IOSR-JHSS   Volume-16 ~ Issue-6 ~ Sep-Oct-2013

Abstract: The study of justice and fairness is becoming one of the most flourishing areas of empirical and conceptual research in organizational behaviour. Good organizational justice can lead to ideal and favourable outcomes in the workplace. It is expected that employees will act according to organizational rules and regulations if they are treating fairly and received the outcomes they desire. A commitment is a tendency which develops attachment to the organization of the employees. There are large numbers of studies have sought to link justice perceptions to a variety of organizational outcome like organizational commitment and creative behaviour. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of organizational justice as encompassed by three dimensions, namely distributive justice, procedural justice and interactional justice on employee's organizational commitment and creativity behaviour. The sample includes 70 employees of NTCP of India from Sonbhadra District. The sample consisted of managerial employees who volunteered to participate in the study. The data have been analysed by using descriptive analysis and correlation. The results of Pearson correlation indicated that organizational justice significantly related to commitment and creative behaviour among thermal power employees.

Keywords: organizational justice, organizational commitment, creative behaviour.

[1] Amabile. T. M. 1988. A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior. vol. 10: 123-167. Greenwich.CT: JAI Press.
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[4] Amabile. T. M.. & Gryskiewicz. N. D. 1989. The creative environment scales: Work environmentinventory. Creativity Research lournal. 2: 231-253.
[5] Singh A.P., &Mishra L. (2009). Role of personality, motivation,and Organizational culture in creativity among managerial personal. Journal of Indian Acadmy of Applied psychology.
[6] Barron. F. 1969. Creative person and creative process. New York: Holt. Rinehart & Winston.Barron. F. B.. & Harrington. D. M. 1981. Creativity, intelligence, and personality. AnnualReview of Psychology. 32: 439-476.
[7] Blau, G.J. & Boal, K.B. (1987).Conceptualizing how job involvement and organizational commitment affect turnover and absenteeism. Academy of Management Review, 12, 288-30
[8] Bakhshi, A. & Kumar, K. (2009) National culture and organizational citizenship behavior: Development of a scale. In Singh, S. (ed.), Organizational behavior. Global Publishing House: New Delhi.
[9] Colquitt, J.A., Canlon, D.E., Wesson, M.J, & and Porter, ( 2001 ) Justice at the millennium : A meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational Justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology. 86, 3, 425-455.
[10] Cropanzono, R., Bowen, D.E. & Gilliland S.W. (2007). The management of organizational justice. Academy of Management Perspectives, November, 34-48.

Abstract: Functionalism is one of the most celebrated intellectual masterpieces of western world, but among the absolute elitist approaches ever explored by early pathfinders of sociology in comprehending the social reality worldwide. No doubt, it has been excelled as an outstanding academic perspective among all social science perspectives worldwide. However, its face value is getting redundant in the country like India, where the dominant social structures push the tribal and dalit down and pulls them out of their established social patterns. It runs away from the realities and gets enticed with Indian dominant ideology and western methodology. The tragedy is that it does not endorse the salient reflections of cultural diversities and pluralism nurtured by the subaltern castes, tribes and gender in the Indian society. Our study reveals that going beyond the prospect of the structural-functional perspective on Indian society will definitely be an uphill task. And instead of, going through the accounts of the early travelers' visits, orientalist' studies, missionary views, British officials' ethnographic studies, indological perspective, Marxist perspective, etc on Indian society has been a critical heart searching for the subaltern people and their ethnic autonomy in Indian sociology. Unfortunately, the authentic essence and liberating presence of the subaltern groups in Indian sociology is largely missing. Contrary to it, although, the subaltern consciousness as a liberating intellectual project has been gaining momentum but grappling with stiff oppositions. Since the dominant discourse on mainstream sociology has grudge against such development, it requires more scrutiny and debate for the sociology in India. Thus, an analytical reviews but critical history of Indian sociology has been sufficed to our purpose under the study. We have developed a resourceful analytical framework with Figure format in a comparative knowledge base for the study of Indian society in detail. Keywords: Structural-functionalism, theoretical perspectives, Indian Sociology, Indology, Marxist perspective, Subaltern perspective, Dalit.

[1] S.Patel, (ed.), The ISA Handbook of Diverse Sociological Traditions, (Los Angeles et al: Sage.2010)
[2] B.K. Nagla, Indian Sociological Thought, (Jaipur, Rawat, New Delhi: Vikas,2008)
[3] Y.Singh, Ideology and Theory in Indian Sociology, (Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2004)
[4] D.Veena, (ed.), The Oxford India Companion to Sociology and Social Anthropology, (New Delhi : OUR, 2003)
[5] M.N.Srinivas, Caste: Its Twentieth Century Avatar, (New York: Penguin Putnam Inc.1997)
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[7] G.Ritzer, Sociological Theory, (New Delhi: Tata-McGraw Hill, 1996)
[8] K.S. Singh, "G.S. Ghurye, Verrier Elwin and Indian Tribes‟, in A.R. Momin (ed.) The Legacy of G. S. Ghurye, (Bombay: Popular Prakashan,1996)
[9] D.N.Dhanagare, Themes and Perspectives in Indian Sociology, (Jaipur: Rawat,1993)
[10] M.N.Srinivas, "Sociology in India and its Future‟, Sociological Bulletin, 43, no.1, 1994

Abstract: Law is a general rule every human being is presumed to intend his acts and this presumption of lawprevails from consideration of all the evidence. This law can be considered as a set of rules (IF – THEN type) producing a knowledge base. Expert System or knowledge based system take knowledge from this knowledge base, in the form of rules, fact, heuristics and semantic net and procedures. The expertise knowledge is stored in the knowledge base. The inference engine processes this knowledge, and makes decisions only if the rule is matched with input data. In this article, the authors give study of research aspects of legal knowledge, reasoning strategies in different areas in legal domain.

Keywords: Expert system,Expertise,inference Engine, ,Knowledge Based System.

[1]. A Tyree Expert systems in law prentice hall (Aust) 1989.
[2]. Alan 2 Tyree, "FINDER" an expert system. Globe pharma GPHF,minilabmanuals.http, www.gphf.org/web/en/minilab/manual.htm
[3]. A Practical Introduction to Rule Based Expert Systems ,M. Sasikumar S. Ramani.
[4]. Bench capon, "Theory Construction."
[5]. Less Groendijk, Maaike Tragter I "Legal Theory and Design of MILIEV"
[6]. C.A.M. wildemast and R.V. Demulder- "Some design considerations for a conceptual legal Information Retrival system in: Legal knowledge Based systems JURIX 92: Information Technology & law pp.81-92,1994, ISBN 9054580313.
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[8]. Carry Debessonet, Automated Intelligent System Based on a Model of Legal System in: Rutgers computers and technology law journal 1983-84.
[9]. Cass R Sunstein, "Public law and legal Theory working of Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning, Paper No. – 18 http://papers.ssrh.com/paper.tatqabstract id=289789.
[10]. Less Groendijk, Maaike Tragter , Legal Theory and Design of MILIEV" computer/law institute, vrije Universite Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Abstract: The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is linked to the idea of 'innovation' in higher education, and can facilitate the quality enhancement in a knowledge society. ICT is producing a major change in both the content and the process of science learning. Technology can make learning of science a reality. The university system can endorse the knowledge creating the means by which individuals can acquire the scientific skills and principles. The use of technology can certainly assist to provide individual differences among pupils in terms of achievement in diverse academic areas. Technology and its use might well guide pupils to develop wholesome attitudes towards learning. Therefore it is very much needed to integrate technology in teaching of science at tertiary level. This paper is an attempt to highlight the technology enabled science education at university level in India with special reference to Tamilnadu.

[1] Report of the National Knowledge Commission (2008). New Delhi: Ministry of Education, Governmet of India.
[2] www.planningcommission.nic.in
[3] Sreedevi P.S and Sudhir M.A, "Innovative Strategies for Science Education". International Journal of Educational Science and Research (IJESR), Vol.1, Issue 1, Aug 2011.(p.1-10)
[4] Reksten, L.E (2000). Using Technology to Increase Student's Learning. Sage Publications Ltd. California.
[5] Sreedevi P.S and Sudhir M.A, ICT Pedagogy Integration for Teacher Education Reforms, School Education in India- A Holistic View, Kunal Books Publications. New Delhi.(2011). (p.233-245)
[6] Neo,M & Neo,K (2001)." Innovative teaching : Using Multimedia in a Problem Based Learning Environment". Journal of Educational Technology and Society, 4(4), p.(19-21).
[7] Jibin & Naseema (2013). "Aakash II Tablet:A Boon for Indian Education?". University News,Vol.51.No.07,p.(9-13). [8] http://ungalnanban.hpage.in/tamil_nadu_government_free_laptops_2012

Abstract: The present study was conducted to assess the differences in overall life satisfaction and specific domains of life satisfaction in elderly of urban and semi urban dwellings. The study is based upon sample of 400 elderly (200 urban samples and 200 semi urban samples) of age range 60 years and above 60 years. Life Satisfaction Index for the Third Age—Short Form (LSITA-SF) revised form of Life satisfaction questionnaire developed and standardized by Neogarten (1961)was modified and standardised for Indian elderly for measuring over all life satisfaction and life satisfaction scale developed and standardized by the researcher was used for measuring life satisfaction for specific domains of life satisfaction (health satisfaction, family satisfaction, financial satisfaction, personal satisfaction and social satisfaction). Results revealed that no significant differences were found in overall life satisfaction of elderly people in urban and semi urban dwellings. Significant differences were found in Health satisfaction, Financial satisfaction and Social satisfaction among urban and semi urban elderly.

Key words: Elderly life satisfaction, urban and semi urban elderly, specific domain satisfaction.

[1]. Neugarten, B., Havighurst, L., & Tobin, S. (1961). The measurement of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134-143.
[2]. Berg, A.I., Hassing, L.B., MCClearn, G.E. & Johansson, B. (2006). What Matters for Life Satisfaction in the Oldest-old? In: Aging & Mental Health, 10(3), 257–264.
[3]. Revicki, D. A., & Mitchell, J. P. (1990). Strain, social support, and mental health in rural elderly individuals. Journal of Gerontology, 45(6), S267-274.
[4]. OkoyeUzomaOdera (2004) ―The erosion of traditional forms of care for the elderly and its implication for the elderly in Nigeria‖ A paper presented at the International Conference on ―Rapid Ageing and the changing role of the elderly in African households‖, Organized by the Union for African Population Studies UAPS/UEPA (Senegal), the HSRC in collaboration with the Department of Social Development (South Africa) 18-20 August, 2004, Pretoria, South Africa.
[5]. Asiyanbola R. A. (2004) ―Social support/networks, urban condition and physical well being of the elderly in Africa: a preliminary survey in Ibadan, Nigeria‖ A paper presented at the International Conference on ―Rapid Ageing and the changing role of the elderly in African households‖, Organized by the Union for African Population Studies UAPS/UEPA (Senegal), the HSRC in collaboration with the Department of Social Development (South Africa) 18-20 August, 2004, Pretoria, South Africa.
[6]. Patil, P. B.; Yadav, V. S.; Gaonkar, V. 2009 Influence of family solidarity on life satisfaction of the elderly, Journal of Dairying, Foods and Home Sciences, 28: 2, 149-151.
[7]. Slangen-Dekort, Y.A. W., Midden, J.B.C., Aarts, B., Wagenberg, F.V., (2001). Determinants of adaptive behavior among older persons: Self-efficacy, importance, and personal disposition as directive mechauisms. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 53(4),253-274.
[8]. Bahr, Howard M. and Gerald R. Garrett 1976 Women Alone: The Disaffiliation of Urban Females. Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath and Company.
[9]. Moriwaki, Sha r on 1973 "Self-disclosure, significant others and psychological well-being in old age." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 14: 226-232.

Abstract: Pundong is craft art centre of Bantul district of the Yogyakarta Indonesia that expors earthenware art products to other countries. An interaction with global culture takes place because of the exporting relationship of the earthenware arts and it results in the modernization in international relationship. A study of the transformation pattern in the cultural sociological theory of Pundong puts the emphasis on both external and internal factors as the transformation element and the component of its formative culture, which are cultural institutions, cultural content and cultural effects. The openness of Pundong society to accept external influence causes cultural shift, especially value system, living pattern and business activity of earthenware art. New pattern develops in Javanese cultural value system in Pundong to adapt to the living pattern they consider as modern. The cultural transformation gets its deep root and influences the behavior of the villagers to win global business competition

Keywords: culture, Javanese, earthenware, craftsmen

[1] Boskoff, Alvin, "Recent Theories of Social Change" in Werner J. Cahman dan Alvin Boskoff. Sociology and History: Theory and Research. London: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
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[3] Ketut Suwondo, Civil Society: Di Aras Lokal, Salatiga: Pustaka Percik, 2005.
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[5] _____________. ed. Masyarakat Desa di Indonesia. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia, 1984.
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Abstract: Achievement motivation is defined as the need to perform well or the striving for success and evidenced by persistence and effort in the face of difficulties (Spencer, 1983). Achievement motivation is regarded as a central human motivation. According to Hilgard (1996) students may have the desire to achieve and ability to accomplish the task, but feel the accomplishment has little or no value and feel doing it is not worth the effort or time. Others may fear that they are not capable of completing the required task, so they do not even begin. They feel it is better to receive a lower over all grade than to prove that they do not have the ability to correctly complete the task. Spencer (1983) stated that achievement can often bring benefits and failure can often bring shame. Atkinson (1974) adds that is only a small number of students who fall in these categories of little accomplishment.

[1]. Allan, W. E;(2002). Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.53, Pp: 109-132.

[2]. Atkinson, J.W;(1998). Motivational determinants of risk taking behaviour, psychological review, vol.64, Pp.359-375.

[3]. Eccles, J.S., (1991). Sex difference in Achievement Pattern, Volume 32. Pp. 97-132. [4]. Harter, S; (1982). The perceived competence scale for children; Child Development, Vol. 83, Pp .87-97.

[5]. Hilgard, E. R; (1996). Introduction to Educational Psychology, New York: Stanford University publishers.

[6]. Schunk, D. H; (1996). New Motivation in education Theory, Research and application, New York: Merrill Prentice Hall Publishers.

[7]. Spencer; (1983). Introduction to psychology, New York: Hilgard publishers.

[8]. Thompson, G; (2003). Behaviour modification, New York: Prentice Hall Publishers.

Abstract: Trainee teachers in Nigerian universities are generally required to undergo training not only in the theories, principles and practice of education but also in the content of their subject areas. Training in the latter often covers a large part of the entire programme and is usually offered by 'servicing' faculties such as Arts/Humanities, Sciences and Social Sciences depending on students' area of specialization. The academic performance of university trainee teachers especially in courses received from servicing faculties has been observed to be poor, and the attitude of lecturers in servicing faculties has been cited as a major contributing factor. This paper is a study of the attitude of non-education lecturers to Faculty of Education students in the University of Benin, Nigeria, and the effects on the students' academic performance. An Instrument titled Lecturers' Attitude and the Effects on Students Questionnaire (LAESQ) was administered to a sample of two hundred (200) students. Findings from the study indicate that: the attitude of non-education lecturers to education students is negative and biased; the lecturers' attitude is not significantly difference between the lecturers in the servicing faculties and lecturers' gender; students' academic performance is adversely and significantly affected by the lecturers' attitude. Several recommendations were made based on the findings.

Keywords: Attitude, Non-Education Lecturers, , Students' Performance, Trainee Teachers

[1]. Adeleke, T. O. Student Teachers‟ Perception and Attitude towards Teaching in the Primary School. B. Ed. Project Submitted to the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. (1999).
[2]. Afe, J. O. Reflections on becoming a Teacher and the Challenges of Teacher Education. University of Benin Inaugural Lecture Series No. 64.(2006)
[3]. Afe, J.O. Strategies for Educating Migrant Fishermen and their Families. The Nigerian Teacher Today (TNTT) A Journal of Teacher Education, 4. (1995), 66 – 72.
[4]. Ajzen, I.) The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50 (2), (1991), 179-211.
[5]. Akinbote, O. Problems of Poor Quality in Primary School Teacher Preparation: A Study of Nigeria‟s College of Education. African Journal of Educational Planning andPolicy Studies 1 (1) (2000), 33-39.
[6]. Akinbote , O. Problems for Teacher Education for Primary Schools in Nigeria: Beyond Curriculum Design and Implementation. Essays in Education Volume (22), (2007).
[7]. Aregbeyen, O. Students‟ Perception of effective Teaching and Effective Lecturer Characteristics at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences, 7 (2) (2010), 62-69.
[8]. Fafunwa, A.B. New Perspectives in African Education. Lagos: Macmillan and Company Ltd. (1967).
[9]. Fafunwa, A.B. Over a Hundred Years of Higher Education for Nigerians. Lagos: Federal Ministry of Information. (1968).
[10]. Fakoya, F.O. Report on Teaching Profession and Factors Inhibiting the Teaching Profession in Nigeria. An Unpublished Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria (2009).

Abstract: The Differently abled women face many disadvantages due to their status as women. They are kept aside of the conventional movements and are denied of their rights. Their identity is very much questioned and so they lead a life without any identity. This marginalized section of the society search for an identity and the inability to cope up with the existing oppressing structures causes them to have psychosocial problems. The sexual harassment, domestic violence and exploitation in the workplace met by the Women with disabilities deepen their psychosocial problems. This research study is an attempt to help the policy makers, government and Non-governmental organizations to help the Women with disabilities to come up in life and to have right self image and identity.

[1]. Abera, A. (2002). Attitude towards females with disabilities: the case of Wolayitta ethnic group. PhD Thesis submitted to Addis Ababa University, Department of special education.
[2]. Chowdhury, J. and Foley, D. (2006). Economics of disability: An empirical study of disability and employment in the Bangladesh district of Chuadanga. Disability Studies Quarterly Fall, Volume 26, No. 4, 234-240.
[3]. Deal, M. (2006) Attitudes of Disabled People towards other Disabled People and Impairment Groups Doctoral Thesis, City University London (Health Care Resarch Unity, School of Nursing and Midwifery
[4]. Esmail, S. Darry, K. Walter, A. Knupp, H. (2010). Attitude and perception towards disabilities. Disabil Rehabilitation. 32(14):1148-55.
[5]. Marshall, (2008) Attitudes to Women with Disabilities in Japan: The Influence of Television Drama. Asia & Pacific Journal on Disability, 5 (2), pp. 123-128.
[6]. McGrath, E., Keita, G. P., Strickland, B. R., & Russo, N. F. (1990). Women and depression: Risk factors and treatment issues. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Abstract: The prime objective of the research was to know the people's perception about poor leadership. Several variables like age, education, gender and some intervening variables like, Information, Education, Knowledge and Ethnicity were also analyzed in search of the study objectives. The review of literature provided a framework for understanding this body of knowledge. The sample size of present research was 150 respondents. A stratified random sampling design was used for the selection of respondents. The questionnaire instrument was used to collect data and Pre-testing was carried out. The collected data was analyzed by using Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The finding shows that several independent and intervening variables effect on behavior of leader and respondents were strongly agreed that leader behavior to people is usually complex rather than simple.

[1]. Anthony, T. (1995) Darker Shades of Blue: A Case Study of Failed Leadership. Bass, B. (1990) Leadership in Different Countries and Cultures
[2]. Bryman, A. (1993) Charisma and leadership in organizations
[3]. English, F.W. (1992). Educational administration: The human science.
[4]. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K.H. (1969) Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
[5]. Morakul (2001) and Jansen (2000) Leadership style, employee motivation and commitment: Empirical evidence from a consolidated retail bank operating in a depressed economy
[6]. Squires, G. (2001) Management as a professional discipline: Journal of Management Studies.34 (4), p. 11. [7]. Stefani, L., Weiss, M., and Strickland, J. (1999) The effect of leader outcomes on influence, attributions, and perceptions of charisma

Abstract: The capital market performs many roles that are critical for the growth and development of an economy. Such roles include liquefying the economy, efficient allocation of resources, pooling of savings and reducing risk etc. There is paucity of capital in developing countries like Nigeria, thus the need to enhance the capital market. Despite the increased activities in the capital market, the real sectors of the economy are not feeling the impacts of these activities. The study was aimed at finding out whether the capital market has growth-inducing impact on the agriculture sector. The study employed co-integration techniques to achieve this purpose using time series data sourced from CBN bulletin from 1980-2012. The study found that capital market measures had statistically insignificant impact on agricultural output long run. This implies that despite the expanded activities in the Nigerian capital market over the years, there has not been any remarkable impact on the real sectors of the economy. On the basis of these findings some of these recommendations were proffered: removal of the impediments to the growth of agricultural sector; reduce the cost of doing business in Nigeria; there should be transparency in policy formulation and implementation etc.

Keywords : capital market, co-integration, growth-inducing, liquefying, time-series

[1] Colander, D.C. Economics. New York: McGraw Hill/Irwin, 2004

[2] Andolfatto, D. Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. (A Preliminary Draft), 2005

[3] Schumpeter, J. [1911] 1934. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

[4] King, R. G and R. Levine (1993a). Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Aug. 1993, 108(3): 717-737

[5] King, R. G and R. Levine. Finance, Entrepreneurship, and Growth: Theory and Evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 33, 1993b, 513-542

[6] Goldsmith, R. W. Financial Structure and Development. Yale University Press (New Haven, Conn, 1969).

[7] McKinnon, R. I. Money and Capital in Economic Development. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1973. [8] Shaw, E. Financial Deepening in Economic Development, New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.

[9] Hicks, J.A. A Theory of Economic History. Clarendon Press (Oxford, U.K), 1969.

[10] Adenuga, A.O. Stock Market Development Indicators and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1990-2009): An Empirical Investigations. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review March 2010: 33-70

Abstract: Colonialism and imperialism have several facets and in the global world systems which take into consideration political, economic and social domination, China is questioned for her quiet diplomacy and generosity in donating to the Zimbabwean media. The relationship between China and Zimbabwe has a long history which dates back to the liberation struggle when China rendered material and financial assistance. Upon the attainment of independence the relationship assumed a new dimension where China is striving to dominate the continent through manipulating the media. This paper seeks to explore strategies and techniques employed by China to control and influence media content in Zimbabwe. After being shunned by Western countries for its 'bad governance', Zimbabwe vigorously campaigned for a 'Look East' policy that ended up reviving and strengthening her ties with China. China donated critical broadcasting equipment, agricultural equipment and loans to revive the Zimbabwean economy which had seriously been ravaged by sanctions. Against this backdrop this paper therefore argues that the friendship between China and Zimbabwe is characterised by a horse and a rider relationship. Drawing examples from documentary evidence, the paper exposes the dominance of China in the media through training of personnel, exchange programs and donations.

Key words: Colonialism, Horse-rider relationship, Imperialism, Look East Policy, Private media, Public media.

[1]. Burges, J. 2006. The Review of African Political Economy. Toronto: Routledge.
[2]. Frederikse, J. 1982. None But Ourselves: Masses vs Media in The Making of Zimbabwe. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
[3]. Habermas, J. 1989. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere. Cambridge: Polity Press.
[4]. Mathema, N.C.G. 2000. Newspaper in Zimbabwe. Lusaka: Multimedia Publications.
[5]. Mpofu, T. 2009. Total History, Southern African History. Harare: Priority Projects Publishing.
[6]. Mudyanadzo, W. 2011. Zimbabwe's Diplomacy 1980-2008. Gweru: Booklove Publishers.
[7]. Rusike, E.T.M. 1990. The Politics of the Mass Media: A Personal Experience. Harare
[8]. Thomson, A. 2004. An Introduction to African Politics. London: Routledge.
[9]. Prew, M. 1993. People Making History. Harare: Zimbabwe Publishing House.
[10]. Saunders, R. 1999. Dancing out of Tune: A History of The Media in Zimbabwe: Harare: Edwina Spicer Productions, Brylee Printers.

Abstract: Private ownership of land is normally recognized throughout the world and it is included in the term property i.e. the things on which man can claim the right of ownership. But in-fact it is a wrong assumption because land is a gift of God whereas rest of the items which are included in the term property are man-made items. Hence the combination of these two is not possible in any way. Moreover due to some other reasons private ownership of land is not possible. For example government who is the ultimate source of this right does not have any right to assign it to anyone else. Any social agreement does not give this right to government. Moreover land is a part of nature and no one has any right to capture it. This concept also violates the rights of ownership. Hence private ownership of land is not possible from any aspect.

Keywords: Land, Ownership, Property, Rights.

[1]. Aziz, Farooq, Khan, N.R., (2012) 'Refutation of Private ownership of land',
[2]. Journal of Islamic Economics, Banking & Finance, 8(2), 81-90
[3]. Aziz, Farooq, Abbas, Hussain, Aqil, M. Samad, Abdul, (2011) 'Double Standard of Remuneration of Different Factors of Production in a Capitalist Economy',
[4]. European Journal of Social Sciences, (23) 2, 318 – 322.
[5]. Mududi, Abul A'la (1994) 'Mushiat-e-Islam (Urdu) 15th edition', Lahore, pp. 190 – 191.
[6]. Siddiqui, M.N., (1968) 'Islam Ka Nizria-e-Milleiat (Urdu)', Lahore, pp. 89 – 91.
[7]. Usmani, M.T. (1998) 'Milkiat-e-Zamin Aur Uski Tahdeed, (Urdu)', Karachi, p. 10

Abstract: In the modern capitalist system reward of capital (property) is considered as lawful. Any income which came from this source e.g. rent & interest is not the result of labour of capitalist but the capital itself earned this income for him. It means it is an unearned income from capitalist point of view. This situation is quite same as in the case of any illegal income e.g. cheating, fraud, illegal commission and many other sources like these. The persons involved in all such activities also get unearned income, hence from receivers point of view basically there is no difference between these two, and no logical reason is left to condemn the latter. This problem may be solved if labour is considered as the only standard of remuneration. JEL Classification D-24 J-32 J-33 D31

Key words: Capital; labour; Reward; Illegal income.

[1]. Arthur, Sulliven, Sheffrin, Steven, M., (2003) Economics: Principles in Action, 4
[2]. Aziz, Farooq; Abbas, Hussain; Aqil, M., Sammad, Abdul; 2001Double Standard of Remuneration of Different Factors of Production in a Capitalist Economy. European Journal of Social Sciences (23) 2, 318-322
[3]. Ismail, S.M; (1989) Critical Analysis of Capitalism, Socialism and Islamic Economic Order. 311

Abstract: The study defines "spirituality" and "dogmatism". It explores dogmatism in relation to spirituality. The primary hypothesis of the paper is that spirituality per se cannot be considered a cause of dogmatism. The paper analyzes dogmatism as a social phenomenon and inquires into its root causes. It further investigates into the social implications of dogmatism and examines its various manifestations and effects such as narrowing of ideas and social alienation, authoritarianism and sectarianism, intolerance and conflicts. The study examines the ways to eradicate dogmatism through liberal spiritual education. It highlights the importance of development of the human intellect as an antidote to dogmatism. Methods of strengthening the intellect are discussed.

Key Words: Spirituality, dogmatism, intellect, narrowing of ideas, authoritarianism, intolerance, liberal education.

[1] M. Dillon, in B.S. Turner (Ed.), The Sociology of Religion: The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory (West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Limited, pp. 409 – 427, 2009)
[2] B.J. Zinnbauer, K.I. Pergament, B. Cole, M.S. Rye, E.M. Butter, T.J. Belavich, K.M. Hipp, A.B. Scott, & J.L. Kadar, Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzing the Fuzzy, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 36(4), 1997, 549-564
[3] A. Parthasarathy, Vedanta Treatise: The Eternities (Mumbai: A. Parthasarathy, 2004)
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Abstract: Being an ancient and a dead language, learning biblical Greek has been a frustrating experience for most students of Christian Theology in Nigeria. This explains the paucity of biblical scholars in the country when compared with other fields of study like Church History, Systematic Theology and Comparative Religion among others. The frustration of learning biblical Greek is more acute for students in distance learning institutions, since the presence of a teacher may not be felt. Easing this problem lies is the creation of an online learning site which would be interactive enough to engage the learners. This researcher, following the established principles of instructional design, ADDIE, designed an online site for the course. The usability of the site is tested by a pilot test using 50 students of AjayiCrowther College of Theology. The pilot test was conducted as a cross-sectional survey using a questionnaire that was administered to the students after being exposed to the online course. At the end, it was found out that the students found it a lot easier to study biblical Greek as designed online and also felt that it would even be better if all other courses were designed in similar manner. Keywords: Biblical Greek, Instructional Design, Open and Distance Learning, Online learning, Theology

[1]. J. L. Moore, C. Dickson-Deane, and K. Galyen, e-learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same?, Internet and Higher Education 14, 2011, 129-135.
[2]. T. Denton, Can e-learning be effective learning?, Life Cycle Engineering, available at www.LCE.com (accessed October 10, 2012). [3]. S. G. Magliano, and N. Shambaugh, Students model of instructional design, Educational Technology Research and Development, 54(1), 2006, 83-106.

[4]. D. H. Jonassen, M.Tessmar, and W. H.Hannum, Task analysis methods for instructional design (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999).

[5]. G. McArdle, Instructional design for action learning(New York: American Management Association, 2011).

[6]. National Open University of Nigeria, Getting to know your university(Lagos: NOUN, 2004).

[7]. R. D. Tennyson, F. Schott, N. M.Seel, and S.Dijkstra, Instructional design: International perspectivesVol. 1. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997).

[8]. J. Dunlap, D.Sobel, andD. I. Sands,Supporting students‟ cognitive processing in online courses: Designing for deep and meaningful student-to-content interactions. TechTrends, 51(4), 2007, 20-31.

[9]. D. Maor, and S.Volet, Interactivity in professional online learning: A review of research based studies,Australian Journal of Educational Technology, 23(2), 2007, 269-290.

[10]. M. Mahle, Effects of interactivity on student achievement and motivation in distance education,The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 12(3), 2011, 207-215.

Abstract: The management of the Public Service in Kenya has been a challenge and has been undergoing changes from time to time all geared towards improving service delivery to the citizens and none has born better results than performance contracting. Introduction of performance contracting emanated from the realization that public service was not clear about its goals as it had several functions with multiple objectives to fulfill where some were not related to their core mandate. It's also from realization that what gets measured gets done, a philosophy that has been practiced widely in the private sector.

Keywords: Performance Contracting, Productivity, Correlation and Regression Model

[1]. Akaranga, E. M. (2008). The Process and Effects of Performance Contracting in Kenyan Public Sector, MBA Project; United States International University (USIU), Nairobi.
[2]. Armstrong and Baron, (2002). Strategic Human Resource Management: The Key to Improved Business performance, Kogan Page 45, London
[3]. Bouckaert, F.G., Verhoest, K., &De Cortek, (1999). Public Sector Performance Contracting in Belgium, Retrieved July 2011
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[5]. Cole G.A. (2004). Organization Behaviour, TJ International, Padstow Cornwall, UK
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[7]. Cooper, D. R. and Schindler, S. P. (2006). Business Research Methods 9th Edition McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi
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[11]. DPM (2004). Targeted Voluntary Early Retirement Scheme 2004-2008

Abstract: Although feedback is one of the most powerful influences on learning and achievement, its impact can be either positive or negative. This research focused on how feedback could be employed as a quality enhancement strategy in the teaching and learning process at university level. A qualitative case study involving a total of sixty students on three different programmes, namely: Bachelor of Education II (all ten students), Bachelor of Education I1I (all twenty students) Bachelor of Education IV (all 30 students) was carried out. All students on the said programmes participated in the study which collected data using focus group interviews and document analysis. Findings indicated that students valued feedback as it reassured them in terms of their progress. It had motivational potency. The feedback needed to be timely and varied, focusing not only on a task, but also on the process used to complete a task. It further emerged from the findings that feedback should be a symbiotic process benefiting both the student and the lecturer. When the two parties got feedback from each other the teaching and learning process was enhanced. The evidence also revealed that the type of feedback and the way it was given could be differentially effective. The study suggests ways in which feedback could be used to enhance effective teaching and learning.

[1]. Gibbs, T., Brigden,D., and Hellenberg, D. 2006. Feedback: The Educational Process of Giving and Receiving. SA Fam Prat.2006, 48 (2).
[2]. Goodwin, B. and Miller, K. 2012. Feedback for Learning. Educational Leadership. Volume70, Number 1, pp 82-83
[3]. Haack, M.K. 2007. Parents' and Teachers' Beliefs about Parental Involvement in Schooling. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Nebraska.
[4]. Hattie, J. and Timperly, T. 2007. The power of feedback. Review of Educational Research. Hatziapostolou, T. and Paraskakis, I. (2010). Enhancing the impact of Formative Feedback on Student Learning through an Online Feedback System. Electronic Journal of E-learning. Volume 8, Issue 2, 2010, pp 111-122, available online at www.ejel.org
[5]. Irons, A. 2008. Enhancing learning through formative assessment, Routledge: London. Juwah, C., Macfarlane-Dick, D., Mathew, B., Nicol, D., and Smith, B. 2004. Enhancing Student Learning through Effective Formative feedback, The Higher Education Academy, [Online], http://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/York/documents/resources/resourcedatabase/id353_senlef_guide.pdf
[6]. Pearn, S.M. Collecting and responding to postgraduate student feedback: the experience of the University of Bristol. PERSPECTIVES, Volume 8, Number 3, pp 74-80 Race, 2006
[7]. Ramaprasad, A. 1983. On definition of feedback. Behavioural Science, Vol. 28, 1, 1983
[8]. Richardson, J.T.E. 2005. Instruments for obtaining student feedback: a review of the literature. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education. Vol.30, Number 4, August 2005, 2005, pp 387-415.
[9]. Shute, V. J. 2008. Focus on formative feedback. Review of Educational Research, 78(1), 153- 189.
[10]. Simmering, M.J. 201. Encyclopedia of Educational Management.eNotes.com, Inc. Retrieved on 20 August, 2011 from http://www.enotes.com/management-encyclopedia/attribution-theory

Abstract: Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) are acknowledged in Kenya as significant contributors to economic growth and are estimated to contribute 20% and 72% to the GDP and employment respectively. Despite this, it is estimated that MSEs continue to have a deteriorating performance with 3 in every 5 failing within months of establishment. This research sought to investigate and establish constraints facing women owned enterprises in micro and small enterprises in Western part of Kenya; focusing on Kisii county. The specific objectives were to identify the main constraints to the performance of women entrepreneurs, determine those constraints that uniquely affect women, analyze the influence of the constraints on performance of MSEs. From a population of 2,990 women entrepreneurs engaged in MSEs, a sample of 200 was selected randomly and a survey was conducted on this sample using both structured and un-structured interview schedules. Data from the respondents was analyzed and translated into useful information using percentages and the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Frequency distributions and tables were used to draw conclusions. Main constraints identified were: lack of finance, legal constraints and lack of security/collateral. Women entrepreneurs cope with these constraints by diversifying in business and training. The study concluded that despite the many constraints that they face, women entrepreneurs operating in MSEs have the potential to perform better and grow. The results of this study are expected to assist the Kisii County Government and stakeholders to formulate and implement appropriate policies and interventions aimed at developing and empowering women operating in MSE entrepreneurs in this region.

Key Terms: Gender;Constraints; Micro and Small Enterprises; Entrepreneur; Performance

[1] G.o.K (2008). Economic Survey of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer Press

[2] Gray, C. (2002). Entrepreneurship Resistance to Change and Growth in Small Firms: Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 9(1), pp. 61-72.

[3] Edgar Online Inc. (2003). California Pizza Kitchen operations:. Report on Management operations. Califonia Finance Magazine, pp.6-9.

[4] Government of Kenya (2009). Economic Survey. Nairobi: Government Printer.

[5] Government of Kenya (2007).Assistance to micro and small and medium enterprisesProgramme: A Ministry of Trade Initiative. Nairobi: Government Printer.

[6]Central Bureau of Statistics (1993).National Micro and Small Enterprise Baseline Survey.Nairobi:Government Printer.

[7] Naituli, G.,Wegulo, Francis N. &Kaimenyi, B. (2006). Entrepreneurial Human Capital and Growth of Micro and Small Scale Women enterprises in Rural Kenya.

[8] K-REP, (1995). Employment and income in micro and small enterprises in Kenya.Results of a 1995 Survey. Research Paper No. 26. Nairobi

[9] Bosire, J. & M Etyang (2003).The effect of education on business skills cognition: the case of indigenous microscale enterprise owners in Kenya. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, Volume 55, Issue 1 March 2003, pages 5-20.

[10] Osoro K.M (2013)The Effects of Financial Institutions Intervention on the Growth of small Enterprises in kenya: A Survey of public service transporters in KisiiMunicipalityInterdisplinary journal of contemporary research in Business1 5 9 MAY 2013 VOL 5, NO 1

Abstract: The parable of the shrewd manager or the unjust steward as it has been called by many can be adjudged the most puzzling of Jesus' parables (Fletcher, 1963; Mathewson, 1995; Landry & May, 2000). The most vexing issue has been the understanding of the steward's reduction of the amount owed his master by the tenants and the following commendation of the servant by the master which is followed by Jesus' comparison of his disciples with the steward who is seen as being fraudulent. The objective of the paper is to arrive at an understanding of the parable in view of the seemingly unpopular strategy adopted by the steward to save himself from future embarrassment. In doing this, the paper looks through ancient practices to understand the actions of the steward and concludes that the actions of the steward can be understood as debt reduction and also highlights the style adopted by Luke in narrating the parable. Through debt reduction, a proven practice is the Mediterranean world, the steward echoes' Jesus mission objective. Through this action, the disciples are called to be faithful in the use of wealth to promote Jesus' objective and not ostentatious living.

[1]. D. R.Fletcher,The riddle of the unjust steward: Is irony the key?Journal of Biblical Literature, 82(1), 1963, 15-30.

[2]. D. L. Mathewson, The parable of the unjust steward (Luke 16:1-13): A reexamination of the traditional view in light of recent challenges. Journal of Evangelical Theological Society, 38(1), (1995), 29-39.

[3]. D. Landry, and B. May, Honor restored: New light on the parable of the prudent steward (Luke 16:1-8a). Journal of Biblical Literature, 119(2), 2000, 287-309.

[4]. J. K. Goodrich, Voluntary debt remission and the parable of the unjust steward.Journal of Biblical Literature, 131(3), 2012, 547-566.

[5]. K. R. Snodgrass, Interpretation of the parables of Jesus. In R. N. Longenecker, (ed.), The challenge of Jesus' parables (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2000), 30-50.

[6]. W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich,A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).

[7]. J. J. Pilch, and B. J. Malina, (eds). Biblical social values and their meaning: A handbook, (Peabody: Hendrikson, 1993). [8]. P. Sellew, Interior monologue as a narrative device in the parables of Luke, Journal of Biblical Literature, 111(2), 1992, 239-253.

[9]. R. S. Schellenberg, Which master? Whose steward? Metalepsis and lordship in the parable of the prudent steward (Lk. 16.1-13). Journal for the Study of the New Testament, 30, 2008, 263-288.
[10]. C. L. Blomberg, Interpreting the parables. (Leicester: Inter Varsity Press, 1990).