IOSR-JHSS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-1 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Contrac to rasowner of theris kypr of ession, has always been subject to variousrisks, and at any moment may beliable for accidents and incidents that threat. To fulfill civil contractor's responsibility need the conditions, some of these conditions, as general conditions in all types of civil liability are presented such as losses, and the relationship of committing a harmful act and causation relationship between the harming act and the harmful entry; three elements of the Iranian legal system, and most legal systems, are called to fulfill civic responsibility elements. Aside from this, there are some tools that fulfill specific requirements, are the civil contractor responsibility. These conditions are necessity damage entry during operation, the employment law required on the contractors (employers) and employee adverse action. In this case the civil responsibility of the contractor will fulfill, therefore, in this paper, together with the general and specific terms civil contractor liability, is presented.

Keywords: Civil Liability, Contractor, loss-injured, employee

[1]. AbazariFomashy, M., Principles of construction contracts, Tehran, Publications khorsandi, First Edition, 2009
[2]. Ahmadvand, Vali Allah Comparative Study of Civil Responsibility System of the employer, in Iran and the UK law, Journal of Human Sciences, 1384, No. 61, in the fourteenth.
[3]. Ismaili Harris, E., Principles of Contract law, Tehran, Forest Publications - javdaneh, Fourteenth Edition, 2009.
[4]. -, Law, engineering (Note Agreement), Tehran, Justice Press, first edition, 1390

Abstract: Nowadays, forest conditions in Indonesia show a trend of increase in forest areas release. It provides negative impacts, especially for the people who have been living around the forest areas. Various phenomena of community resistance to the government and forest companies become indicators that community empowerment policy implementation around the forest areas is not effective. This research intends to get a model of effective community empowerment policy to solve problems of forest use so that it is right on target for the community, government, and company (SIL). This research uses a qualitative research design. The results show that the empowerment model that has been implemented currently has positive impacts on the community and company, especially intercropping and komplangan of cassava programs, as well as rubber tapping. The impacts can be seen from the increased people incomes, improved social and economic infrastructure of the local community, as well as increased awareness of the importance of forest resources. This research has also shown strong evidences of positive impacts, in form of private property ownership of local community, and cassava farming skills. However, the existing model also provides negative impacts, i.e. forest encroachment, agrarian conflicts and even social conflicts in Mesuji. These result in the termination of the empowerment programs normatively, and detrimental to stakeholders, including the community, company and government (local). The new model resulted from policy reconstruction can guarantee the continuity of implementation of community empowerment programs through forestry partnership.

Keywords: Community Empowerment, Forestry Partnership, Mesuji

[1]. Bogdan, R. C. and S. K. Biklen. 2003. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods. Pearson Education Group. New York.
[2]. BPS of Kab. Tulang Bawang, 2012. Mesuji in Numbers 2012. Lampung: Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) of Kab. Tulang Bawang (in Indonesian).
[3]. Corbin, J. & A. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research. Sage, Los Angeles.
[4]. Department of Forestry. 2010. Strategic Plans of Forestry Ministry 2010-2014. Department of Forestry. Jakarta (in Indonesian).
[5]. Forestry and Plantation Agency of Mesuji Regency, 2012. Strategic Plans. Mesuji Regency of Lampung (in Indonesian).
[6]. Friedmann. 1992. Empowement: The Politics of Alternative Development. Blackwell Publisher. Cambridge.
[7]. Goggin, M. L. Ann O'M Bowman, James P. Lester, & Laurence J. O'Toole, Jr. 1990. Implementation Theory and Practice: Toward a Third Generation. Scott, Foresman and Company. London.
[8]. Grindle, Merilee S. 1980. Public Choices and Policy Change: The Political Economy Of Reform In Developing Countries. The Johns Hopkins University Press. London.
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Abstract: This study looks into a number of Moroccan proverbs to see whether proverbs support women secondary position in society. The fact that a proverb's authority has the function of legitimizing certain role patterns as well as preventing those patterns from possibly being questioned, we want to discover the main attributions that are attached to women while talking about proverbs in Morocco. Women's secondary position is faithfully mirrored in culture. Nothing defines the latter as clearly as its language. This language, in turn, encapsulates a society's thoughts, beliefs and values. The fact that proverbs are part of people's popular culture which includes language, it is important to know how these proverbs function and how they are structured to both convey and maintain certain man made ideologies and policies. Moreover, since proverbs are based on common sense and practical experience of humanity, they call into question the extent of their truth and validity. This article focuses on the different representations of women in Moroccan proverbs. It shows an analytical comparison of these proverbs on the basis of women and gender differences. Our focus is based on the idea that proverbs maintain certain beliefs and attitudes that last for ages. Yet, these attitudes are not always positive, mainly when it comes to women. Therefore, we suppose that these proverbs with negative gender connotations should be altered.

Keywords: gender discrimination, popular culture, proverbs,

[1]. Wolfrang Yksel. Women in proverbs. Oxford university. 1993:P.65,66
[2]. Mineke Schipper. African proverbs and sayings on women. Chicago,1989.P.3
[3]. M.Haralambos andHolborn. sociology: themes and perspectives. London.1991.P.536)
[4]. 1 N. Gamble. Feminism and society. London. 2001.P.264
[5]. Arthur. Davis. Moroccan female power negotiation.l‟MEDIA.2001.36

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the power of emotional intelligence (EI) and ambiguity tolerance in predicting EFL learners' language learning strategy (LLS)and probe any possible relationship among these variables. The participants of the study were 130 EFL students, between 18 -30 years old, majoring in English Translation and English Literature at Islamic Azad University at Central Tehran, Iran. The instruments utilized in this study were a) Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) to assess the learners' strategy-use-frequency in language learning, b) Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-I) to measure learners' emotional intelligence, and c) Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (SLTAS) to identify participants' tolerance of ambiguity. The results of the study showed that regression model including EI predicted about 6.8 percent, and tolerance of ambiguity 3.2 percent of students' LLSs. Also, running Pearson correlation indicated a statistically significant relationship between learners' EI and LLSs and the components of both EI and SILL. In addition, Pearson correlation revealed statistically significant relationship between learners' tolerance of ambiguity and their overall LLSs use, and components of SILL.

Key words: language learning strategies, emotional intelligence, tolerance of ambiguity, EFL learners, effective learning

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