IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-3 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: Primary education in Tanzania is an important part in the foundation of receiving education. However, the challenges facing primary education implementation in the rural areas where majority of Tanzanians lives are still not well understood. Different reasons even though are in the sensitive part but it facing a lot of challenges especially in the village.The qualitative study was done in the Tarime district in rural villages. The study tookthe two selected villages to represent rural areas in Tanzania, Bungurere and kobori village were the selected one. Sampling technique was used select 6teachers from Bungurere and kobori primary school each school 3 of them, however 8 parents (families) each village two parents (families). Data were tape recorded as analyzed content analysis method.This study found teaching and learning materials process, parents' education and environment position as well as family income are very big Challenge in many rural areas in Tanzania.In order to overcome such challenges in primary education level societies are needed to provide the necessary assistance especially psychological support for parents as well as teaching and learning materials process. In the mean of everyone has the chance to challenges facing the foundation of education in Tanzania.

Key words-Education, Primary education, qualitative study, Tanzania, Tarime

[1] Nyerere, J.K., 1967. Education for Self Reliance.United Republic of Tanzania, Arusha.

[2] Woods, Eric (2007) Tanzania country case study: Country profile prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report. UNESCO. Available unesdoc.unesco.orgpdf
[3] UnitedRepublicofTanzania(1999).Development Vision 2025. www.tanzania.go.tz/vision.htm

[4] Kuleana (1999). The State of Education in Tanzania: Crisis and Opportunity. Mwanza, Kuleana in Tanzania: Debate and Action. Dar es Salaam, University of Dar es Salaam Convocation.

[5] Galabawa, C. J., F. E. M. K. Senkoro, et al., Eds. (2000). The Quality of Education in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, University of Dar es Salaam Faculty of Education.

[6] Lwaitama, A. F., E. P. Mtalo, et al., Eds. (2001). The Multi-dimensional Crisis of Education

[7] Rajani, R. (2001). Situational Analysis of Children in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam, UNICEF.

[8] United Republic of Tanzania (2004a). Primary Education Development Plan: Progress Report for the Financial year 2002/03. Dar es Salaam, MoEC& PORALG.

[9] ushie, emeka, ononga, &owolabi (2012) influence of family structure on students' academic performance in agege local government area, lagos state, Nigeria.

[10] Richard Schulz, 2005, Dementia Care and Quality of Life in Assisted Living and Nursing Homes. U.S.A

Abstract: In this article an attempt is made to examine the education policy of the State in relation to children below the age of fourteen in India. It is specifically related to child labor and more so, in the context of the need for protection of their rights through appropriate measures more particularly, via compulsory education. The discussion is wrapped in three sections. The first one brings in the influence of education on the growth and development of mankind, the second one devotes to the scheme of 'wholesome childhood' envisaged in various provisions of the Constitution and finally, the discussion exposes the dual speak of the State. The critical part of the analysis highlights the difference between formal and non - formal education and further unravels the sympathy of the State towards non - formal education to favour employment of children in the name of social justice but in reality to sustain child labour.

1 Chaturvedi Badrinath, The Dharmic Law: International Protection of Rights, The Times of India, May 6, 1995, 12

2 Indian Express, September 6, 1994, 11

3 The Hindu, March 22, 1994, 26

4 Mainstream, August 20, 1994, 14

5 The Hindu, March 22, 1994, 26

6 Article 26 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948; Principle

7 of the Declaration of The Rights of Child, 1959; Article 13 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966; Article 2

8 of the Convention on the Rights of Child, 1989 7 The Hindu, March 8, 1994, 26 8 The Hindu, September 13, 1994, 26

9 AIR 1993 SC 2178

10 ibid. 2187

Abstract: The use of social media like Facebook, Twitter and YouTube is a prevalent phenomenon among Nigerian university students. This work particularly examined the use of social media among students of selected universities in South-East Nigeria. The study was conducted using survey research method, with 300 as sample; multi-stage sampling technique was applied to draw the samples and questionnaire was the measuring instrument. Tables, mean, a pie chart and standard deviations were used for data presentation and analyses. The study found out that students use social media for purposes of getting entertainment, education/information; they use social media to discuss national issues, engage in cyber crimes and expose themselves to pornography. So, the students' use of social media reduces the time they devote to their studies. From these findings, the researchers recommended that there ought to be social media Acts that would stipulate the dos and don'ts in the students and public uses of social networking sites in Nigeria.

Keywords: Social media, internet, ICTs, messages, information, education.

[1]. Ahmad, S. (2011). YouTube usage and behaviour change among Nigerian university students. In Journal of education and sociology, Vol.4 (2), pp. 32-42
[2]. Anim, E. (2007). The influence of geo-political affiliations on newspapers‟ coverage of national issues. International journal of communication: an interdisciplinary journal of communication studies, No.6, pp.1-12.
[3]. Baran, S. J. & Davies, D. K (2012). Mass communication theory foundations, ferment, and future. United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
[4]. Baran, S. J. (2010). Introduction to mass communication: media literacy and culture (6th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill.
[5]. Boyd, D. M. & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: definition, history and scholarship. Journal of computer-mediated communication, (13)1, article 11. Retrieved from: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html. Accessed on December 17, 2011.
[6]. Essoungou, A.M. (2010). Young Africans put technology to new uses (Kenyan software a tool for political participation). Africa Renewal. United Nations Department of Public Information (24) 1. pp. 2-22.
[7]. Federal Ministry of Communication Technology (January 9, 2012). National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) policy draft. Pp. 1-55.
[8]. Folarin, B. (2002). Theories of mass communication: an introductory text: Abeokuta-Nigeria: Link Publications.
[9]. Folorunso, O., Vincent, R.O., Adekoya, A. F & Adewale, O. O. (2010). Diffusion of innovation in social networking sites among university students. International journal of computer science and security (IJCSS), (4)3, pp.361-372.
[10]. Haridakis, P. & Hanson, G. (2009). "Social interaction and co-viewing with YouTube: blending mass communication reception and social connection." Journal of broadcasting and electronic media, pp. 317-335.

Abstract: The main objective of the present study is to examine the depression and life satisfaction among married and unmarried women. A sample of 60 women (30 married & 30 unmarried) was drawn randomly from the population. Beck Depression Inventory-II by Aron T Beck and Life Satisfaction Scale by Dr. Q.G. Alam & Dr. Ramji Srivastava were used for data collection. Data was collected by face to face interview method. Mean, standard deviation and't' test were the statistics calculated. The results indicate that there is significant difference regarding depression and life satisfaction between married and unmarried woman. Results revealed that unmarried women have higher depression in compare to married women. On life satisfaction scale unmarried women have higher life satisfaction in compare to married women.

Keywords: Depression, Life Satisfaction, Married women and Unmarried women.

[1] World Health Organization, World suicide prevention day 2012 Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/events/annual/world_suicide_prevention_day/en/Accessed 16.6.2012.

[2] World Health Organization, The Global Burden of Disease 2004 updates. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf Accessed 16.6.2012

[3] Rahman A, Patel V, Maselko J, Kirkwood B., The neglected 'm' in MCH programmes–why mental health of mothers is important for child nutrition. 13: 2008, 579-83
[4] Beutell, N, References & Research: Life Satisfaction. Retrieved from http://wfnetwork.bc.edu/encyclopedia_entry.php?id=3283

[5] Kashima, Y., Kokubo, T., Kashima, E.S., Boxall, D., Yamaguchi, S. & Macrae, K., Culture and self: are there within-culture differences in self between metropolitan areas and regional cities? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (7) 2004, 816-823

[6] Wright, T.A. & Cropanzano, R., Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictor of job performance Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5 (1) 2000, 84-94

Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the women's SHGs under IFAD support in Ukhrul District, the North Eastern Region of Manipur State, India. SHGs in 10 villages of the study area were selected for the study purposively. Data collection methods included survey and analysis of Status Report (UDCRMS/IFAD). The technique used was personal interview with SHG leaders, representatives, and key IFAD staff. The tools comprised an interview schedule. A focus group discussion was also held with the SHGs members at the village level. The results revealed that though the SHGs confounded by many regional complexities, there is a better and faster spread in its growth and development. In the context of Ukhrul District's traditional institution, women do not have much say in decision making and credit is considered as man's domain. However, this position is slowly reversing by means of building the confidence of the individual members through forming SHGs.

Keywords: Financial Inclusion, IFAD, Microfinance, North Eastern Region, Self-Help Groups and Tribal women.

[1] A low score, (Editorial column) The Hindu, http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article2612528.ece [accessed 10 Nov 2011].
[2] NABARD, Status of Microfinance in India (2008-2009), http://www.nabard.org/pdf/reportfinancial/Full%20Report.pdf
[3] NABARD, Annual Report 2010-2011.http://www.nabard.org/financialsreports.asp

[4] Shimray A.S.W. History of Tangkhul Nagas (Akansha Publication House, New Delhi, 2001). (79)

[5] Ibomcha S. Singh, Changes in the Socio-economic structure of Imphal District, during the plan period (1993), doctoral thesis, Manipur University, Manipur, (1996). 46-77.

[6] Khavul,S., Bruton,G. &Wood,E, Informal family business in Africa, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(6), 2009,1217-1236.

[7] UDCRMS/IFAD, Self Help Group Profile. Ukhrul District (30 Sept. 2007).

[8] U DCRMS/IFAD, Ukhrul District, Status Report (1999-2008) [9] Vanita Kaul, Women and the wind of change (Gyan Publishing house, 2000).(163)

[10] Deepak Bhagat, Ahmed J.U. and Singaiah G. Microfinance in India: Issues and Challenges, Introduction, (2010), iii-viii.
[11] Grameen, Grameen Bank at a Glance, April 2010 http://www.grameeninfo.org/index.php/option=comcontent&task=view&id=752&Itemid=16 [accessed 09 July 2010]

Abstract: Mahatma Gandhi was a difficult person, quite adamant and stubborn with his principle of non-violence but eventually it was non-violent resistant that won freedom for us, the Indians with all dignity, respect and awe. Gandhian concept of freedom is necessary more than anything else in the present day conflict torn world; a world where man is pitted against man, nation against nation and religion against religion. If we strive for freedom, then Gandhian principles are the pre-requisite which will lead us to that freedom. Freedom is the sum total of self-respect, self-restraint and maturity as preached by Gandhi and which can alone be attained through non-violence. History bears evidence where freedom was won by waging war at the expense of lives; however history has also shown freedom or 'swaraj' can be achieved through Gandhian non-violence. This non-violent way of life may bring an end to internal struggle or disputes in several parts of the world which is being frequently witnessed today. With this aim in view, our present paper is an attempt to analyse Gandhian concept of freedom and non-violence to indicate its potential contribution to the present day society.

Keywords: conflict, freedom, internal struggle, non-violence, values.

[1] Arora, N.D& Awasthy, S.S (2005): Political Theory, Har-Anand publications pvt. Limited, New Delhi.
[2] Chakraborty,B & Pandey, R.K(2009): Modern Indian political Thought, SAGE Publications India Pvt. Limited, New Delhi.
[3] Gandhi, M. K.(last reprint 2007): The Story of my experiments with truth, navajivan publishing house, Ahmedabad.
[4] Johari, J.C(1995): Principles of Modern Political Science, sterling Publishers Private limited, New Delhi.
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[6] Kachchapilly J(2005): 'Gandhi and Truth', Akansha Publishing House, New Delhi.
[7] Sarma Nilima (1999): "Twentieth century of Indian philosophy, Bharatiya Vidya prakasana, Delhi.
[8] Varma, V.P (2009): Modern Indian Political Thought, Lakshmi Narayan Agarwal Educational publishers, Agra.
[9] The Assam Tribune dated 2nd October, 2006.
[10] The Assam Tribune dated 2nd October, 2013.

Abstract: Migration is a spatial change of place which with due course of time affects the culture, behavior, and health of the migrant population. This paper will try to explore the behavioral and cultural parameters that are essential to understanding the issues of economic status and its correlation to the health dynamics of a particular population. It also talks about the methodological aspect of carrying out a research on the migrant population, keeping in account the issues and efforts to help those population in distress. Keywords: Behavior, Class, Culture, Health, Migration.

[1]. Vertovec, Steven. (ed.) (2010), Anthropology of Migration and Multiculturalism: New Directions, Routledge Publication, London and New York
[2]. World Migration Report 2010 - The Future of Migration: Building Capacities for Change, International Organization for Migration.
[3]. Rajan, S. Irudaya (ed.), (2010), "Governance and Labour Migration‟, India Migration Report 2010, Routledge Publication, New Delhi.
[4]. Bauder, Harald. (1st edition) (2006), Labour Movement: How Migration Regulates in Labor Markets, Oxford University Press, London.
[5]. Abdelmalek, Sayad. (2004), The Suffering by the Immigrants, Preface by Pierre Bourdieu, Polity Press: UK.
[6]. Kundu Nandita Kapadia, Tara Kanitkar, (2002), "Primary Healthcare in Urban Slums", Economic and Political Weekly, Dec 21, pp. 5086-5089.
[7]. Helman, Cecil G. (2000), Culture, Health and Illness, Reed Educational Publishing, Oxford: London.
[8]. Ravenstein, E. G. (1885), "The Laws of Migration", Journal of the Statistical Society, vol. 46, pp. 167-235.

Abstract: This study examines the effect of the growth of total exports on poverty reduction in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2010. Using the ordinary least squares (OLS), after correcting for stationarity and heteroskedasticity biases, the results show that the growth rate of total export value or earnings is positively significant to explain changes in the real gross domestic product per capita used as a proxy for poverty. Thus an increase in the total export value increases the real gross domestic product per capita and thus reduces poverty. The total export volume however is not significant. Separating the total export volume into oil and nonoil exports, nonoil export growth was found to have a positive effect on the real gross domestic product per capita while the effect of oil export growth is negative. However, both were insignificant. The study concludes that a diversification of Nigeria's export from the predominantly oil exports to incorporate nonoil exports that have a higher export value going by the world market price is expedient.

Keywords: poverty reduction, export volume, export value, Nigeria, real gross domestic product per capita

[1]. Ghura, D., Leite, C. A. and Tsangarides, C. (2002) "Is Growth enough? Macroeconomic Policy and Poverty Reduction" International Monetary Fund Working Paper, (WP/02/118)
[2]. Vos, R., Ganuza, E., Morley, S., Robinson, S. and Pinero, V. (2004) "Are Export Promotion and Trade Liberalization Good for Latin America's Poor? A Macro-Micro Computable General Equilibrium Analysis" Institute of Social Studies Working Paper Series Number 399
[3]. Schreckenberg, K., Awono, A., Degrande, A., Mbosso, C., Ndoye, O. and Tchoundjeu, Z. (2006) "Domesticating Indigenous Fruit Trees as a contribution to Poverty Reduction" Forests, Trees and Livelihoods Vol.16, pp.35-51.
[4]. Okuneye, P. A. (2002) "Rising Cost of Food Prices and Food Insecurity in Nigeria and its Implication for Poverty Reduction" Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review Vol. 39 Issue4.
[5]. Todaro, M. P. and Smith, S. C. (2009) "Economic Development" (10th ed.) Addison-Wesley
[6]. Okojie, C.E. (2002) "Gender and Education as Determinants of Household Poverty in Nigeria" United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER) Discussion Paper Number 2002/37
[7]. Ogwumike, F. O. (2002) "An Appraisal of Poverty Reduction Strategies in Nigeria" Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review Vol. 39 Issue 4.

Abstract: The study aims to analyze the factors influencing the women rights in Sind. The right to education is recognized as a human right by the United Nations. In this study we analyzed all those factors, bad policies, religious ground, social and cultural limitations, lack of interest, and lack of access to it and analyzed their effect on female education enrollment in Sukkur city. The study was a quantitative research so strategy of research was survey and questionnaire. The target population for the study was large and diverse therefore stratified random sampling technique was used. The main tools for data collection were questionnaires and interview schedules. Document analysis was also used in the study. Data was analyzed statistically. Our results suggest that the lack of good policies, income of the family, education of the parents and distance of school from home have a significant impact on the schooling decision for girls. The paper will contribute to the literature in such a manner that it investigates the factors that affect schooling decisions for girls. Keywords: Women Rights, Income Level, Education, Socio-economic Status

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Abstract: Researchers have made conclusive findings on the benefits of using music in the language learning classroom. Merged with the right pedagogical approaches, music can be a contributive factor to the learning of new vocabulary, certain word and phrases enable teachers to elicit interpretive meaning from students, experiential learning can also be sparked up where students can use their own experiences to explain the main message of the lyrics of the whole song. Teachers can also use music to supplement the reading material studies prior to listening to the song. The reading material must have ties with the music chosen. Through good planning, and strategies which enhance the four language skills, music and its lyrics and the literary text, can indeed create a very enjoyable classroom atmosphere. This, in itself would optimize learning.

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Abstract: This paper interrogates the nexus between internal migration on the one hand, and ethnicity and internal security on the other. Relying on both primary and secondary sources of data, it seeks evidence for the relationships between internal migration and security in Nigeria by examining the various security implications of uncontrolled Fulani herdsman ship of cattle in South-West Nigeria, using Ekiti State as case study. The paper emphasizes the roles that public policy, community leadership and institutional action can play in streamlining relations between migrant groups and host communities in situations where government has not been directly involved in moderating relations between such groups of people. The paper then assesses the implications of this development for national unity, security and development. Finally, the paper makes recommendations for resolving the issues thrown up in the analysis.

Key words: Migration; migrant community;Internal Security; Itinerant Fulani Herdsman ship.

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Abstract: The paper describes the importance of Ragang in the Raga classification system and its utility as being unique musical patterns; in raga identification. The idea behind the paper is to reinvestigate Ragang with a prospective to use it in digital classification and identification system. Previous works in this field are based on Swara sequence and patterns, Pakad and basic structure of Raga individually. To my best knowledge previous works doesn't deal with the Ragang Patterns for identification and thus the paper approaches Raga identification with a Ragang (musical pattern group) base model. This work also reviews the Thaat-Raagang classification system. This describes scope in application for Automatic digital teaching of classical music by software program to analyze music (Classical vocal and instrumental). The Raag classification should be flawless and logically perfect for best ever results. Key words: Aadhar shadaj, Ati Komal Gandhar , Bahar, Bhairav, Dhanashri, Dhaivat, Gamak, Gandhar, Gitkarri, Graam, Jati Gayan, Kafi, Kanada, Kann, Komal Rishabh , Madhyam, Malhar, Meed, Nishad, Raga, Ragang, Ragini, Rishabh, Saarang, Saptak, Shruti, Shrutiantra, Swaras, Swar Prastar, Thaat, Tivra swar, UpRag, Vikrat Swar

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Abstract: The paper seeks to clarify the importance of integrating ICT in the learning and teaching processes. This includes the use of smart phones in schools where learners can research and send each other educational messages. Also importance of using computers in schools is highlighted and this promotes competence among school learners and with the outside world. The paper also looks at teacher competence in terms of using ICT. Advantages and limitations of using ICT in schools are discussed at the end of the paper before conclusion.

Keywords: Technology, pedagogy,e-learning,integration,communication

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Abstract: In Malaysia, about 166,188 fishers (locals and foreigners) do not fully enjoy the protection and benefits that other segment of workers are getting although by law they are entitled to be treated as legitimate workers. The ILO Work in Fishing Convention (the Convention) and its accompanying Work in Fishing Recommendation is about providing fishers the right to have decent working condition on board of fishing vessels. Although Malaysia, a party to the Convention, does not rectify the Convention, some local laws are already in place to tackle the fisher's matters. The objective of this paper is thus to perform Gap Analysis (comparative analysis) which helps to determine whether the current local laws are consistent with the provisions contained in the Convention. It is found that in general, the existing local laws are adequate to ensure fishers receive reasonable attention from their employers; however it is up to the authority to enforce the laws.

Keywords: ILO Work in Fishing Convention, GAP analysis, fishers

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Abstract: The environment plays an important role in the development of children. The paper specifically focuses on the influence parents have on the development of their children whether they are biological, adoptive, or guardian parents. In terms of the parental role in development, the paper examines how parents influence the emotional, moral, and social development of their children. As children grow up, there are many aspects of their lives which influence and affect their development and behaviors. One of the most important facets during this time period of development is the parental figures in their life. They play a large role in the social and emotional behaviors a child will possess during childhood and later in life as well. The way a parent socializes may have a slight amount to do with their genetic makeup, but due to the child's interactions with and observations of, the parents contribute more to the social and empathy related development than heredity does .When children observe their parents emotions, they feel that that is how they should be reacting as well.

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Abstract: The study of spatio-temporal distribution of rural markets in Bekwarra Local Government Area of Cross River State of Nigeria was conducted to identify and explain the order that exist in the pattern of distribution of rural markets in space, time and function as well as commodities offered for sale and the spheres of influence of markets in the area. Data used for this research were obtained from field observation, measurements and questionnaire interviews. A total of 472 persons were interviewed in the eleven markets covered in the study. Data collected were presented in tables and maps. The hypothesis on the spatial distribution of markets was tested using nearest neighbor statistics while the one on the difference between mean distances of same-day markets and adjacent-day markets was tested using students t-test. The outcome of the study shows that markets in Bekwarra Local Government Area are randomly distributed. Same-day markets were found to be more widely spaced than adjacent-day markets. All markets adopt a 5-day periodicity regime and fall under two temporal cycles. Three classes of markets were identified; local, state and national markets. Agricultural produce and local craft products are the major commodities offered for sale in the markets. The paper recommends spatial re-organization of market centers to enhance their viability and to remove unhealthy competition for patronage.

Keyword: Distribution, Functional, Rural Markets, Spatial, Temporal.

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