IOSR-JHSS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of gender preparation and adjustment in retirement of retired civil servants in Enugu State, Nigeria. To guide the study, five (5) research questions were administered and three hypotheses tested. The population of the study consisted of the retired civil servants in Enugu State numbering about 828. Out of that number, 331were sampled using stratified approach. An instrument named Gender Preparation and Adjustment to Retirement Scale was designed by the researcher and validated by experts .The reliability of the instrument was established using trial testing of 50 retired civil servants in Ebony State. The data collected were analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, mean standard deviation, t-test of r and t-test statistics. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significant. The result of the study revealed that there was lack of awareness and poor preparation to retirement, that there is maladjustment or poor adjustment to retirement by retirees in Enugu State. There is no gender difference in preparation to retirement and that there is a significant though negative relationship at -050 between preparation and adjustment to retirement. Based on the findings, recommendations were made.

Keywords: Adjustment, Gender, Influence, Preparation, Retirement

[1]. O.O. Abdulrazag, (1999) Sex Difference in Problems of Retired Civil Servants and the Roles of Counseling in Rehabilitation of Retirees. The Counsellor Vol.17 No 1. P.56
[2]. N. Igwebueze, (1988),in Achigbe (1998). The Effect of Lack of Retirement Plan on Self Reliance and Desire for Work Among Retired Civil Servants of Cross River State Public Service. The Counsellor Vol.17 No 79.
[3]. S. Gee, (2002),Saving Ourselves: Gender Issue in Making Provision for One‟s Own Retirement. Australian Journal on Aging
[4]. R.C. Anieke, (2001). Getting Ready for Retirement. Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd
[5]. A.O. Abudu, (1999), How to Prepare for a Comfortable Retirement. Ghana. Dyno-Media Ltd
[6]. E .B. Hurlock (1968), Developmental Psychology. New Delhi Tata Mcbraw-Hill Pub. Co
[7]. M.L. Baron (1961), The Aging American: An Introduction to Social Gerontology and Geriatrics. New York. Cramwell
[8]. E.C Giouoeua,. and Bevil, C.W. (1985) .Nursing Care of Aging Client. Conecticut, Appleto-Centicy Croft
[9]. A.A Olagboye,. (1998), Joys and Agonies of Retirement and Job loss. Lagos Joja Educational Research and Publishers Ltd.
[10]. E.C Osuala. (1985), Retirement Counseling is Necessary. Nigerian Statesman April 5, p.9
[11]. P.A Uzoma,. (1997, Actuarial Valuation of Pension Fund. A Paper Presented in a Workshop on the Management of Pension

Abstract: This paper studied Counterpart funding of Universal Basic Education in Nigeria: Issues, Problems and Prospects. It discovered among other problems derailing the education sector, that states governments fail to meet with the obligation of raising their counterpart fund to UBE, that state governments divert federal government fund for UBE to other projects of their choice, that there is #52 billion lying waste unutilized by state governments, which states could not access further fund for UBE because they abused the process of accessing such fund .This paper recommended for an alternative counterpart funding of the UBE scheme in Nigeria. Keywords: Basic, Education, Counterpart, Counseling, funding

[1] Adamaechi, B.C and Romanine, H.A (2000) Issues, problems, and prospects of free, compulsory and qualitative education in Nigeria. Universal Basic Education (UBE). Onitsha: Nigeriana Educational Pulishers ltd.
[2] http://udonna.instablogs.com/entry/the-success-of-universal-basic-education-in-nigeria
[3] Ipaye, B (1996). The Fafunwa phenomenon in Nigeria Education: Lagos Printserve Ltd
[4] Nwagwu, N.A (2003). Crisis in the Nigeria Education System. World Council for Curriculum and Instruction (WCCI) Nigerian Chapter: Second biannual lecture hosted by the Lagos branch at the University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos.
[5] Ogunsola, T. (2009). The Nigerian Education Times (Special Award Edition):Paul R. et all. 2004. Access to Power or Genuine Empowerment? An Analysis of Three Community Forest Groups in Nepal.

Abstract: This article analyzed the language used to communicate information on climate change. The discourse of climate change is not inclusive of the majority of people of the Sub Saharan region with specific reference to Zimbabwe. This is due to its technical and ambiguous nature. A variety of scientific documents, magazines, technical journals and briefings were analyzed. The methodology of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Document Analysis were used to analyze various texts in order to uncover the possible hidden meanings of a variety of linguistic aspects. It was noted that linguistic aspects like metaphors of fear and panic, hedging techniques and compounding are frequently used. Climate change communication is loaded with technical jargon which places the ordinary people, particularly in Zimbabwe in a dilemma. For that reason the climate change discourse creates information and knowledge gaps between those from the developed countries and the developing countries. Interviews were administered on policy makers, environmentalists, educationists and other stakeholders. Qualitative data was analyzed using grounded theory to describe and explain the elicited responses from stakeholders in order to complement data from textual analysis. It is recommended that there should be a lot of media awareness, education and training on climate change issues in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe, the private sector and NGOs should develop training programmes to communities in indigenous languages which are relevant to their needs. Issues of ideologies are also quite prevalent in climate change communication.

Key Words: Climate, Climate Change, Global Warming, Weather, Green House, Carbon

[1]. P. Borchert. AFRICA Geographic: Our Overheating Planet (Devonshire Court, Cape Town, 2007).
[2]. Chivaura and G. Mararike. The human Factor Development in Africa (University of
[3]. Zimbabwe Publications, Mt. Pleasant, Harare, 1996).
[4]. C.T.A SPORE: Climate Change: Sharing Knowledge, Improving
[5]. Rural Livelihoods (South Africa, Cape Town, 2000).
[6]. L. Dow and G. Downing. Atlas of Climate Change. (Routledge, London, 2007).
I. Deutscher. What we say/what we do (Glenview, Illinois, Scott Foreman, 1973).
[7]. P. Eubanks. Written Communication. Sage Publications 16 (2), 1992, 18-32.
[8]. N. Fairclough. Critical Discourse Analysis (Longman, London, 1992).
[9]. N. Fairclough. Language and Globalization (Rutledge, New York, 2008).
[10]. N. Fairclough. Language and Power (Longman, London, 1992).

Abstract: The historical geography is a part of the human geography to relate with the geographies of the past time and with the impact of the past in shaping the geographies of the other times. This study investigates concepts of geography, history, historical geography and so on. Geography is very important to history because it shapes the next time of a culture or civilization. Geography is important because it is a main factor in why people choose to live where they do, in how much the people come into contact with others outside their region how battles are fought. Geography can affect all aspects of the people who live in each geographical region. The survey investigates approaches to the teaching of geography, resources of geographic and historical, geographical distributions, spatial histories, location histories and geographical history.

Key words: geography, geographical distributions, history and historical geography

[1]. Alan r. H. Baker, (2005), geography and history bridging the divide, emmanuel college, Cambridge
[2]. "Approaches to History and Geography," Middle States Council for the Social Studies 2001 Yearbook. Lawrenceville, NJ: Middle States Council for the Social Studies. 2001.
[3]. Alan Pred, Urban Growth and the Circulation of Information: the United States' System of Cities, 1790–1840 (Cambridge, Mass., 1973); Robert A. Dodgshon, Society in Time and Space: a Geographical
[4]. Bradley Commission on History in Schools, Building a History Curriculum: Guidelines for Teaching History in Schools, National Council for History Education ,1988
[5]. Donald Meinig, The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of American History, [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987], xv.
[6]. "Essential History Content K-12," Middle Sates Council for the Social Studies 2001 Yearbook. Lawrenceville, NJ: Middle States Council for the Social Studies. 2001.
[7]. Bruce M. S. Campbell and Ken Bartley, England on the Eve of the Black Death: an Atlas of Lay Lordship, Land and Wealth, 1300–49 (Manchester, 2006); Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England: theGeography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994. Washington D. C.: National Geographic Research and Exploration, 1994.
[8]. National Standards for History, Los Angeles: National Center for History in the Schools, 1996.
[9]. Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994. Washington D. C.: National Geographic Research and Exploration, 1994, pages 46-56. National Standards for History, Los Angeles: National Center for History in the Schools, 1996, 14-24
[10]. Geography for Life: National Geography Standards 1994. Washington D. C.: National Geographic Research and Exploration, 1994.