IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-2 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: This paper discusses saliva a healing technique of Jesus as contained in the canonical gospels in a bid to show its striking similarities with some healing methods and practices found in African societies. From this position the paper seeks to examine the use of saliva by Jesus in African perspective. It is hoped that this study will help to gain a better insight not only in the use of saliva as a healing technique in the Bible but also in African context. The writers adopt the historical, analytical, comparative and descriptive methodology to achieve the objectives of the paper. It is hoped that this study will form a bridge for cross-cultural pollination and integration, which is necessary for global development.

[1]. Hoffman in C.A. Dime, African Traditional Medicine: Peculiarities (Ekpoma: University Publishing House, 1994), 34.

[2]. Information form a Grain Messenger who prefers to be anonymous

[3]. S. L. Daves Jesus the Healer: Possession, Trance and the origins of Christianitycited in O. E. Alana "The Healing Techniques of Jesus in African context " African Journal of Biblical Studies, Vol. XX l l No1 (April, 2006) 24.

[4]. J. Drever, A Dictionary of Psychology, (London: penquin Reference Books 1963)251.

[5]. M.Y. Nabofa "Saliva Symbolism in African Belief" ORITA: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies Vol. XXV111/1-2, (June & December 1996).

[6]. W. F. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology 10th Ed. (London: Prentice-Hall International 1987)391,406.

[7]. Information from F. O. Okoh at Irrua on 12th June, 2011.

[8]. M.Y.Nabofa Symbolism in African Traditional Religion (Ibadan: Paper Back Publishers Ltd 1994).55ff.

[9]. Ganong, 391,406.

[10]. Ganong

Abstract: In recent times some attention is being paid to the study of social stratification and modes of life prevailing among Muslims in India. This study is also an attempt to study social stratification among Muslims in Kashmiri society. This Article on Kashmiri society is studied on the basis of Caste, Class and Power. Caste system is radically different from Caste system in Indian society. The rigid aspect is missing and very few people are ready to attach any importance to ascribed status. In Kashmir Class is the base of social stratification and most of the times its bases are economic. There are three fold divisions of kashmiri society, Syeds, "Pirs‟, "Ulemas‟, and "Sheikhs‟ at the top, "Dom‟, "Wattals‟, at the bottom and rest in the Middle Class. However, the process of Modernization, secularization, education and new found economic prosperity has made the lines of demarcation very blur and flexibility is quite visible while analyzing social stratification in Kashmiri society.

Keywords: Social Stratification, Education, Social change, Syeds, Lower castes, Kashmiri Society.

[1]. Aggarwal, P.C. (1971): Caste, Religion and Power. SRCIR New Delhi.
[2]. Aggarwal, P.C. (1978): Caste Hierarchy in a Meo Village of Rajasthan. In: Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India (Ed. Imtiyaz Ahmad), Manohar Publications New Delhi.
[3]. Ali, A.F.I. (1993): Changing Social Stratification in Rural Bangladesh. Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
[4]. Ansari, G. (1960): Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh; A study of culture Contact. National Publishing House, Lucknow.
[5]. Bailey, F. G. (1960): Tribe and Nation. Oxford Bombay.
[6]. Bailey, F. G. (1957): Caste and the Economic Frontier, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
[7]. Berreman, G.D. (1970): Caste and other inequalities; Essays on Inequality. Folklore Institute Meerut.
[8]. Beteille, A. (1965): Caste, Class and Power: Changing power of Social Stratification in a Tanjore Village. Oxford University Press Bombay.
[9]. Beteille, A. (1969). Caste, Class and Power. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
[10]. Beteille, A. (1969): Social Inequality. Penguin Books, Harmondswerth.

Abstract: The Noble prize was first awarded in the year 1969. Samuelson was the first American to get it in 1970. This noble laureates has been very flamboyant and versatile writer with physics and mathematics as his pillows. He revolutionized and corrected various classical and neoclassical economic ideas. No doubt, in the initial years he gave greater attention to economic growth and soon could raft in the water's of economic development.

[1]. Indeed Stiglitz began his career with the book, ―The Collected Scientific Papers of Samuelson.‖ Vol. I& II, MIT Press, 1965.
[2]. He had great respect for many economists including the colleagues, students and teachers (may be with differences in Ideas). But Abrham Berson and Joseph A Schumpeter are the two teachers who have left great imprint on him.
[3]. For example, Samuelson attempted to compute the difference the difference between Marxian values and competitive market values among others. See Samuelson P.A. ―The Comparison of Marxian Values and Competitive Market Values – a Critique‖. Journal of Economic Literature, 1969.
[4]. In the subject economics, as a professional economist, Samuelson has held many positions. He was the chief of economic advisory council to the president, president of economic association, American Economic Association, International Economic association – to mention a few.
[5]. See, Paul A. Samuelson, ―Economics‖, Problems of Economic Growth and Development, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955, (Ninth Edition) pp. 765-787.
[6]. For our recent attempt to list a hand count of few of them only see, a) Arnott, Richard, Bruce Greenwald, Joseph E.Stiglitz, 199. ―Information and Economic Efficiency‖. Information economics and Policy 6(1): 77-88. B) Greenwald, Bruce and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1988. Quarterly Journal of Economics 101(3): 229-64. c) Greenwald, Bruce and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1988. ―Pareto Inefficiency of Market Economies: Search and Efficiency Wage Models‖. American Economic Association Papers and Proceddings 78:351-55, d) Hellman, Thomas, Kevin Murdock and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1997. ―Financial Restraint: Towards a New Paradigm‖. Stanford Graduate School of Business Research Paper, Stanford, California, e) Sappington, David, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1987. ―Privatization, Information, and Incentives‖, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 6:567-82., f) Stiglitz J.E 1990, ―The Economic Role of the State: Efficiency and Effectiveness. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. g) Stiglitz J.E 1994. ―Whither Socialism‖, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press., h) Stiglitz J.E 1996. ―Some Lessons from the East Asian Miracle‖. The World Bank Research Observer 11(2): 151-78 and 1) Stiglitz Joseph E., and Mariou Uy, 1996. ―Financial Markets, Public Policy and the East Asian Miracle‖. The World Bank Research Observer 11(2)249-76.
[7]. Stiglitz J.E 1997, ―An Aenda for Development in the 21st Century, In Boris Pleskovic and Joseph E. Stiglitz Eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Pp.17-32.
[8]. The role of corruption in economic development has been dabated at length in all international and national forums. There are two schools of thought, 1) subscribing to the view that corruption helps to faster development, while the others view that corruption retards the on going process of development. See World Bank conference on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by World Bank highlighting on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by World Bank conference on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by world Bank highlighting these ideas.
[9]. The period before 1955 was caught up with the concept of growth. In particular, the differences in rate of growth among different countries bothered much.
[10]. The shift towards democracy is different from the original democracy. It has been a common fall out in Russian federation to shift towards democracy during 1990's, which influenced Stiglitz. But Samuelson gave went to Schumputerian process of democracy and development.

Abstract: Sexuality and spirituality constitute a superstructure on which Ben Jelloun's plots are mostly founded. Reading his writing as gay and missiological discourse permits us to understand that Ben Jelloun's "multiple" transgressions enable him to challenge Eurocentric and traditional epistemologies, thereby deconstructing sexuality and spirituality in his Islamic society. Focusing on the Moroccan Diaspora and prospective migrants, it can be said that Ben Jelloun's homosexuality and spirituality are not attitudinal, but commodified and commoditised, thereby leading to sexual and spiritual ambivalence of diasporic consciousness.

Keywords : Ben Jelloun, Gay discourse, Migrant writing, Missiology, Transgressive sexuality

[1] Benmessaoud, Sanaa. " Liberating Shahrazad: Feminism, Postcolonialism, and Islam". Journalof International Women's Studies. Vol.11, No.2, November 2009, p.231-233
[2] Moukhlis, Salah. "Deconstructing Home and Exile: the Subversive Politics of T.B Jelloun‟s With Downcast Eyes." Postcolonial Text, Volume 2, Number 2, 2006 <http://postcolonial.org/index.php>
[3] Okafor, Chinyere Grace. "La Littérature Africaine et le Beauvorisme: Exemple d‟Action de Femmes et d‟Ecrivains" Delphy, Christine and Sylvia Chaperon (eds.) Cinquantenaire du Deuxième Sexe. Paris: Syllepse, 2002, 259-268
[4] Etoke, Nathalie. "Writing the Woman‟s Body in Francophone African Literature: Taxonomy Issues and Challenges" CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos. 3 & 4, 2006, 41-44
[5] Mooney, Susan. The Artistic Censoring of Sexuality, Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2008
[6] Sadiqi, Fatima. "Facing Challenges and Pioneering Feminist and Gender Studies: Women in Post-colonial and Today‟s Maghrib." African and Asia Studies. 7(2008), 447-470
[7] Sadiqi, Fatima & Moha Ennaji. "The Impact of Male Migration from Morocco to Europe on Women: A Gender Approach." Finisterra, XXXIX, 77, 2004, 59-76
[8] Valentine, Gill. "Queer Bodies and the Production of Space." Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 2002. SAGE Publications. 9 Apr. 2010 www.sage-ereference.com/hdbk_lgs/article_no10.html
[9] Ben Jelloun, Tahar. Labyrinthe des Sentiments. Paris: Stock, 1999, p.70
[10] Ibid. p.80

Abstract: The evolution of political cultures in relation to the emergence of traditional rulership and local governance has engaged the attention of wary scholars on the Nigerian polity and the operation of nascent democracy. This paper navigates the critical variables responsible for the changing roles of traditional rulership and the metamorphosis under-gone by local government administration. British colonial incursion and the eventual subjugation of "subject people" dismantled primordial structures to the extent that in post-independent 21st Century Nigeria, constitution no statutory reference was made to the role of traditional institutions. Ironically, the same colonial onslaught has witnessed transformation in local government administration from the Native Authorities, local government authority, district, local councils, development administration to the cabinet parliamentary system bereft of any significant impact on the livelihood of the governed. One of the quintessential objectives of local governance is grassroot development. The main thrust of this paper is how to reposition these institutions to fulfill their primary mandate by eliminating bottle necks such as the "Nigerian factor" which is a euphemism for ineptitude and endemic corruption.

Key words: traditional rulership, local governance, "Nigerian factor‟, grassroot development.

[1]. Afigbo A.E. (1972) The Warrant Chiefs, Indirect rule in South-eastern Nigeria, 1891-1929
[2]. Alagoa, E.J (1985) Nineteen century Political Culture in the Eastern States of Nigera, Ade, Ajayi, J.F. and Ikare, B. (ed.) Evolution of Political Culture in Nigeria, Ibadan: University Press Ltd.
[3]. Agbese, P.O (2004) Chiefs, Constitutions and Policies in Nigeria, West African Review, Issue 6 http//www.chr.up.ac.za/chr
[4]. Ashiru, D. (2010) Chieftaincy institution and grassroots development in Nigeria, Babawale, T. Alao. A, and Adesoji, B. (eds.) The Chieftaincy Institution in Nigeria, Lagos: Center for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC).
[5]. Assibong, P and Akpan, D (2006) Theproblems and challenges of local government administration in Nigeria. Akpan-Umana, O.E, Oborgu, F. U and Gofwen R.I (eds.) Politics and grassroots administration in Nigeria, Issues, Challenges and prospects,Uyo: Diamond Ville Digita and Publishers.
[6]. Awofeso, O. (2006) Forms and Dimensions of grassroot administration in Nigeria, Akpan-Umana, Oborgu, F.U and Gofiven.R.I (eds.)Politics and grassroots administration in Nigeria.Issues, Challenges and Prospects.
[7]. Bassey, J.R (2006) Theevolution of local government system in Nigeria, from the pre-colonial period to the present, Akpan-Umana, O.E, Oborgu, F.U and Gofwen, R.I. (eds.) Political and grassroot administration in Nigeria, issues, Challenges and prospects, Uyo: Diamond Ville Digital and Publishing.
[8]. Crowther, M. and Ikine, O. (1970) West African Chiefs, Their Changing Status under Colonial rule and independence, Ife: University of Ife, Press
[9]. Dike, K.O (1956) Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta.London Clarendon Press.
[10]. Ehindero, T.J (2006) Traditional rulership in Contemporary political setting and theparadox of its existence in Nigeria,Nigerian Heritage:Journal of the National Commission for Museums and Monuments Vol. 15.

Abstract: This paper examines the fate of the minorities of the defunct Eastern Region of Nigeria in the majority dominated nation-state of Nigeria. The findings show that the Nigerian Civil War (1967-70) was not the genesis of the plight of the minorities. The plight of the minority ethnic groups dates back to the colonial era when the British imperialists merged the desperate kingdoms together to form a federal union known as Nigeria on 1st January, 1914. The amalgamation created a tripartite hegemony which often struggle in a bid to exert control over the state‟s wealth and resources at the exclusion of the other ethnic nationalities on account of their insignificant number. The researchers argue in this work that one of such conflicts was the 30-months of a cascading gorydebacle called Nigerian Civil War in which the peoples of the then Eastern region were meant to pay high price for everything for being considered minorities. Prior to and during the outbreak of the devastating civil strife the minorities of the Eastern Region were the objects of suspicion, intimidation, distrust, arrest, detention, physical and psychological violence, blackmail, forceful population displacement, killings, inter alia. The paper reveals that these minorities were further confronted with the problems of exploitation, marginalization, forceful enlistment into the Biafran army, hostilities and discrimination in the Biafran Refugees camps and food distribution centres. They became the worst refugees as they were trapped between the retreating Biafran soldiers and the advancing federal troops. Besides, they were constantly accused of harbouring and collaborating with either the Biafra or the federal troops. Hence the massive exodus of the minorities of the then Eastern Nigeria across borders to neighbouring countries like Cameroon, Fernando Po and others which were not only close but also had historical links with these minorities. The researchers conclude by recommending far reaching measures that will ensure and sustain equal representation, fair treatment, true federalism and true justice in multi-ethnic country like Nigeria.

Key words: Minority, Majority, Civil War, Refugees, Evacuation and Displaced populations.

[1]. Achebe Chinua (2012). There was a country, a personal History of Biafra London: penguin Books ltd.
[2]. AdemoyegaAdewale (1981). Why we struck the Story of the First Nigerian coup Ibadan: Evans Brothers (Nigeria publishers) Limited.
[3]. Afolabi, M.A. (2006). Inter-Group Relations in the 20th century Nigeria: A Historical survey in Akinwunmi, O. et al (eds.). Inter-Group Relations in Nigeria During the 19th and 20th centuries. Mukurdi: Aboki publishers
[4]. Akinyele, R. T. (1996). "States creation in Nigeria: The Willink Report in Retrospect" in African studies Review 39 (2)
[5]. Akpan, N. U. (1989) "The Position and Role of Nigeria‟s Ethnic Minorities in War and Peace" in Tamuno, T. N. and Ukpabi, S.C. (eds.) Nigeria Since Independence the First 25 years Volume VI the Civil War years. Ibadan: Heinenamm Educational Books (Nigeria) Ltd
[6]. Anokari, N. B. (1986). Nigerian Inheritance A History of the Ogoni. Port Harcourt: Ano Publications company APC.
[7]. Barron, M. L. (ed) (1967). Minorities in a changing World. New York: Alfred A. Knopf

Abstract: The theory of Cultural Relativism in Comparative Literature entails cross-cultural literary investigations, which are based on an understanding that calls for an "empathetic‟ appreciation of the functions that a culture performs in society. Thus, instead of merely comparing one text with another, literary comparisons like relativism explore the functions a text performs in the respective system in terms of the cultural values represented by it. According to noted Indian feminist Maya Pandit, women‟s issues have formed an important part of the agenda of political and cultural movements in India right from the colonial days. A feminist reading of portrayals of Indumati and Achala in Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay‟s Darpachurna and Grihadaha respectively would also incorporate the methodology of Cultural Relativism in the colonial context. The present study proposes to examine Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay‟s essay "Narir Mulya" that encapsulates his views on cultural transpositions of "modern" and "liberal" western ideologies and concepts of women‟s issues in the Indian socio-cultural context vis-à-vis his fictional representation of "educated", "liberal" middle-class Bengali women epitomizing his brand of "feudal feminism" as found in his short story "Darpachurna" and his novel Grihadaha.

Key words: Cultural relativism, feminist discourse, colonial context, feudal feminism.

[1]. Mazumdar, Swapan. ―Cultural Relativism in a Colonial Context‖, Comparative Literature: Indian Dimensions, Papyrus: Calcutta, 1987, p.75
[2]. ibid, p.77
[3]. ibid
[4]. ibid, p.79
[5]. Pandit, Maya. ―Towards Indian Feminist Literary Criticism‖, Indian Literary Criticism in English, ed. P.K.Rajan, Rawat Publications: New Delhi, 2004. p.307
[6]. Gupta, R.K. ‗Feminism and Modern Indian Literature', Indian Literature, 157 (Sept/Oct)1993
[7]. Mazumdar, Swapan, ibid. p.81

Abstract: The issue of corruption in Nigeria is no longer news. What is news and in fact worrisome is the dimension that the issue is currently taking in the country. It becomes more worrisome when it is obvious that the rich and the poor, the educated and the uneducated and even the clergy and the lay men are involved in one form of corrupt practice or the other. In fact corruption has indeed aggravated the pace of development in Nigeria. The focus of this paper is to analyze the concept of organized and chaotic corruption in Nigeria and to show how it has led to the underdevelopment of Nigeria economy. This paper will also proffer solution to the problem. Both human needs social conflict theory and frustration aggression theory shall be adopted in this paper. The work shall make use of oral and secondary source materials in accomplishing its tasks.

[1]. Ezeogidi Cyril C.N.O. "Historical Survey of Corruption in Nigeria" in Ansu Journal of Integrated Knowledge Vol. 1 No. 1 setember2011 p97
[2]. Chutta S.C. Corruption in Nigeria, (Nsukka, Afro-obis Publisher, 2004) 2
[3]. Rundel M. Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners New Edition, (Malaysia, Black Publisher 2008)332
[4]. Akper Adam and Kuper Jerica, The Social Science Encyclopedia, (London Rout Ledge and Kegan Paul, 1985)163
[5]. Chutt S.C. page 3
[6]. www.Lectlaw.com.
[7]. Obikeze O.S and Anthony O.E., Government and Politics of Nigeria, (Onitsha, Bookpint 2006)39
[8]. G.C. Unachukwu etal Nigeria peoples and culture, (Enugu, John Publisher, 2003)14 Chutta S.C ibid
[9]. A.E. Afigbo Indirect rule system in southern Nigeria, the Era of warrant chiefs 1891-1929 in Taink vol 1 20.
[10]. Rina Okonkwo "Corruption in Nigeria" in Francis Anyika (ed) African Humanities, (Nsukka: Afro- orbis, 2005)81.

Abstract: Nigeria is one of the countries where the female gender has not been able to make visible and valuable contributions to nation-building on equal pedestal with the male gender. The 35% affirmative action on women is yet to be realized in Nigeria. It grew worse during this 2011 April elections in Nigeria. This paper therefore, highlights the major causes of female gender's disparity with their male counterparts as cultural, religious and the impact of the British Colonial Government on Nigeria. The paper traces the way the British Female gender broke the barriers in Britain through the potent weapon of education & then highlights the importance of formal and informal education to the female gender in Nigeria. The paper also trace some notable Nigerian women who broke the barriers through the acquisition of traditional and western education. Women like Mrs. Funmilayo Ransome Kuti, Mrs. Margaret Ekpo, Mallama Gambo Sawabo, Mrs. Ngozi Iweala, Professor Dora Akinyuli, Hon. Abike Dabiri-Arewa and others are mentioned. The conclusive part of the paper states that the importance of education to nation-building cannot be underestimated and it is very immeasurable especially when it is given to women, who are naturally nation-builders. Suggestions are made on how the government, the parents and the female themselves can make education available to the female gender so as to remove all the inhibitions, prohibitions and restrictions from every aspects of her life so that she can make a meaningful contribution to the building of her nation.

[1]. Ozumba G.O. et al, Nigeria Citizenship Education (Aba: Vitahs Books (1999) p. 112.
[2]. bid. p. 2.ibid.
[3]. ibid
[4]. ibid
[5]. King James Version, The Holy Bible- Genesis Chapter 2 verse 18 (Dallas: Jetmove Publishers, 2000)
[6]. Warner, G.T., The New Ground Work of British History (London: Blackie & Sons Ltd. 1939) P. 902
[7]. ibid
[8]. ibid
[9]. ibid p. 916
[10]. ibid

Abstract: Before the coming of Whiteman in Nigeria the history proved beyond reasonable doubt that there was a strong organized government without any written constitution. The kind of people that were living in these areas and their system of government, this will enable us to either accept or disprove the erroneous write ups of some authors who claimed that the various kingdoms have no any system of government. The works of archeologist carried out in some areas located within the confine of these major ethnic groups also gave impetus to the claim of historian on politics and political arrangement of these people. Were these institutions destroyed? An answer to this would be proffer in this dissertation.

[1]. Google- Encyclopedia of the Nations, Nigeria – Ethnic groups
[2]. Obaro Ikime, (1980). Groundwork of Nigeria History: Heinenann Books.
[3]. Ibid
[4]. BAMGBOSE JIMOH, (1995). Political Science and Government for Nigeria Student: Ijede Commercial Enterprises.
[5]. JOHNSON REV S. (1969). The History of Yoruba. London C.S.S Bookshop Nigeria.

Abstract: Due to Nigeria government's inability to properly account and convince its citizenry how its petro-gas resources being explored in the Niger Delta region are managed or controlled, it has given rise to militancy, violence and corruption. The study traces these social maladies to both the governments and the multinational oil and gas companies' neglect of the Niger Delta region. It analyses corruption from the legal perspective; the laws regulating the oil and gas sectors in Nigeria; the basis for the Niger Delta agitation and the Nigeria government's blueprint for the Niger Delta region. Our findings are that the joint venture agreements between the government and the multinational companies, over-invoicing by the multinational companies, the laws regulating the oil and gas sectors and also the newly created Local Content Act (other known as the Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry Development Act, 2010), are the engines for corruption, and that except they are reviewed, corruption will persist in our petro-economy. The study concludes that except adequate machineries are put in place and the enforcement of laws to punish violators for the crimes of corruption in our petro-economy, the situation will degenerate and the Nigerian government will continue to lose huge sums of money.

[1]. Amnesty International (AI) Report (7/27/2009), Nigeria: Petroleum, Pollution and Poverty in the Niger Delta (On line)
[2]. Claude, Inis L. Jnr. (1998), Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (New York: Random House)
[3]. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999.
[4]. Daily Times Newspaper, 18 June, 2009 (online), Nigeria: JTF Attack-U-S. Group Caution FG
[5]. http://alllafrica .com/stories/20906180249.html.(12/15/2009)
[6]. Etim, W. (August 27, 2003), Oil Spillage devastate Bayelsa Communities. Posted on Ijawnation@yahoogroups.com by Titoe Miriki. 8/27/03
[7]. Gas Re-Injection Act 1979 (as amended by the Act, 2008)
[8]. Gidado, M.M., (1999), Petroleum Development Contracts with Multinational Oil Firms: The Nigerian Experience, Maiduguri: Ed-Linform services.
[9]. Klan, K.I.P. (ed), 1987, Petroleum Resources and Development Economic, Legion and Policy Issues for Developing Countries, London: Belloven Press
[10]. Nweke, Aforks G., (1985), Africa: its Security and the Nuclear option (Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Ltd),

Abstract: The attacks and frequent insurgencies in Iraq have affected the various systems put in place by the Iraqi government. The attack on President George W. Bush in Bagdad by an Iraqi journalist covering the event signified a violation of the right of sovereign immunity enjoyed by a President on invitation by his host - this type of behaviour is often referred to as "misplaced‟ or "redirected aggression. Also, the attack is centred on the right claim by US to wage wars of choice on the ground of threat to their interest. After agonistic encounters, observers view the rivalry as an individual attack on a third party that continues with policy that sparks up provocation in the past. That point to the inevitable problems that face a Great power when it tries to maintain or reshape the international norm of non –interference on the internal affair of states as a whole, for claim on fighting "terrorists"

Keywords: Aggression, Terrorism, War on terror, Freedom, Interest

[1]. Abdallah A.M.(2003) "Causes of Anti-Americanism in the Arab World. www.meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2003/issued4/jv7n4ab.html.
[2]. Bush G (2002) The National Security for homeland security. http//www.whitehouse/book/nat-strat-h/s.pdf
[3]. Claude A. (1983) A Political Economy of Africa. Lagos: Longman Nigeria Limited.
[4]. Ibanga, M.(2002) The Terrorist Attacks on the United States and the right of self defence". The Calabar Law Journal volume vi-vii.
[5]. Khouri, N. (2002:2)cited from Toby Miller "Anti-Americanism and popular culture".www.tobymiller.org/images/culturalstudies/film/anti-america and culture.pdf.
[6]. Kronstadt K.A.(2003) International Terrorism in South Asia. Congressional Research order. Code RS21658.

Abstract: In current history, as in the past, many international conflicts could be explained in terms of geopolitical factors. While geopolitical conflicts are raging in several parts of the world, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has been most significant since the emergence of the modern state of Israel in 1948, resulting from the November 29, 1947 United Nations Resolution 181 adopted for two states creation in Palestine: one Arab, one Jewish. While the Jewish state came into being, the Arab one has remained a confounding issue. Why has the Palestinian state not been actualized? The paper argues that in last sixty-five years, efforts made to actualize the creation of a Palestinian state have suffered unnecessary paralysis due largely to socio-psychological perceptions and diplomatic conundrum between the two sides. The November 29, 2012 UN General Assembly resolution upgrading the Palestinian Authority from UN "observer" to "non-state member observer" status was a significant diplomatic achievement for the Palestinians, but laced with political landmines. But a Palestinian state can be actualized if certain impediments are removed, with honesty of purpose on both sides and the third party mediators.

[1]. Lieberman, Dan(2007) ―the Course of History: A Return to the Natural Course of History might Resolve the Middle East Crisis‖ {file://A:\TFF%20Middle%20East.htm}.
[2]. Young, Crawford (2013) ―The Heritage of Colonialism‖, in Harbeson, John, W and Rothchild, Donald(eds)Africa in World Politics –Engaging a Changing Global Order, fifth edition. Boulder: Westview Press.pp.16-17.
[3]. Mansfield, Peter(1992) The Arabs ISBN0-14-014768-3
[4]. Lester Kurtz ( 2008)Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict New York: Elsevier Inc,, Volume1,A-F,p.391.
[5]. Cathal J Nolan(2002)The Greenwood Encyclopedia of International Relations, Volume I, A-E, London: Greenwood Publishing. p.338.
[6]. Princewill, K. Irene(2006) ―Israel, the Church and Rome: A Brief Survey‖Ibadan: Yeshua Bible Institute
[7]. ―Earlier proposals for partitions‖ (http://en.wikipedia.com) . Accessed March7,2013.
[8]. Dagobert, R.Runes(1996) The war Against the Jews(As quoted by Princewill, op. cit).
[9]. Duncan et al(2003) World Politics in the 21st century. New york: Longman.
[10]. Chambers Large Print Thesaurus(2006) . Edinburg: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd .

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to determine the effects of streaming on grade 5 pupils' academic achievement in P1 (Former group A) primary schools in Mutare Urban, Manicaland. Two primary schools were selected (one streaming school was randomly selected while the non-streaming school was purposely selected). A quasi-experimental design was opted. A sample size of 345 (males=169; females=176) was purposely selected of which 152 pupils (males = 72; females = 78) were from a non-streaming school, while 193 pupils (males = 95; females = 98) were from a streaming school. An adapted Wide Range Achievement test L1 revised for mathematics subtest was used to test for achievement levels. The results indicate a high significant difference (t (345) = -104.24, α=0.01) between non-streaming and a steaming schools. Girls were more represented in the high stream (70%) while boys were more in the middle streams (57%) and low stream (65%). The achievement levels decreases as pupils find themselves in lower streams and the grade equivalent differences (achievement lag) between high and low stream classes translates to 4 years of education while that of a non-streaming school is one year. Greater variability in test scores were found in the streaming school (s=4.37) than non-streaming school (s=2.91).

Key words: Achievement, Lag, Mathematics, Stream, Equivalent

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Abstract: A study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of primary school teacher training colleges in Masvingo province of Zimbabwe in producing teachers with positive attitudes towards educating children with disabilities in the ordinary classroom. In the process, the effectiveness of the skills and competencies being used and problems being encountered by the student teachers were also investigated. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methodology was used. Data were gathered from a purposive randomly selected sample of a total of ninety second year students on teaching practice. These students were teaching pupils with disabilities in six schools in Masvingo district. The tools for gathering data were questionnaires, interviews, observation and document analysis The findings indicated that students` attitudes were still largely negative. It was also revealed that skills and competencies used were not effective enough to make teaching and learning enjoyable and effective for both the student teachers and the pupils with special needs. The major areas of concern were; attitudes, curriculum adaptation, lack of suitable skills and methods, assessment and time management. In short, it was established that at present teacher training colleges were not preparing students adequately to handle inclusive classes. It is recommended that primary teacher training colleges put in place comprehensive syllabi which can equip students adequately with skills and competencies required for teaching inclusive classes.

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