IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-2 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Saliva: A Healing Technique of Jesus in African Context.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	T. O. Ebhomienlen, C. A. Ogah
	:	10.9790/0837-1620107

Abstract: This paper discusses saliva a healing technique of Jesus as contained in the canonical gospels in a bid to show its striking similarities with some healing methods and practices found in African societies. From this position the paper seeks to examine the use of saliva by Jesus in African perspective. It is hoped that this study will help to gain a better insight not only in the use of saliva as a healing technique in the Bible but also in African context. The writers adopt the historical, analytical, comparative and descriptive methodology to achieve the objectives of the paper. It is hoped that this study will form a bridge for cross-cultural pollination and integration, which is necessary for global development.

[1]. Hoffman in C.A. Dime, African Traditional Medicine: Peculiarities (Ekpoma: University Publishing House, 1994), 34.

[2]. Information form a Grain Messenger who prefers to be anonymous

[3]. S. L. Daves Jesus the Healer: Possession, Trance and the origins of Christianitycited in O. E. Alana "The Healing Techniques of Jesus in African context " African Journal of Biblical Studies, Vol. XX l l No1 (April, 2006) 24.

[4]. J. Drever, A Dictionary of Psychology, (London: penquin Reference Books 1963)251.

[5]. M.Y. Nabofa "Saliva Symbolism in African Belief" ORITA: Ibadan Journal of Religious Studies Vol. XXV111/1-2, (June & December 1996).

[6]. W. F. Ganong, Review of Medical Physiology 10th Ed. (London: Prentice-Hall International 1987)391,406.

[7]. Information from F. O. Okoh at Irrua on 12th June, 2011.

[8]. M.Y.Nabofa Symbolism in African Traditional Religion (Ibadan: Paper Back Publishers Ltd 1994).55ff.

[9]. Ganong, 391,406.

[10]. Ganong

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Social Stratification in Kashmir: A Case Study of Caste, Class and Power in District Pulwama in South Kashmir
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Irshad Ahmad Wanii & S. M. Zuber
	:	10.9790/0837-1620818

Abstract: In recent times some attention is being paid to the study of social stratification and modes of life prevailing among Muslims in India. This study is also an attempt to study social stratification among Muslims in Kashmiri society. This Article on Kashmiri society is studied on the basis of Caste, Class and Power. Caste system is radically different from Caste system in Indian society. The rigid aspect is missing and very few people are ready to attach any importance to ascribed status. In Kashmir Class is the base of social stratification and most of the times its bases are economic. There are three fold divisions of kashmiri society, Syeds, "Pirs‟, "Ulemas‟, and "Sheikhs‟ at the top, "Dom‟, "Wattals‟, at the bottom and rest in the Middle Class. However, the process of Modernization, secularization, education and new found economic prosperity has made the lines of demarcation very blur and flexibility is quite visible while analyzing social stratification in Kashmiri society.

Keywords: Social Stratification, Education, Social change, Syeds, Lower castes, Kashmiri Society.

[1]. Aggarwal, P.C. (1971): Caste, Religion and Power. SRCIR New Delhi.
[2]. Aggarwal, P.C. (1978): Caste Hierarchy in a Meo Village of Rajasthan. In: Caste and Social Stratification Among Muslims in India (Ed. Imtiyaz Ahmad), Manohar Publications New Delhi.
[3]. Ali, A.F.I. (1993): Changing Social Stratification in Rural Bangladesh. Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi.
[4]. Ansari, G. (1960): Muslim caste in Uttar Pradesh; A study of culture Contact. National Publishing House, Lucknow.
[5]. Bailey, F. G. (1960): Tribe and Nation. Oxford Bombay.
[6]. Bailey, F. G. (1957): Caste and the Economic Frontier, Manchester University Press, Manchester.
[7]. Berreman, G.D. (1970): Caste and other inequalities; Essays on Inequality. Folklore Institute Meerut.
[8]. Beteille, A. (1965): Caste, Class and Power: Changing power of Social Stratification in a Tanjore Village. Oxford University Press Bombay.
[9]. Beteille, A. (1969). Caste, Class and Power. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
[10]. Beteille, A. (1969): Social Inequality. Penguin Books, Harmondswerth.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development Ideas of Teacher and student - Noble Laureates (1970 and 2001) (A 21st Century Comparative and Critical Note)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof. Samuelson & Joseph E. Stiglitz, Dr. Kousar Jahan Ara Begum
	:	10.9790/0837-1621925

Abstract: The Noble prize was first awarded in the year 1969. Samuelson was the first American to get it in 1970. This noble laureates has been very flamboyant and versatile writer with physics and mathematics as his pillows. He revolutionized and corrected various classical and neoclassical economic ideas. No doubt, in the initial years he gave greater attention to economic growth and soon could raft in the water's of economic development.

[1]. Indeed Stiglitz began his career with the book, ―The Collected Scientific Papers of Samuelson.‖ Vol. I& II, MIT Press, 1965.
[2]. He had great respect for many economists including the colleagues, students and teachers (may be with differences in Ideas). But Abrham Berson and Joseph A Schumpeter are the two teachers who have left great imprint on him.
[3]. For example, Samuelson attempted to compute the difference the difference between Marxian values and competitive market values among others. See Samuelson P.A. ―The Comparison of Marxian Values and Competitive Market Values – a Critique‖. Journal of Economic Literature, 1969.
[4]. In the subject economics, as a professional economist, Samuelson has held many positions. He was the chief of economic advisory council to the president, president of economic association, American Economic Association, International Economic association – to mention a few.
[5]. See, Paul A. Samuelson, ―Economics‖, Problems of Economic Growth and Development, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955, (Ninth Edition) pp. 765-787.
[6]. For our recent attempt to list a hand count of few of them only see, a) Arnott, Richard, Bruce Greenwald, Joseph E.Stiglitz, 199. ―Information and Economic Efficiency‖. Information economics and Policy 6(1): 77-88. B) Greenwald, Bruce and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1988. Quarterly Journal of Economics 101(3): 229-64. c) Greenwald, Bruce and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1988. ―Pareto Inefficiency of Market Economies: Search and Efficiency Wage Models‖. American Economic Association Papers and Proceddings 78:351-55, d) Hellman, Thomas, Kevin Murdock and Joseph E.Stiglitz, 1997. ―Financial Restraint: Towards a New Paradigm‖. Stanford Graduate School of Business Research Paper, Stanford, California, e) Sappington, David, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1987. ―Privatization, Information, and Incentives‖, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 6:567-82., f) Stiglitz J.E 1990, ―The Economic Role of the State: Efficiency and Effectiveness. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration. g) Stiglitz J.E 1994. ―Whither Socialism‖, Cambridge Mass: MIT Press., h) Stiglitz J.E 1996. ―Some Lessons from the East Asian Miracle‖. The World Bank Research Observer 11(2): 151-78 and 1) Stiglitz Joseph E., and Mariou Uy, 1996. ―Financial Markets, Public Policy and the East Asian Miracle‖. The World Bank Research Observer 11(2)249-76.
[7]. Stiglitz J.E 1997, ―An Aenda for Development in the 21st Century, In Boris Pleskovic and Joseph E. Stiglitz Eds., Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. Pp.17-32.
[8]. The role of corruption in economic development has been dabated at length in all international and national forums. There are two schools of thought, 1) subscribing to the view that corruption helps to faster development, while the others view that corruption retards the on going process of development. See World Bank conference on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by World Bank highlighting on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by World Bank conference on this aspect. Also see, the News Bulletin issued by world Bank highlighting these ideas.
[9]. The period before 1955 was caught up with the concept of growth. In particular, the differences in rate of growth among different countries bothered much.
[10]. The shift towards democracy is different from the original democracy. It has been a common fall out in Russian federation to shift towards democracy during 1990's, which influenced Stiglitz. But Samuelson gave went to Schumputerian process of democracy and development.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Multiples Transgressions: Sexuality and Spirituality of Moroccan Diaspora in the Works of Tahar Ben Jelloun
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Richard Oko Ajah
	:	10.9790/0837-1622638

Abstract: Sexuality and spirituality constitute a superstructure on which Ben Jelloun's plots are mostly founded. Reading his writing as gay and missiological discourse permits us to understand that Ben Jelloun's "multiple" transgressions enable him to challenge Eurocentric and traditional epistemologies, thereby deconstructing sexuality and spirituality in his Islamic society. Focusing on the Moroccan Diaspora and prospective migrants, it can be said that Ben Jelloun's homosexuality and spirituality are not attitudinal, but commodified and commoditised, thereby leading to sexual and spiritual ambivalence of diasporic consciousness.

Keywords : Ben Jelloun, Gay discourse, Migrant writing, Missiology, Transgressive sexuality

[1] Benmessaoud, Sanaa. " Liberating Shahrazad: Feminism, Postcolonialism, and Islam". Journalof International Women's Studies. Vol.11, No.2, November 2009, p.231-233
[2] Moukhlis, Salah. "Deconstructing Home and Exile: the Subversive Politics of T.B Jelloun‟s With Downcast Eyes." Postcolonial Text, Volume 2, Number 2, 2006 <http://postcolonial.org/index.php>
[3] Okafor, Chinyere Grace. "La Littérature Africaine et le Beauvorisme: Exemple d‟Action de Femmes et d‟Ecrivains" Delphy, Christine and Sylvia Chaperon (eds.) Cinquantenaire du Deuxième Sexe. Paris: Syllepse, 2002, 259-268
[4] Etoke, Nathalie. "Writing the Woman‟s Body in Francophone African Literature: Taxonomy Issues and Challenges" CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos. 3 & 4, 2006, 41-44
[5] Mooney, Susan. The Artistic Censoring of Sexuality, Columbus: The Ohio State University Press, 2008
[6] Sadiqi, Fatima. "Facing Challenges and Pioneering Feminist and Gender Studies: Women in Post-colonial and Today‟s Maghrib." African and Asia Studies. 7(2008), 447-470
[7] Sadiqi, Fatima & Moha Ennaji. "The Impact of Male Migration from Morocco to Europe on Women: A Gender Approach." Finisterra, XXXIX, 77, 2004, 59-76
[8] Valentine, Gill. "Queer Bodies and the Production of Space." Handbook of Lesbian and Gay Studies. 2002. SAGE Publications. 9 Apr. 2010 www.sage-ereference.com/hdbk_lgs/article_no10.html
[9] Ben Jelloun, Tahar. Labyrinthe des Sentiments. Paris: Stock, 1999, p.70
[10] Ibid. p.80