepali linking this community with the later Nepali migrants in Sikkim, which the Limboos consider as a threat to their distinct identity

Key words: migration, theories, boundaries, aboriginality

[1]. Balikci, Anna.2008. Lamas, Shamans & Ancestors- Village Religion in Sikkim: Brill Publication
[2]. Basnet, L.B. 1974. Sikkim- A Short Political History: S. Chand, New Delhi
[3]. Bhattacharya, Arpana. The Prayer Wheel and Sceptre: Nachiketa Publications Ltd.
[4]. Choudhury, Maitreyee.2006. Sikkim-Geographical Prespective: Mittal Publication, New Delhi
[5]. Chemjong, Iman Singh.1966. History and Culture of the Kirat People: 3rd ed. Publishers- Tumeng Hang Limbuwan East Nepal, Mechi Anchal
[6]. Dahal, Dharnidhar.1984. Sikkim Ko Rajnaitik Ithihaas: Vol. 1, Subba Prakashan Gangtok
[7]. Das, B.S.1983. The Sikkim Saga: Vikas Publishing House
[8]. Dutta Roy, Sunanda K.1984. Smash & Grab-Annexation of Sikkim: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd
[9]. Fitzpatrick, Ian Carlos.2011.Cardamom & Class- A Limbu Village and its extension In East Nepal: Vajra Publications
[10]. Gurung,M.M. & R.P. Lama.2004. Sikkim-Study Series, Culture Part I Vol. III; Ed. By M.P. Lama: Information & Public Relations Dept. Govt. of Sikkim

Abstract: This research paper is about managing performance in an organization through reward system. This research enables to understand the current needs of an organization and its employees, their low productive behavior and the way how this behavior could be altered and how to make their performance boost up to the organizational needs and demands. The research was carried out through constructive analysis from different articles that base on reward system. Descriptive research design and exploratory research design were used to conduct the research.

Key Words: performance, Reward system, performance measurement, Performance management.

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[4]. Bahaudin G Mujtaba, (Coaching and Performance management: developing and inspiring leaders, pp 261, Para 2
[5]. Shaping a High-Performance Culture through HR and Reward System Design at Amazon.com, Wilson, Thomas, 1999,pp 3, Para 2.
[6]. Shaping a High-Performance Culture through HR and Reward System Design at Amazon.com, Wilson, Thomas, 1999,pp 4, Para2.
[7]. Joseph Harder, university of Virginia, organizational reward system, pp 1
[8]. Bahaudin G. Muztaba, coaching and performance management: developing and inspiring leaders, pp 269, para 3, table 13.1.
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Abstract: Objective of the Study The objective of the study was to check which factors contribute to job satisfaction of teachers in various colleges of Sialkot. Methodology Questionnaires were sent to 100 teachers and 87 were returned by respondents. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation and regression was also applied.

[1]. Abiodun, A. .. (2012). Job Satisfaction Statu of Primary School Teachers in OTA, Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Studies , 4(1), 11-18.
[2]. Akram, A. A. (2012). Impact of Financial Rewards on Employee's Motivation and Satisfaction in Pharmaseutical Industry, Pakistan. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 12(17), 44-49.
[3]. Andrew Clark, A. O. (1996). Is job satisfaction U-shaped in age? Journal of Occupational and Organtzational Psychology, 57-81.
[4]. Anum Khan, D. M. (2013). Is Job Satisfaction of Islamic Banks Operational Staff Determined Through Organizational Climate, Occupational Stress, Age And Gender. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 4(3), 13-26.
[5]. Azman Ismail, A. Y. (2009). Relationship Between Occupational Stress and Job Satisfaction: An Impirical Study in Malaysia. The Romanian Economic Journal, 3-29.
[6]. Briones, E. T. (2010). Job Satisfaction of Secondary School Teachers: Effect of Demographic and Psycho-Social Factors. The Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid, 26(2), 115-122.
[7]. D.V.S, L. K. (2012). Conceptual framework on job stress on job satisfaction among marketing employees. Global Advanced Research Journal of Management and Business Studies, 1(8), 264-269.
[8]. Eleni Jelastopulu, T. T. (2013). Self-reported Sources of Stress, Job Satisfaction and Quality of Care in Professional Hospital Nurses in West-Greece. Horizon Research Publishing, 1-9.
[9]. Garman, J. K. (2004). Financial Stress, Pay Satisfaction and Workplace Performance. Sage Publications, 69-76.
[10]. Habib Ahmad, K. A. (2010). Relationship between Job Satisfaction, Job Performance, Attitude towards Work and Organizational Commitment. European Journal of Social Sciences , 18(2), 257-267.