IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: Central African Republic, which ratified International convention on the rights of the child in July 1990, was committed to respect and protect the rights of children CAR. However, despite its promise, the country faces significant challenges: political, economic and socio-cultural obstacles that still limit the full enjoyment of the rights of children. Our research aims at drawing attentions on the need to promote child's rights in all the country as the key to prevent violation. Consequently the study gives suggestions to those dealing with child labor, to institutions of justice for child, and then emphasizes the need to sensitize populations on the importance of protecting and defending children's rights.

Keywords: Culture, Human Rights, International Law, Protection of the child

[1] Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Article 27: A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty. This rule is without prejudice to article 46.
[2] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 8: Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Book
[3] V. T. Le Vine, Political Leadership in Africa (1967). Hoover Institution Studies Series; 18, The Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 1967, pp. 114.
Online Press Releases
[4] UNICEF Centrafrique: l'existence d'enfants soldats publié le 04-01-2013
www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu
[5] The World report 2013 on the human development of the UNDP classifies the CAR in the 180th rank on 186. Avalable at. hdr.undp.org/en/statistics
[6] Résultats de l'enquête nationale à indicateurs multiples couplée avec la sérologie VIH et anémie en RCA 2006. Published on 2009-01. Part IV. P35-275. Available on: http://www.childinfo.org/files/ MICS3_CAR_FinalReport_2006_Fr.pdf
[7] UNICEF: Malnutrition among children in southern CAR alarming. Press Centre, 11 August 2009. Available at http://www.unicef.org/media/media_50744.html
[8] National Report on the Development of Education in the Central African Republic. 2004-6.part I.p4para 3-4. Available at www.ibe.unesco.org/Internation.P-4al/ICE47/English/Natreps

Abstract: The influence of the mass media is a contentious issue when it comes to childhood socialization. The nature and degree of media influence on children' s behaviour has been extensively addressed at some time or other, with the bulk of decades of research focusing on the relationship between the exposure to media programmes and social behaviour of children. While the issue of media has been extensively investigated, the "third parent's role as a socializing agent has been overlooked. When one considers that the media is a significant source of values and that it has the ability to impact on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals, the media's role in the inculcation of deviant values is of relevance if one is to fully understand how this social system has increasingly become a source of values. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the role of the mass media in childhood socialization in order to determine how much influence the media has on the individual during childhood stage.

Keywords: Mass Media, Childhood, Socialisation, social behaviour

[1] A. N. Nnonyelu, Sociological Insights (Ibadan- Nigeria: Spectrum Books Limited, 2009).

[2] D. Schramm and S. Wilbur, What the Mass Media can do, in W. Schramm (ed), Mass Media and National Development, (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994).

[3] G. O. Okafor, Principles of Public Relations, in C.S. Okunna (ed.), Teaching Mass Communication: A Multi-Dimensional Approach, (Enugu: New Generation Books, 2002) 49-64.
[4] V. C. Strasburger, B. J. Wilson and A. B. Jordan, Children, Adolescents, and the Media, (US: SAGE Publications, 2008).
[5] R. Campbell, C. R. Martin, and B. Fabos, Media and Culture: An Introduction to Mass Communication (8th ed) (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2011).

[6] J. R. Bitner, Mass Communication: An Introduction (New Jersey: Prentice Hal Inc., 1989).

[7] E. Chinoy, Culture, Society and the Individual in Society. An introduction to Sociology (New York: London House publishers, 1987). [8] E.E. Ezewu, A social studies course for junior secondary schools (Enugu: Evans Brothers, 1985).

[9] L.M. DeFleur and E.E. Dennis, Understanding mass communication (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998).

[10] D. Buckingham, Children Talking Television: The Making of Television Literacy (London: Falmer, 1993)

Abstract: Farm-size is of an extreme interest in agriculture. This has been much debated over what may be appropriate size of the farm because the size of the operating unit, as in the case of manufacturing industries, decisively affects the income from agriculture. Even where there is no cost advantage or disadvantage for farms of various sizes, small farms will have, under usual price relationship, lower incomes and savings than large farms. Thus, the size of farms is a vital element in determining the earning capacity of the farmer as well as the efficiency of a farming unit. Hence the present study aims to analyse the Size-wise Agricultural Production Function based on entire sample of Farms in Three Revenue Mandals of Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh. Data was collected for the explanatory and explained variables with the help of survey method through personal interviews of the farmers selected through mixed sampling. Regression co-efficients are estimated to study the relationship between gross output and various factors of production. The sum of the elasticities and their statistical significance was also studied to decide the returns to scale.

Key Words: Size-wise Agricultural Production Function, Ordinary Least Squares Method, Regression Co-efficients, Human Labour, HYV Seeds.

[1] Rajvir Singh., and Patel, R.K. (1973). Returns to Scale Farm and Productivity in Meerut District. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.28, No.2, April-June, pp.43-49.
[2] Hanumantha Rao, C.H. (1965), "Agricultural Production Functions – Costs and Returns." India Asian Publishing House, Bombay.
[3] Bhatia, R.C., and Dutta, V.K. (1987). Impact of Energy use on Employment in Agriculture. Agricultural situation in India, December, pp.717-720.
[4] Reddy, A.R., and Sen, C. (2004). Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production and its Relationship with Farm-Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol59, No.2, April-June, pp.259-267.
[5] Jain, W.M.H. (1985). Effects of Technological and Institutional Factors on Income Distribution in Farm Sector of Bangladesh. Economic Affairs, Vol.30, Qr.2, June, pp.129-135.
[6] Pritam Singh, (1970). Farm Size and Economic Efficiency in the Cotton Belt Area of Punjab. Economic Affairs, Vol23, No.1-2, January-February, pp.81-87.
[7] Dehnarayan Sarker., and Sudpita, De. (2004). High Technical Efficiency of Farms in two Different Agricultural Lands: A Study under Determine Production Frontier Approach. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.59, No.2, April-June.
[8] Srinivasa Gowda, M.V., Basavaraj Bankar., Basvaraj, K., and Hugar, L.B. (1988). Productivity Difference between Small and Large Farms – An Econometric Evidence. Agricultural Situation in India, January, pp.903-906.
[9] Chaudhari, T.P.S., et al. (1962). Optimum combination of comparative crops in the intensive cultivation scheme area Delhi. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.17, No.1.
[10] Reddy, A.R., and Sen, C. (2004). Technical Inefficiency in Rice Production and its relationship with Farm – Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 59, No.2, April-June, pp.259-267.

Abstract: This study examines the processes of migration decision-making and the livelihood vulnerability that rural farm households face in Nigeria. It focuses on the socio-economic and environmental factors such as how vulnerability at the household level interacts with the decision to migrate some members of the households to other destination using secondary data sources and the concept of household assets characteristics in explaining the link between livelihood vulnerability and migration decisions among rural households in Nigeria. The study argued that household assets mediate between the vulnerability that households experience and their decision to embark on migration as an alternative livelihood strategy and contrary to some findings, the study submitted that migration as a livelihood strategy of households is mainly used as an ex-ante risk management strategy-accumulation of assets rather than as an ex-post coping strategy to deal with stress or shocks confronting households.

Key Words: Livelihood; Vulnerability; Migration; Rural Households; Nigeria

[1]. Adelekan, I.O. (2009) Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Climate Change in Lagos, Nigeria. Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009.
[2]. Adepoju, A. (1983) Selected Studies on Dynamics, Patterns and Consequences of Migration: Medium-Sized Towns in Nigeria, Vol. 4. Paris: UNESCO.
[3]. Adepoju, A. (1986) Rural Migration in Nigeria. Ile-Ife: Department of Demography and Social Statistics, University of Ife.
[4]. Adger, W.N. (1998) Indicators of Social and Economic Vulnerability to Climate Change in Vietnam. CSERGE Working Paper, GEC 98-02. Centre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University of East Anglia and University College London.
[5]. Alayande B.A. (2002) Determinants of Vulnerability to Poverty. A World Bank Commissioned Study.
[6]. Alayande, B.A. and Alayande, O. (2004) A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Vulnerability to Poverty in Nigeria. A Paper submitted for presentation of CSAE Conference on Poverty reduction, Growth and Human Development in Africa, March, 2004. Assessed on 16th May, 2012.
[7]. Alwang, J., Siegel, P.B., and Jorgensen, S.L. (2001) Vulnerability: A View from Different Disciplines. Social Protection Discussion Paper Series. Social Protection Unit, The World Bank. Washington.
[8]. Apata, T.G., Apata, O.M., Igbalajobi, O.A. and S. M. O. Awoniyi, S.M.O (2010) Determinants of Rural Poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from Smallholder Farmers in South-western, Nigeria. Journal of Science and Technology Education Research, Vol. 1 (4), pp. 85 – 91.
[9]. Astone, N. and McLanahan, S. (1994) Family Structure, Residential Mobility and School Report: A Research Note. Demography. Vol. 31, pp: 575-584.
[10]. Bah, M., CissE, S., Diyamett, B., Diallo, G., Lerise, F., Okali, D., Okpara, E., Olawoye, J. and Tacoli, C. (2003) Changing Rural-Urban Linkages in Mali, Nigeria and Tanzania. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 15 (1), pp: 13-24

Abstract: One of the basis for the pursuit and analysis of the Foreign Policy of any country including Nigeria is national interest. But national interest as a concept is associated with vagueness and impracticality that it can not provide adequate explanation for the analysis of foreign policy. More so, different nations have their distinct national interests. Therefore, to provide adequate grounds for the analysis of Foreign Policy, scholars in international relations as a field of study has come up with other explanatory paradigm for purpose of analyzing foreign policy behaviour of states such as systemic factors, national attribute factors and idiosyncratic factors. These factors constitute major trends in Nigeria's Foreign Policy; so in this article we are focusing on the assessment of the factors in question using qualitative-historical approach as a method of data collection.

Key Words: foreign policy, Nigeria, National interest, international relations, paradigm

[1]. Bolaji Akinyemi: "Nigeria-Cameroon Dispute: Not Biafra's Reveng", The Punch, II June, 1981.
[2]. Gabriel O. Clusanya; R.A Akindele (ed) (1990): The Structure and Process of Foreign Policy Making and Implementation in Nigeria 1960 – 1990. NIIA, Lagos.
[3]. L.N. Srivastva (1984): International Relations From 1914 TO PRESENT DAY, Surject Book Depot (Regd), Nai Serak, Delhi.
[4]. Medium Power mixed-up Ambitions', The Guarding (Editorial), 26 March, 1987.
[5]. News-watch, August 27, 1990 "Gunboat politics",
[6]. Stanley Macebuh: "Public Opinion and the Nigeria-Cameroon Crisis; Nigeria Forum (Sept/Oct., 1981).
[7]. "Understanding Foreign Policy Initiatives", New Nigeria, Friday 8 May 1987.

Abstract: The study examined the relationship between size and influence of organizational climate on corporate performance in the Nigerian oil industry. The sample for the study consisted of three hundred and eighty two (382) employees from seven randomly selected major oil companies in Nigeria. The study utilized both quantitative data (questionnaire) and qualitative data (interview). The spearman rank correlation coefficient and Multiple Regression Model using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 were utilized for the analysis of data. Our finding revealed a positive and significant relationship between size and the influence of organizational climate on corporate performance. Based on this finding, it was concluded that the prevailing size of the organizations had a significant positive effect on the organizational climate and corporate performance. The managerial implications of these findings were also discussed.

Key words: Organizational size, Organizational climate, Corporate Performance.

[1]. Al-Shammari, M. M (1992) "Organizational Climate", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 13 Iss: 6, pp.30 – 32
[2]. Amah,EandBaridam,D(2012)Adaptability and Organizational Effectiveness:A Study oftheNigerianBankingIndustry InternationalJournalofBusinessand Management Tomorrow. Vol 2 No3 p122- 131
[3]. Barney, J. (1997) Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, New York: Addison-Wesley.
[4]. Baridam, D. M. (2001), Research Methods in Administrative Sciences 3rd edition, Port Harcourt: Sherbrooke Associates.
[5]. Baridam, D.M., and Nwibere, B.M. (2008). Understanding and Managing Organization Behaviour. Port Harcourt: Sherbrooke Associates.
[6]. Caves, R. E and Porter, M. E (1977) From Entry Business: Conjectural Decisions And Contrived Deterrence to New Competition. Quarterly Journal of Economics.
[7]. Cameron, K. S., & Whetten, D. A. 1983. Organizational effectiveness: One model or several? In K. S. Cameron, & D. A. Whetten (Eds.), Organizational Effectiveness: A Comparison of Multiple Methods: 1-24. New York: Academic Press.
[8]. Carroll, G.R (1994) "Organizations…the smaller they get" California Management Review 37, No 1 (fall): 28 -41.
[9]. Carter, N. M and Keon, T.L (1989) "Specialization as Multidimensional Construct,"Journal of Management Studies 26: 11-28
[10]. Chien,M.H.(2004) A Study to Improve Organizational Performance. A View from SHRM. Journal of American Academy of Busines,Vol.4,1/2;p289.

Abstract: Operations and production managers have for long identified that production scheduling affects Corporate Productivity Performance of firms in the manufacturing industry. Studies on the influence of production scheduling mechanisms on firms' performance often overlook the possibility of it being taken for granted by managers in the course of manufacturing. This paper investigates the extent to which Production Scheduling, had affected the Corporate Productivity Performance of the Nigerian manufacturing industry. In this respect Corporate Productivity Performance is measured in the areas of cost minimization, enhanced equity capital and growth. Three hypotheses were formulated and questionnaire were distributed to eighty respondents in the eighty sampled manufacturing firms from the one hundred in the industry, quoted in the Stock Exchange(Fact Book 2009). Sixty two copies of the questionnaire were retrieved. These with the financial statements of the firms were used for the analysis. From its findings, the study revealed that production scheduling truly has insignificant impacts on Corporate Productivity Performance of Nigerian manufacturing industry. This finding implies that production Scheduling did not significantly affect the Corporate Productivity Performance of firms. Based on these, the study recommends among others, that the Nigerian manufacturing industry should totally be overhauled, especially in the areas of scheduling, in order to realign and restore the industry from total collapse.

Keywords: Production Scheduling, Corporate Productivity Performance.

[1]. Abrahamson, F.A. and Pickle, G. (1990) "The Interface of Production and Marketing – An Empirical Analysis"; Journal of Industrial Marketing; 7 (1): 212-236.
[2]. Anwuluorah, M. C. (1987): "Surveys and when is a survey best in Social Research and Information Gathering" in Ugwuegbu, D.C.E. and Onwumere, S. O. (ed) Social Research and Information Gathering, (Lagos, F. G. Printers) p.17 - 27.
[3]. Brayton, G.N. (1983). "Simplified Method of Measuring Productivity Identifies Opportunities for Increasing It". Industrial Engineering. February
[4]. Chase, R. B; Aquilano, J.J; and Jacobs l;. R. (2001) Operations Management for Competitive Advantage, Boston: McGraw-Hill.
[5]. Chinweizu, C (1979) The West and The Rest of US, London: NOK Publishers
[6]. Craig, C.; Harris, R. (1973). "Total Productivity Measurement at the Firm Level". Sloan Management Review (Spring 1973): 13–28.
[7]. Davis, H.S. (2005). Productivity Accounting. University of Pennsylvania.
[8]. Eke, C. (1985) "Why Africa is not Developing West Africa", June, 17th pp. 1212 - 1214
[9]. Eleanya, L. U. M. (2009) De-Industrialization and the Stability of Nation States, Port Harcourt: RIVCAS
[10]. Everette, E.A. (2006) Production and Operations Management – A New Approach; Englewood Cliffs; Prentice-Hall Inc.

Abstract: At different times factors correlating with broad concepts on socio-political, economic and religious issues have either been singled out or combined as largely responsible for implosion in a polity. Within the mainstream of economic challenge, the less emphasized aspect of food insecurity serves a critical and complex causal factor vying for attention. Food security is seen in a broader concept of security and conceived as a public good in the same way defense and national sovereignty is viewed. In Nigeria where millions of people are lacking food and experience individual insecurity on a daily basis, they tend to resort to extreme and extraordinary behavior which affects socio-economic order and threatens national security. Drawing from the conceptual definition, the discourse focuses on understanding food security matters within the context of food availability and accessibility; it provides an overview of food crisis in Nigeria. The study takes cue from incidences of students‟ unrest, the Almajirai factor, the Niger Delta restiveness and the Area boys‟ syndrome Nigeria to articulate the opinion that food crisis and national insecurity are mutual and non-exclusive. It concludes that for the purpose of economic and moral arguments government should examine and direct food and agricultural policies towards programmes that will enhance food security in order to check anti social attitudes in Nigeria.

Keywords: crisis, food, extraordinary, policy, security

[1] Obafemi Awolowo, Voice of Reason, Selected Speeches, Vol. 1 (Akure: Fagbamigbe Publishers, 1981), p. 64. See also, Uche U. Okonkwo, "The African Food Revolution: An Historical Appraissal" Pakistan Journal of Social Science, Vol. 7, Issue 6 (2010), pp. 441-448 DOI: 10.3923/pjssci.2010.441.448

[2] E. Sokari-George: "Planning in Nigeria: The Agricultural Base 1962-1968", GeoJournal, Famine in the Focus of Geography, Vol.14, No. 1(January 1987), p. 97

[3] Francis S. Idachaba, "Nigerian Agriculture and the Law of Unintended Consequences" Being a text of remarks delivered as Chairman, Newswatch Colloquium on Nigerian Agriculture and the Food Crisis, held at Protea Hotel, Megambo Close, Maryland Estate, Ikeja, Lagos, on 21st July, 2009, p.4

[4] "The World Bank‟s Strategy for Reducing Poverty and Hunger. A Report to the Development Community" in Environmental Sustainable Development Studies and Monograph Series No.4 .The World Bank, Washington DC, March 1995. p 7.See also Foreword to "The State of Food and Agriculture 1983", FAO Agriculture Series No.16,by Edouard Saouma, Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization, (FAO) (Rome, 1984)

[5] See I.O. Akinyele, "Ensuring Food and Nutrition Security in Rural Nigeria: An Assessment of the Challenge, Information Needs and Analytical Capacity" Nigeria Strategy Support Program (NSSP) Background Paper 007 of International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), November 2009, p.4; "The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises" Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Rome, 2010), p. 8.

[6] Osita Agbu and Ogaba Oche, "Human Security and the Niger-Delta Crisis: the Plight of Women and Children" in Akinjide Osuntokun and Victor Ukaogo (eds.) Niger-Delta: Politics of Despair, Deprivation and Desperation (Lagos: ICS Service Ltd.,2012), p.43

[7] EC-FAO "Food Security Concepts and Frameworks: Information for Action Programme" (FAO: Rome, 2008), pp. 4-5 [8] Ibid.,

[9] "The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises" Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (Rome, 2010), p. 8

[10] A.A. Adebayo, "Food Security Status in Nigeria: Pre and Post Economic Deregulation Review" in International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, Vol.1, No. 1. April 2010. p. 138

Abstract: This qualitative study explored the reflections of selected lawyers on their law college experience. The study considered a broad overview of participant experiences from the initial decision to enter Law College through to a consideration of ongoing and future legal education issues. The purpose was to identify elements of a 'quality' legal education experience. The study evolved from the perceived need in higher and adult education literature to better understand the student experience. The study drew upon the insights of graduates from four Law College from Karachi and Hyderabad, whose comments were grounded in both their educational as well as professional work experiences. The learner's post-graduation perspective provided guidance in the exploration of quality by identifying elements of a quality pre-professional university program. Both legal education and adult and higher education literature were reviewed in conjunction with participant's statements about their personal experiences of Law College. The study specifically contributes to the research literature in legal and higher education as both have generally disregarded the learner's perceptions of the educational experience. Keywords: legal education, quality legal education, educational work, professional work, pre-professional university program, personal experiences

[1]. Abel, R.L. (1990) "Evaluating evaluations: How should law schools judge teaching'?" Journal of Legal Education, V 40, p.407-465.
[2]. Albert, 5.(ed) (1989) Report Concerning the Ninth Canadian Law Teaching Clinic (May 28-June 5, 1988). Canadian Law Deans, Canadian Association of Law Teachers, and Canadian Law Faculties.
[3]. Allen, F. A. (1982) "Humanistic Legal Education: The Quiet Crisis" in N. Gold (ed), Essays on Legal Education. Butterworths, Toronto.
[4]. Alvi, T., Boyko, R., Ma, L., MacLauchlan, W., Monture, T., Peters,Y., St. Lewis, J. (1991) Equality in legal education: Sharing a Vision ... Creating Pathways. June 2, 1991. Special Advisory Committee Report to the Canadian Association of Law Teachers.
[5]. Alstyne, W.S. V.(Jr), Julin, J.R. & Barnett, L.D. (1990) The Goals and Missions of Law Schools. American University Studies Series XI, Anthropology and Sociology Y.43, Peter Lang, New York.
[6]. Argyris, C., Schon, D. A. (1981) Theory in Practice: Increasing Professional Effectiveness. Jessey-Bass, San Francisco.
[7]. Arshad, A.7 et, al. (1992) "Re-valuing teaching: An open letter to the presidents of Canadian universities," Teaching and Learning in Higher Education Newsletter, No.12, Dec. 1992.
[8]. Arthurs, H. W. (1995) "A lot of knowledge is a dangerous thing: Will the legal profession survive the knowledge explosion?" Dalhousie Law Journal, Y 18, Number 2, p.295-309
[9]. Arthurs, H.W. (ed) (1983) Law and Learning: Report by the Consultative Group on Research and Education in Law Information Division of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
[10]. Ashcroft, K. (1995) The Lecturer's Guide to Quality and Standards in Colleges and Universities. Falmer Press, London.

Abstract: Drama is very popularly known as the 'fifth Veda'. Since ages the concept of drama has been to provide entertainment & pleasure to the audience. The Indian as well as Western playwrights have written plays with instruction and entertainment as their objectives. But what actually is the effect of these plays on the audience? Many theorists have given their principles on the dramatic ends and Aristotle is the most prominent among them who has proposed 'catharsis' as the function of drama. The present paper throws light on the impact of Brechtian theory on Girish Karnad's two plays 'Hayavadava' and 'Yayati' as opposed to the principles foregrounded by Aristotle. In the postcolonial stance the mimetic theory of Aristotle is replaced by the 'Epic Theatre' of Bertolt Bercht which depicts the function of drama as 'anti- cathartic'. He mentions that the resultant effect of drama is not only to evoke the elements of pity & fear but make the audience think about the cause and effect of the play. Being influenced by the Brechtian theatre Karnad uses it in the Indian context and adds new dimensions to the Indian theatre. This paper explores how Girish Karnad exploits the traditional myths in the modernized terms and reflects Brechtian impact on the above mentioned plays.

Keywords: anti- cathartic, Brechtian theory, catharsis, mimetic theory, myths.

[1] Girish.Karnad, "Author‟s Introduction" to Three Plays (Delhi, O.U.P,1994).

[2] David Daiches, Critical Approaches to Literature (London, Orient Longmans, 1967).

[3] Neeru Tandon, Perspectives and Challenges in Indian English Drama( New Delhi, Atlantic Pub., 2006).

[4] Eric Bentley, The Brecht Commentaries (London, Eyre Methuen, 1981).

[5] R.K. Dhawan, 20 Years of Indian Writing (New Delhi, IAES, 1999).

[6] Girish. Karnad, Hayavandana (New Delhi , Oxford UP, 1988).

[7] Girish Karnad,Yayati. (New Delhi ,Oxford UP, 2007).

[8] John Willett, ed. and trans., Brecht on Theater (New York, Hill and Wang, 1964).

[9] T. Marx, Brechtian Impact on Girish Karnad in K.Balachandran, (Ed), Critical Essays On Commonwealth Literature (New Delhi: Sarup and sons. 2006)149-161.

Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine Nigerian English in the light of its unique characteristics emanating from the mode of acquisition of the language by Nigerians, and the socio-cultural environment in which English is now used. Using Uriel Weinreich‟s theory of language contact to explicate the phenomenon of language variation, they observe that the English language in Nigeria has been cultivated and re-domesticated as well as indigenized to accommodate the culture and tradition of the people and as such, has acquired local colour and distinguished itself from the native speaker variety with features reflected at the semantic level. The paper identifies meaning narrowing, semantic extension, semantic reduplication, semantic shift, coinage of new words with new meanings, the Nigerianisation of idioms and proverbs, ambiguity resulting from omission of articles among other semantic issues as marking off the Nigerian English and posing a challenge to the notions of international intelligibility and acceptability.

Key words: Nigerian English, Semantic Features, Variety Markers, Intelligibility, Acceptability.

[1]. Achebe, C. (1975). Morning, Yet on Creation Day: A Collection of Essays. London: Heinemann.
[2]. Adekunle, M., (1985). The English Language in Nigeria as a Modern Nigerian Artifact. Jos, Nigeria: Univeristy of Jos Press.
[3]. Adetugbo, A. (1979). "Nigerian English and communicative competence" in Ubahakwe, ed. Varieties and Functions of English language in Nigeria. Ibadan: African UP.
[4]. Ajani, T. (2007). " Is There Indeed A Nigerian English?" in Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Vol.1 issue 1.
[5]. Akindele, F. and Adegbite, W. (1992). The Sociology and Politics of English Language In Nigeria: An Introduction. Ile-ife: Debiyi-Iwa.
[6]. Ashiko, J. (2002). "Language and Democracy in Nigeria" in Angya, C. ed., Makurdi Journal of Arts and Culture Vol.3.
[7]. Bamgbose, A, Banjo, A., & Thomas, A., (1995). New Englishes: A West African Perspective. Ibadan: Mousro/British Council.
[8]. Jibril, M. (1979). "Regional Variation in Nigerian Spoken English" in Ubahakwe, ed. Varieties and Functions of English in Nigeria. Ibadan: African UP.
[9]. Jowitt, D. (1991). Nigerian English Usage: An Intoduction. Ikeja: Longman.
[10]. Kachru, B. ed. (1982). The Other Tongue: English Across Cultures. Oxford: Pergamon.________, (1986). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions And Models of Non-Native Englishes. Oxford: pergamon Press. Farm – Specific Socio-Economic Characteristics. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 59, No.2, April-June, pp.259-267.

Abstract: Amma Darko is a renowned Ghanaian writer whose contribution is geared towards fighting the course of the poor and needy in our society. Faceless like her first two novels, the Housemaid and Beyond the Horizon is intended to justify the view that Darko's aesthetic presentation in the novel is feminist. Several issues are raised in this novel. The issues are pertinent in our society and Darko, being a keen observer of human life has painstakingly written about them to expose the wrongs in the society and the moral lessons to be learnt from this piece of writing. This paper gives an overview of Darko's perception of the Ghanaian society and concludes by juxtaposing both positive and negative comments about the text.

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Abstract: The ancient history of the Jewish people testifies of many a reference to forced exiles imposed on the Jews resulting in a centuries-long journey of wandering and persecution that culminated in the Nazi Holocaust of the 20th century. It is argued by theorists of the body that this history of non-resistance on the part of the Jews affected the physiognomy of the Jewish male in such a tremendous manner that physically transformed the stature of the Jew into one that is frail, short-sized and pale. It was not until the late 19th century that the Jewish thinker Max Nordau (co-founder of the World Zionist Organization and close friend to Theodor Herzl) introduced the image of the "muscle Jew" at the Second Zionist Congress held in 1898 as an idealistic aspiration necessary to the realization of the Zionist scheme. "Muscular Judaism" then evolved into a body of studies and theories that examined the role of history and collective memory in the physical "regeneration" of the male Jewish body into one that is militarily fit to fight for self reaffirmation. This paper purposefully introduces the background of this body of theories and literature and frames it within the field of evolutionary aesthetics for a better demonstration of the journey accompanying the metamorphosis of the male Jewish body for Zionist and political ends. The present study also examines the related implications of this physical change on the birth of the concept of the "New Hebrew Man" and on the violent behavior of Israeli military recruits in the years preceding and following the creation of Israel in 1948.

Key words: evolutionary aesthetics – metamorphosis – muscular Judaism – the new Hebrew man

[1]. Speech of Max Nordau at the First Zionist Congress available at http://www.mideastweb.org/nordau1897.htm accessed on 15/10/2012.
[2]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, second edition, V. 03. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2007.
[3]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, second edition, V. 04. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2007.
[4]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, second edition, V. 07. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2007.
[5]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, second edition, V. 08. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2007.
[6]. Encyclopaedia Judaica, second edition, V. 09. New York: MacMillan Reference USA, 2007.
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Abstract: Today media is more corresponding, tricky and dependent on the dominant elites. This has become increasing concern considering the extreme media effects can have over the perceptions of its viewers. The electronic media (TV) of Pakistan and its one way information effects on educated youth of Gujrat. In current scenario TV media have been unsuccessful to provide the public interest. Therefore, survey sample size 100 took from Gujrat educated youth findings of paper represents that mostly educated youth rely on TV media information and discuses it with peer and family group. It also clearly the educated youth of Gujrat still has doubts over the sources and reliability of information being provided to them. However, electronic media outlets provide the information that set the agenda of educated youth.

Keywords: Educated youth, electronic media, T.V, one side information, News content, perception

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Abstract: This paper explores the struggle of indigenous people for their ethnic identity and conflict with Bangladesh government. The indigenous community was persecuted and deprived of human rights, basic needs from the British colonial periods. Internal displacement of aboriginals was started by the Pakistan government and continued till 1997.Land grabbing, Bengali settlement, internal displacements, ethnic non recognition in constitution of country, militarization of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) and others issues made the indigenous people revolutionary and ultimately force them to demand autonomy of CHT. The conflicts between indigenous people and government came to end after signing Peace Accord of CHT in 1997 but non implementation of this incites the conflicts again what is being continued till now.

Keywords: Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT), Conflict, Indigenous people, Hill People, Shanti Bahini (Peace Force), Government,

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