IOSR-JHSS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-4 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Bromley : "The political changes that took place in 1989 marked the end of a bi-polar power system', and were responsible for an increasing sense of 'a lack of fundamental political, social & economical impasse in ways of thinking future'. The cross – cultural texts hyphenated writers) Black / Asian – Chinese – American, Indo –Caribbean , Asian Canadian – etc.) 'Broderline fictions' speak from and across migrant identities'. Negotiate across 'heavily policed zones of identity, Hegemony of Kingdom rules, New world ideological constructs on nationalists. The hybridity of exploring & empowering. a) Fusion of culture b) Resurgence of Ethnicity or cultural dislocation. c) Travel writing.

[1]. Aristotle (1926) : Art of Rhetoric. Trans J.H. Freest Cambridge, Harvested University press.
[2]. Derrida . J (1978a) Writing & difference London : Athlone press.
[3]. Greetz, Chifford : The Interpretation of culture – Basic books London 1973
[4]. Raja Rao – Kanthapura New Delhi : Orient Paper facts
[5]. Mitchell D (2000) "Cultural geography", Oxford Blackwell.

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of peers on privately consumed clothing items of female students in University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. Two research questions guided the study. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 710 female students in the University for the Study. Structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Data was analyzed using frequency difference, percentages and ranking. Results of the findings indicated that both normative and informative influences affect decisions to purchase both privately and publicly consumed luxury products, and that there was more influence on normative influence than informative influence in the purchase of clothing items. Based on the results of findings, conclusion and recommendations were made that parents and guardians should inculcate in their children/wards the right values and selfconfidence early in life to enable them make correct and independent choices in life, while teachers should advise their students not to allow peer influences dominate their decision making processes among others.

Keywords: Normative influence, Informative influence, Private luxury, private necessity.

[1]. Akpan, I. D.; Nkan, V. V. & Usoroh, C. (2012). Peer Influence on Selected ClothingItems Purchase Decision of Female Students in University of Uyo. Journal of Home Economics Research. 16: 195-202.
[2]. Asuquo, V. F. (2010). Peer Influence on Clothing Purchase Decision of Female Students in University of Uyo. AnUnpublished Dissertation. University of Uyo, Uyo.
[3]. Bachmann, G. R.; John, D. R. & Rao, A. R. (1993). Children's Susceptibility to Peer GroupPurchase Influence: an Exploratory Investigation. Association in Consumer Research. 20: 463-468.
[4]. Bearden, W. O. & Etzel, M. J. (1982). Reference Grooup Influence on Product and Brand Purchase Decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 9: 183-481.
[5]. Bristol, T. & Mangleburg, T. F. (2005). Not Telling the Whole Story: Teen Deception in Purchasing. Journal of Academics. 33(1): 79-95.
[6]. Chang, L. & Chuang, H. (2005). The Study of Subculture and Consumer Behaviour: An Example of Taiwanese University Students' Consumption Culture. American Academic Business Journal. 7: 258-264.
[7]. Childers, T. L. & Rao, A. R. (1992). The Influence of Familial and Peer Based Reference on Consumer Decision. Journal of Consumer Research. 19: 198-211.
[8]. Cox, C. E.& Dietz, E. G. (1993). Adapting to Teen Culture. Journal of Extension. 21: 72-73.
[9]. Lachance, M. J.; Beaudion, P. & Robitaille, J. (2003). Adolescents Brand Sentivity in Apparel: Influence of Social Agents. International Journal of Consumer Studies. 27: 47-57.
[10]. Makgosa, R. & Mohube, K. (2007). Peer Influence on Young Adults' products Purchase Decisions. African Journal of Business Magt. 26: 64-71.

Abstract: This study aims to measure passengers' perception of the importance of the four factors of check-in facility, amenities, terminal facilities, and airport accessibility facility with regard to their visit to the airport and their perceived level of performance of the particular facility and the resulting gap. Using purposive sampling method, data was collected from the departing passengers of the Cochin International Airport Limited. A modified importance-performance analysis (IPA) method is developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods with the help of structural equations for the purpose of this study. For the analysis, initially an input model was developed by using AMOS-7 graphics. This initial model is refined to reach the final model. An empirical case study of the perceptions of the passengers about the importance and performance of the facilities at the airport is provided in this paper to test the effectiveness and suitability of the modified IPA and gap analysis in the measurement of the level of performance of a facility. Result of the gap analysis shows that except the check-in facilities there is a gap between importance and satisfaction levels of passengers in respect of the facilities and, the airport authorities should give more attention to the facility management at the airport. Key words: gap analysis, service quality, structural equation modeling

[1]. Yeh, C.H. and Kuo, Y.L. (2003), Evaluating Passenger Service of Asia-Pacific Airports, Transportation Research, Part E, 39, pp. 107-115

[2]. Anderson, John Robert. Rules of the Mind, Psychology Press, Hillsdale, 1993.

[3]. Parasuraman A., Zeithaml, Valerie. (1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Journal of Marketing, 49, 41-50.

[4]. Grancay, M. Evaluating competitiveness of airports - Airport competitiveness index. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (16488), 2009.

[5]. Carme Saurina, G. C. Predicting Overall Service Quality. A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. A. F. (Ed.) Developments in Social Science Methodology, 2002, 217-238.

[6]. Airport Council International, Airport Performance Measurement - Guide to Airport Performance Measures, Oliver Wyman Inc, 2012.

[7]. Park, Y. (1999). A methodology for establishing operational standards of airport passenger terminals. Journal of Air Transport Management, 5 (2), 73-80.

[8]. Miller, J.A. Exploring Satisfaction, Modifying models, Eliciting Expectation, Posing Problem and Making Meaningful Measurements, in Conceptualization and measurement of consumer satisfaction and Dissatisfaction, Hunk, H.K. (Ed.) Marketing Science Institute, Cambridge. Massachusetts, 1977,

[9]. Oliver, R.L. (1980). A Cognitive model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.17, 460-469

[10]. Swan, J. E. (1988), Consumer Satisfaction Related to Disconfirmation of Expectation and Product Performance, Journal of Consumer Satisfaction Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 1, 40-47

Abstract: V.S. Naipaul's An Area of Darkness is a travelogue describing Naipaul's trip through India in the early sixties. It conveys the confusion or the disillusionment of the author on his first visit to his ancestral land. It has all criticism for India--whether its India's National Language, India's Metros, platforms, hotels, the titles of Indian films, Indian tailors, or even the houseboats. Naipaul seems to have a pre-determined conviction of speaking all against India. Even when he appreciates the Indian earth by calling it rich with ancient sculpture, there is a criticism as he says that Indians do not react, do not exclaim on seeing the rich Indian inheritance. He admires Gandhiji's vision, who was critical of India on seeing the beggars and the shameless pundits, and even condemns the insanitary habits of doctors, lawyers, and journalists. On the contrary, he sarcastically ridicules Nehruji by saying that he had a romantic feeling for India, and that is why his writings cannot easily be recognized by others. Naipaul calls India as a country of callousness, inefficiency, and a hopelessly divided country, which weakens to the foreign rule. Naipaul has shared his experiences in three parts: Part I-as a Resting place for the imagination, Part II-As a Doll's House on the Dal Lake, and Part III as Fantasy and Ruins.

quoted in Naipaul,V.S. Naipaul. "An Area of Darkness".India:Picador,1995.

Naipaul,V.S.Naipaul. "An Area of Darkness". India:Picador,1995.

---,Ibid

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

---,Ibid.

Abstract: Major spending of companies is on staff salaries. In order to be efficient, progressive, profitable and competitive in the profession, the staff should be productive. Staff is productive when Office Environment is comfortable with regard to work conditions. In this paper effect of Views from Offices on productivity of occupants is highlighted. A research to this regard was conducted in Offices of city of Chandigarh(India) capital of Punjab and Haryana state. Various Offices were sampled and Questionnaire survey of productivity was conducted to get first hand information from Office Occupants.

Keywords: productivity, office design, views

[1]. Yakubu Aminu Dodo , Mohd Zin Kandar , Muhammad Babale Girei , Ahmed Yahaya Abdul and Jallaludeen Mu'azu," Comparative Analysis of Effect of Psychological Factors on Visual Comfort in a Green and Conventional Office Building" ,2012 2nd International Conference on Biotechnology and Environment Management, IPCBEE vol.42 (2012) © (2012) IACSIT Press, Singapore
[2]. Aydin Ozdemir, "The effect of window views' openness and naturalness on the perception of rooms' spaciousness and brightness: A visual preference study" Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 5(16), pp. 2275-2287, 2010
[3]. Carlos E. Ochoa, Myriam B.C. Aries, Evert J. van Loenen and Jan L.M. Hensen, "Considerations on design optimization criteria for windows providing low energy consumption and high visual comfort", Applied Energy,vol.95,238-245.2012.
[4]. Seong-Hyun Park ," Randomized clinical trials evaluating therapeutic influences of ornamental indoor plants in hospital rooms on health outcomes of patients recovering from surgery", 2006, Doctor of Philosophy, Kansas State University, Manhattan,
[5]. Heschong Mahone Group, Inc. Lisa Heschong, ProjectDirector,FairOaks,California,2003,"Windows and Offices: A Study of Office Worker Performance and the Indoor Environment",P-63.
[6]. Roger S. Ulrich, "Health Benefits of Gardens in Hospitals",Paper for conference, Plants for People ,International Exhibition Floriade 2002

Abstract: One hundred twenty employed and non-employed post-menopausal women from rural and urban locality were selected by purposive sampling method from Dharwad Taluka. The data was collected by personal interview from 60 urban employed & non-employed and 60 rural employed & non-employed post-menopausal women with mean age of 44.5. Physical and General Health Inventory (PGI) developed by Wig and Verma (1978), Stress Index Questionnaire by Ivancevich and Matteson (1980) and Socio-Economic Status Scale developed by O.P.Agarwal (2005) were used for the study. Results showed that 41.66 % urban women belonged to high SES group followed by 36.66% in upper high SES group, while 33.34% of rural women belonged to lower middle SES group followed by 28.34% in upper middle SES group. Significant difference was found in the physical health status of urban employed and non employed postmenopausal women, whereas no such differences were observed between rural employed and non employed women. Significantly a higher percentage of urban employed women (63.34%) were severely affected by different physical problems as compared to rural employed women (46.66 %). Higher percentage of the urban non employed women (90%) found to have severely affected physical health status, whereas only 50% of rural non employed women fell in this category. Though 73.34% of urban employed & 45% rural employed women belonged to high & upper middle socio economic group most of the post-menopausal women expressed about having severe physical health problems like backache, insomnia, dizziness, weakness, eye problem, sweating, uneasiness, irritability and loss of memory. It was found that, there is a significant relationship between physical health, stress and socio economic status of both urban and rural women.

Keywords: Age of menopause, Menopause, Postmenopausal health, Quality of life; Urban and Rural Indian women, Women health

[1]. Avis, N. E., & McKinley, S. M. (1991). A longitudinal analysis of women's attitudes toward the menopause: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study. Maturitas, 13(1), 65-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ 0378-5122(91)90286-Y
[2]. Atkinson, C., Compston, E.J., Day, E.N., Dowsett, M. and Bingham, A.S., (2004). The effects of phytoestrogen isoflavones on bone density in women : a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. American J. Clin. Nutr., 79 : 326- 333.
[3]. Christian D., Kathad M. And Bhavsar B.(2011). Socio-demographic characteristics of postmenopausal women of rural area of vadodara district, gujarat , National Journal of Community Medicine Vol 2 Issue 3
[4]. Hassa, H., Tanir, H. M., Yildrim, A., Senses, T., Oge, T., & Mutlu, F. S. (2005). Associated factors with urogenital score in natural and surgical menopause. Maturitas, 16(52), 65-9.
[5]. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.12.005
[6]. Ivancevich, J.M. and M.T. Matteson (1980). Stress and Work, A Managerial Perspective, Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
[7]. Kaira, S. and Wadhwa, P., (2002), Osteoporosis in post menopausal women. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 7 (12) : 703-706.
[8]. Nagar S. and Dave P., (2005). Perception of Women Towards Physiological Problems Faced at Menopause, J. Anthropologist, KREpublishers 7(3): 173-175 (2005).
[9]. Neeru Sharma, Sumati Vaid and Anju Manhas(2005).Age at Menopause in Two Caste Group (Brahmins and Rajputs) From Rural Areas of Jammu, J. Anthropologist, KRE publishers, 7(2): 111-113 (2005).
[10]. Obermeyer, C.M., (2002). Menopause in Morocco : Symptomatology and medical management. Maturitas, 41 : 87-95.

Abstract: Coastal development, change in the fishermen's environment, and adaptations in their behaviour affects the welfare of traditional fishermen in the coastal area of Manado Bay, North Sulawesi Indonesia. This study determines, both partially and simultaneously, directly and indirectly, totally, the extent and the influence of coastal development, the change in environment and the adaptation of behaviour on the welfare of traditional Manadonese fishermen. This study's methodology uses the mixed method by integrating the quantitative and qualitative approaches. Probability sampling has been used in collecting data from as many as 125 fishermen from Bunaken, Tuminting, Wenang, Sario, and Malalayang districts of the coastal area of Manado Bay. Moreover, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) has been used in analysing the data of this study. The result shows that coastal development, change in fishermen's environment, and the adaptation of their behaviour influence both positively and significantly the welfare of traditional Manadonese fishermen and either partially or simultaneously, directly or indirectly, and totally.

Keywords: Coastal economy, environmental change, human behavior, fishermen's welfare, dan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

[1] S.B. Olsen and P. Christie, 2000. What are we learning from tropical coastal management experiences? Coastal Management, 28, 5-18.

[2] C. Béné, When fishery rhymes with poverty: a first step beyond the old paradigm on poverty in small-scale fisheries. World Development, 31(6), 2003, 949-975.

[3] M. Weinstein and D.J. Reed, Sustainable coastal development: the dual mandate and a recommendation for "commerce managed areas", Restoration Ecology, 13(1), 2005, 174-182.

[4] M. Kusumaatmadja and E.R. Agoes, Rights Over Natural Resources: The Indonesian Experience. Centre for Archipelago, Law and Development Studies – Alumni Publisher, Bandung, 2002.

[5] K. Nomura, A perspective on education for sustainable development: Historical development of environmental education in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Development, 29(6), 2009, 621-627.

[6] P. Brunt and P. Courtney, Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3),1999, 493-515.

[7] W.N. Adger, Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in Human Geography, 24(3), 2000, 347-364.

[8] L. Hakim, Soemarno, S.K. Hong, Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology, 35(2): 2012, 61-71.

[9] K.S. Andaria, Marsoedi, D. Arfiati, L. Hakim, Soemarno, Stakeholder Analysis for Coastal Tourism Development in Bangka Island, North Sulawesi Indonesia. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(1), 2013, 1043-1050.

[10] BPS Manado, Statistik Kota Manado, Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, Manado, 2012.

Abstract: The present study is an in depth empirical study of dowry-related offences. It makes a critical analysis of judicial activism-a new development- in liberating women. The specific objective of this paper was to study the socio-educational profile of victims of dowry offences and relate it to the socio-cultural practice of dowry. It also makes an analysis of the laws related to dowry and their effectiveness. The findings of the study show that section 498-A and section 304-B have provided teeth to the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961, but Article 51-A of the constitution remains ineffective because the socio-cultural norms related to the practice of dowry have remained unchanged and therefore, the practice of giving and receiving dowry continues as such. Even otherwise law abiding citizens are giving and receiving dowry. Adequate social awareness and education is necessary, along with legal punishment, to do away with this evil practice.

Keywords: Women, Marriage, Practice, Socio-cultural, Dowry, Offences, Victims, Law, Legislation, Punishment, Awareness.

[1.] Anwar Yagin, Protection of Women under the Law, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi, 1982, p 170.
[2.] Aruna Goel, Violence and Protective Measures for Women Development and Empowerment, Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[3.] Dr.R. Revathi Law Relating to Domestic Violence. Asia Law Book House.
[4.] Dr Sayed Masood Laws Relating to Women, Orient law House, New Delhi, 2004.
[5.] Flavia Agnes, Law and Gender Equality, the Politics of Women's Rights in India, Oxford University Press, 2001.
[6.] Monica Chawla, Gender Justice ―Women and Law in India‖ Deep & Deep Publications Pvt ltd New Delhi 2006.
[7.] Para's Diwan modern Hindu law Allahabad law Agency.
[8.] S.V.K. Patel's, Gender Bias ―Violation of Socio-Legal Rights Word's Worth Publications India 2004.
[9.] Sharma O. C. Crime against Women, Ashish Publishing Hose, New Delhi.
[10.] Vinay Sharma, Dowry Deaths Legal Provisions and Judicial Interpretations, Deep &Deep Publications.

Abstract: This study was focused on the strategic and technical needs to increase the capacity of the local government building, primarily related with the improvement of the official performance in public services in accordance with the development of the society in order to accelerate the realization of Good Governance. The competency of the officials in public service is a complicated structure of knowledge, values, morals, attitudes, behaviors, and motivations tightly attaching every civil servant in order to be able to provide professional service to the public. Some factors causing the lower competency of the state officials are (a) the poor system of the recruitment of employee candidates, (b) improper placement of employees, (c) unbalanced workload compared to the number of and the competency of the employees.

Keywords : competency, service, public

[1]. No Name, Handout Penyusunan Standar Kompetensi Manajerial Direktorat Standardisasi Dan Kompetensi Jabatan Kedeputian Bidang Pengembangan Kepegawaian Badan Kepegawaian Negara 2013
[2]. Joko Triwiyatno UPAYA PENINGKATAN KOMPETENSI PNS MELALUI PERUBAHAN POLA PIKIR, Widyaiswara Madya - Badan Diklat Prov. Jawa Tengah. 2003 :75-76
[3]. Bob Waworuntu, Dasar-Dasar Keterampilan Abdi Negara Melayani Masyarakat, Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1997, h. 18.
[4]. Peraturan Kepala Badan Kepegawaian Negara Nomor 8 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pedoman Perumusan Standar Kompetensi Teknis Pegawai Negeri
[5]. Afdol, 2008, Pengembangan Teori Implementasi Hukum Waris Islam Di Indoensia, Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar, Unair, Surabaya
[6]. Bungin Burhan , 2001, Metodologi Penelitian Sosial ,: Airlangga University Press, Surabaya
[7]. Tamin Feisal, 2004, Transformasi Budaya Kerja Aparatur Negara,
[8]. Siswanto, 2005, Pengantar Manajemen, PT Bumi Aksara, Bandung
[9]. P loina lalolo krina, 2003 indikator & alat ukur prinsip akuntabilitas, transparansi & partisipasi, sekretariat good public governance badan perencanaan pembangunan nasional jakarta - agustus
[10]. Undang Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 14 Tahun 2008 Tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik

Abstract: Many of the democratizing opportunities provided by community colleges are diminished in the eyes of policy makers by inadequate rates of success. In particular, large proportions of students who enter community colleges do not persist for longer than a semester, complete a program, or attain a credential. This review critically examines academic and policy research in search of explanations, emphasizing what is known about challenges stemming from three levels of influence: the macro-level opportunity structure; institutional practices; and the social, economic, and academic attributes students bring to college. It provides examples of how factors operating at each level affect rates of success at key times, including the initial transition to college, the experience of remedial education, and persistence through credit-bearing coursework. Its also discusses potential and ongoing reforms that could increase rates of community college success by addressing one or more areas of influence.

Key words: community college, success, students, educational, opportunity, policy.

[1]. Attewell, P., Lavin, D., Domina, T., & Levey, T. (2006). New evidence on college remediation. Journal of Higher Education, 77(5), 886-924.
[2]. Bailey, T. (2009). Challenge and opportunity: Rethinking the role and function of developmental education in community college. New Directions for Community Colleges, 145, 11–30.
[3]. Bettinger, E. P., & Long, B. T. (2009). Addressing the needs of underprepared students in higher education: Does college remediation work? Journal of Human Resources, 44(3), 736–771
[4]. Bailey, T., Jeong, D.W., & Cho, S-.W. (2010), Referral, enrollment, and completion in developmental education sequences in community colleges. Economics of Education Review, 29(2), 255–270.
[5]. Bean, J. P. (1980). Dropouts and Turnover: The Synthesis and Test of a Causal Model of Student Attrition. Journal of Research in Higher Education 12: 155–187.
[6]. Brint, S., and Karabel, J. (1991). The Diverted Dream: Community Colleges and the Promise of Educational Opportunity in America, 1900-1985, Oxford University Press, New York.
[7]. Chan,S.,Green,D.,(2010).Student success learning communities program review narrative report.
[8]. Community College Research Center. (2007). Do Student Success Courses Actually Help Community College Students Succeed? New York, NY: Author.
[9]. Community College Research Center. (2006). What Community College Management Practices Are Effective in Promoting Student Success? A Study of High- and Low-Impact Institutions. New York, NY: Author.
[10]. Community College Survey of Student Engagement. (2008). High Expectations and High Support. Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin, Community College Leadership Program.

Abstract: In explaining the nature of consciousness the position of materialism and dualism are opposed to each other. Materialist philosophers explained consciousness with the help of matter. Over and above brain process, they do not believe any immaterial entities. They analyse consciousness with the help of brain process. This is undoubtedly a challenge to dualist philosophers. Chalmers, a supporter of dualism, strongly criticises the materialist analysis of consciousness and instead he tries to explain it by the theory of dualism. In this regard he used his imaginary Zombie theory. But the materialists also responded to Chalmers' arguments. In this paper I shall try to explore Chalmers' Zombie theory of consciousness and the responses of materialists against it. And finally, show that Chalmers analysis is not a stronger alternative to the materialism.

Key words: Consciousness, Eliminativists, Supervenience, Zegnet, Zombie.

[1]. Armstrong. D.M., "Consciousness and Causality‟, and "Reply‟. In Armstrong, D.M. and Malcolm. N., Consciousness and Causality, Oxford, Blackwell, 1962.
[2]. Armstrong. D.M., A Materialist Theory of the Mind, London, Routledge. Second Edition with new preface 1993, (1968a).
[3]. Armstrong. D.M., Bodily Sensations, London, Routledge,1961.
[4]. Armstrong. D.M., Martin, C.B. and Place, U.T., Dispositions: A Debate, T. Crane (ed.), London, Routledge, 1996.
[5]. Armstrong. D.M., Perception and the Physical World, London, Routledge, 1961.
[6]. Beakley. B. and Ludlow. P. (ed), The Philosophy of Mind, Classical Problems/ Contemporary Issues, New Delhi, 2007.
[7]. Chalmers. D.M., Philosophy of Mind: Classical and contemporary Readings, Oxford University Press, USA, 2002.
[8]. Chalmers. D.M., The Conscious Mind, New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
[9]. Dennett. D.C., Consciousness Explained, Boston, Little and Brown, 1991.
[10]. Hill. C.S., Sensations: A Defense of Type Materialism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Abstract: Unplanned pregnancies among Nigerian teenagers and young women have risen despite improvements in educational levels. Though, over the same period the use of modern contraceptive methods among sexually active adolescent women in Nigeria had changed, yet this has not slowed down the rate of teenage pregnancy among the adolescents in Nigeria. The study utilized the survey research method using a self report questionnaire to gather the data. The revalidated Adolescent Sex Education And Teenage Pregnancy Questionnaire was used in the study. There is no significant influence of sex education received on teenage pregnancy (X2 = 1.203, df = 1, p>.05). However there was significant relationship between contraceptive and the sex education received. (X2 = 38.931, df = 5, p<.05). It was recommended that appropriate education regarding sexual health and socio-cultural practices need to be included in the school curriculum and sexual education in the public, private secondary schools, NGO and HIV/AIDS intervention programmes.

Key words: Sex education, Teenage pregnancy.

[1]. Amazigo U, Silva N, Kaufman J, Obikeze DS. 2003. Sexual activity and contraceptive knowledge and use among in-school adolescents in Nigeria.
[2]. Ary, D.V., Duncan, T.E., Biglan, A., Metzler, C.W., Noell, J.W. and Smolkowski, K. (1999). Development of Adolescent Problem Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology,27, 141-150.
[3]. Christopher, F.S., Johnson, D.C. and Roosa, M.W. 1993. Family, Individual, and Social Correlates of Early Hispanic Adolescent Sexual Expression. Journal of Sex Research, 30, 54-61.
[4]. Fisher, T.D. 1989. An Extension of the Findings of Moore, Peterson, and Furstenberg 1986 regarding Family Sexual Communication and Adolescent sexual Behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 637-639.
[5]. Guttmacher Report on Public Policy. Guttmacher Institute. Retrieved on 2007-05-23.
[6]. Hovell, M., Sipan, C., Blumberg, E., Atkins, C., Hofstetter, C.R., & Kreitner, S. 1994. Family Influences on Latino and Anglo Adolescents' Sexual Behavior. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 973-986.
[7]. Kotchick, B.A., Shaffer, A., Miller, K.S. and Forehand, R. 2001. Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior: A Multi-System Perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 493-519.59
[8]. Luster, T. and Small, S.A. 1994. Factors Associated with Sexual Risk-Taking Behaviors among Adolescents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 622-632.
[9]. Metzler, C.W., Noell, J., Biglan, A., Ary, D, and Smolkowski, K. 1994. The social context for risky sexual behavior among adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 17(4), 419- 438.
[10]. Miller, B.C., & Fox, G.L. 1987. Theories of Adolescent Heterosexual Behavior. Journal of Adolescent Research, 2, 269-282.

Abstract: Non-communicable disease (NCD), is a medical condition or disease which by definition is non-infectious and non-transmissible between persons. It may be chronic diseases of long duration and slow progression, or they may result in more rapid death such as some types of sudden stroke. They include autoimmune diseases, heart disease, stroke, many cancers, asthma, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts and more. Out of these, India is facing an "epidemic" of diet-related non-communicable disease namely diabetes along with widely prevalent under-nutrition resulting in substantial socio-economic burden over the country.

[1]. Bonadaonna, R.C., Groop, L. and Kraemer, N (1990). Obesity and insulin resistance in humans: a dose-response study. Metabolism 39: 452-459.
[2]. Brozek, J., Grande, F., Anderson, J.T and Keys, A (1963). Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some Quantitative assumptions. Ann NY Acad Sci ; 110:113– 140.
[3]. Despres, J.P (1993). Abdominal obesity as important component insulin-resistance syndrome. Nutrition, 9: 452–459.
[4]. Heimburger(1997) D.C, Weinsier R.L. Handbook of clinical nutrition, 3rd edn. New York: Mosby.
[5]. Pi-Sunyer, F.X (1991). Health implications of obesity. Am. J. Clin.Nutr.,53(6 Suppl):1595S–1603S.
[6]. Raghuram, T.C. (1998). Diet and Diabetes mellitus. In Textbook of Human Nutrition. Bamji, M.S., Rao, N.P. and Reddy, V. Oxford and IBH publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 333-345.
[7]. Ramachandran, P (2010): Burden of non-communicable disease. 42nd national conference, Nutrition society of india, 19-20 Nov. P-39.
[8]. Siri, W.E (1961): Body composition from fluid spaces and density: Analysis of methods. In: Techniques for measuring body composition. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences:223–244.
[9]. Tsui EYL, Gao XJ., Zinman, B (1998): Bioelectrical impedance of body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Med ; 15:125–128.
[10]. Zimmet, P. (1983). Epidemiology of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus theory and practice, New York. 451-468.

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between organizational Commitment (OC), Stressors (ST) and Technological stress (TNS) in Nigerian organizations. The study is based on 50 samples drawn from Nigerian postgraduate students of University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), who are on study leave. Quite surprisingly, however, one finds little empirical research with conceptual models of the relationships between OC, TS and TNS. This study is premised on Person – Environment fit model which either occurs between the values of a person, and the environmental resources available, or between the abilities of the person, and the demands placed by the environment. A model was proposed and two questions were asked and empirically answered. Q1: Does strong relationship exist between OC and TS in organizations. Q2: Does relationship exist between OC and TNS that affect adoption behavior in firms. SPSS software was employed for the analysis. Despite the varying views of the respondents on the influence of additional factors, it was generally demonstrated that relationships exist between OC, TS and TNS.

Keywords: Organizational Commitment, technology, Technostress, Stressors,

[1] A. Cohen, Antecedents of organizational commitment across occupational groups: A meta –analysis, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 13, 1992, 539-544

[2] J.P. Meyer, , D.J. Stanley , L. Herscovitch. and L. Topolnytsky, Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization:A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(), 2002, 20 –52.

[3] L.J. Williams, and, J.T. Hazer "Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: a re-analysis using latent variable structural equation methods", Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (2) 1986, 219-31. [4] T.S. Bateman,, and, S. Strasser, "A longitudinal analysis of the antecedent of organizational commitment" Academy of management journal, 27(1) (1984), 95-112

[5] J.H. & J.D, Generalizability of an organizational commitment mode1, Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), (1981), 512-526.

[6] N. J. Allen and , J.P. Meyer, Organizational socialization tactics: A longitudinal analysis of links to newcomers‟ commitment and role orientation. Academy of Management Journal, 33(), (1990), 847-858

[7] A. Cohen, E. Ben-Tura and D. R. Vashdi, The relationship between social exchange variables, OCB, and performance: What happens when you consider group characteristics?", Personnel Review, 41( 6), 705 - 731

[8] C. Brod, Technostress: The human cost of computer revolution, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, (1984)

[9] P. A. Tiemo, O. J. Owajeme Technostress: Causes, symptoms and coping strategies among Librarians in University libraries, Educational Research, 1(12) 2010, 713-720

[10] A. N. Çoklar and Y. L. Şahin, Technostress Levels of Social Network Users Based on ICTs in Turkey European Journal of Social Sciences, 2 (2), 2011.

Abstract: Introduction: It is well known that migrant construction workers are at high risk for HIV/AIDS. Their vulnerability profile is not well known. Objectives: To assess the vulnerability profile of migrant construction workers to HIV/AIDS in an urban area in south India. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive assessment was done among 307 migrant construction workers from 15 constructions sites in an urban area in Chennai selected through multi stage random sampling using a structured questionnaire. Results: Nearly 85% of the respondents were aged below 35 years, 92% were living alone, 76% lacked education, and more than 60% had migrated greater than 5 years ago. Other than HIV being spread by sharing needles, they had a good level of knowledge and awareness about transmission of HIV. But they were not aware of Anti-retroviral treatment. There were no misconceptions among the migrant workers. Conclusions: Though levels of knowledge and awareness about HIV/AIDS are high among the migrant workers, the vulnerability levels are very high. There needs to be vulnerability mitigating interventions at the policy level apart from increasing awareness.

Keywords: AIDS, HIV, knowledge, migrant worker, vulnerability

[1] UNAIDS,2010- India 2010 countries progress report.
[2] Niranjan Saggurti et al., Technical briefing from population council India. Pattern and Implication of male migration for HIV prevention strategies in Karnataka, India, 2008.
[3] Deshingkar, Priya, and ShaheenAkter. Migration and human development in India. (2009).
[4] Wolffers, Ivan, et al. Sexual behaviour and vulnerability of migrant workers for HIV infection. Culture, health & sexuality 4.4 (2002): 459-473.
[5] Puri M, Cleland J.Sexual behavior and perceived risk of HIV/AIDS among young migrant factory workers in Nepal. J Adolesc Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):237-46.
[6] Rwenge M. Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Young People in Bamenda, Cameroon. IntFam Plan Persp 2000;26(3):118-23.

Abstract: The study attempts to investigate the factors that influence family life satisfaction (FLS) among parents in Malaysia. The study modeled the variable of parental involvement, family functioning, family resilience and time with family as independent constructs. Data for the study was gathered from nationally representative survey of "Family Well-Being Index" study conducted by National Population and Family Development Board Malaysia. Response from 2808 sampled households which involved about 1484 (52.8%) fathers and 1324 (47.2%) mothers of having a child aged at least 13 years old were utilized for the purpose of the current study. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed by using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) software. The study found all the modeled independent constructs tested had a significant and direct influence on family life satisfaction among the respondents except for parental involvement construct. The findings of the study suggests that some improvement should be made for the parental involvement constructs which covers different aspects of family life satisfaction which will lead the measurement model be more heterogeneous.

Keywords: Family Life Satisfaction, Parental Involvement, Family Functioning, Family Resilience, Time with Family, Structural Equation Modeling

[1] Abbott, D., Berry, M., & Meredith, W.H. (1990). Religious belief and practice: A potential asset in helping families. Family Relations, 39, 443-448.
[2] Ahmad, A. (1996). Associations of work-family conflict, job satisfaction, family satisfaction and life satisfaction: A study of married female secretaries. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum, 4(2), 101-108.
[3] Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
[4] Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588–606.
[5] Bollen, K. A. Structural equations with latent variables. (New York: Wiley, 1989b).
[6] Bowen, G. L. (1988). Family life satisfaction: A value-based approach. Family Relations, 37, 459-462.
[7] Bowen, G. L., & Orthner, D. K. (1983). Sex-role congruency and marital quality. Journal of Marriage and The Family, 45, 223-230.
[8] Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen, K. A. & Long, J. S. (Eds.) Testing Structural Equation Models. pp. 136–162. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
[9] Byrne, B.M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum.
[10] Carlson, M., & Hamrin, E. (2002). Evaluation of the life satisfaction questionnaire (LSQ) using structural equation modeling (SEM). Quality of Life Research, 11, 415-425.

Abstract: Women constitute about 52% of the total world population, but they form only nine percent of the total productive work force mainly because women have lagged behind in education. Distance education has provided women with an opportunity to redress the situation. ODL is endowed with high flexibility and can meet the demands of education for women of all persuasions which the conventional education system is unable to meet. Empowerment is an active multi-dimensional process which enables women to realize their full potential in all spheres of life. The study examined how ICTs have influenced the empowerment of women through ODL in Zimbabwe. The population for the study were Zimbabwe Open University women alumnifrom the ten regions of Zimbabwe. The study was qualitative and used a sample of ten purposively selected women from the ten Regions of the Zimbabwe Open University. Key informant interviews and nominal group discussions were held using internet and the social network forums. The study found out that,the use of ICT in Open and distance learning hasequippedwomen intellectually and empoweredthemthrough acquisition of skills and knowledge. ICT in ODL has rendered women more informed, autonomous and liberated.

Keywords: Developing Countries, Empowerment, Information and communication technology (ICT) Open and distance learning (ODL),

[1] UNESCOOpen and Distance Learning: Trends, Policy and Strategy Considerations.(Paris. UNESCO, 2012)

[2] DimevskI, D., & Kokol, P. ICT and Lifelong Learning, EURODL (European Journal of Open, Distance and E-Learning. Slovenia: University of Maribor, (2004). Pp. 1-6.

[3] Velzeboer, M. Globalization and the Internet, Grassroots Development – Journal of the Inter-American Foundation,(1996).Vol. 20, No 2.

[4] Keegan, D.The impact of new technologies on distance learning students, Distance Education International, Ireland, (2004): http://eleed.campussource.de/archive/ 4/1422, retrieved on 23/6/2013

[5] Siwal,genderhttp://etheses.bham.ac.uk/3314/1/Wazed12PhD.pdf un published retrieved 20 May 2013.

[6] Eade, D. Capacity-Building. An Approach to People-Centred ICT as a tool for empowerment in Uganda(1997)

[7] UNESCO Open and Distance Learning: Trends, Policy and Strategy Considerations. (Paris. UNESCO, 2002)

[8] UNDP Gender equality and empowerment of women through ICT: (New York, 2002)

[9] Hawkey, R. The lifelong learning game: season ticket or free transfer?" Computers and Education, (2002). No. 38, pp. 5-20.

[10] United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2002). Information, Communication and Knowledge-sharing, Gender in Development, Learning and Information Pack, UNDP, New York; http://www.undp.org/gender/infopack.htm, retrieved on 23 May 2013

Abstract: A compound is a word (lexeme) that consists of more than one free morpheme. Compounding refers to the joining or combining of two or more words which has its own meanings which then function as a single word. In Manipuri, there is a widespread phenomenon of compound nouns formed with the used of emphatic markers and reduplicated modifiers.In compound nouns formed with emphatic markers, the emphatic markers appeareither in the initial or medial positions; the compound nouns thus formed shows a kind of completeness, extremeness or totality of the entity that is being involved. The compound nouns formed with reduplicated modifiers-describes the state or nature of the deverbal nouns they modify; describes the nature or character of a person; indicates a kind of feeling of slightness of the modifying words. The reduplicated modifiers can only precede the deverbal nouns that it modifies. Keywords: Compound noun, deverbal nouns, emphatic marker, modifying words, reduplicated modifiers.

[1] Crystal, David (1985) 'A First dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics.' Service Book Syndicate, New Delhi.

[2] Burling,Robbins(1985) 'Noun Compounding in Garo.' University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich, 48109 USA.

Abstract: This paperaims to determine thedeterminants ofincomeamongpaddy farmers in four regions of Muda irrigation areas. For this purposea totalof 225paddy farmersin Mudairrigation areaswere randomly selected. The result of the study showed that the agriculturalincomeaccounted for73.6%tof the total income paddy farmers in Muda irrigationareas. While side income accounted for 9.23%, non-agricultural income accounted for 12.47% and other income accounted for 4.45% of the total income of the paddy farmers in this area. Through thedoublelogregressionanalysis, the study shows that the ownershipof lands,landrent, non-agriculturalincome, subsidy recipients, education level, andnumber ofpart timejobsofhousehold membershavea significantresult which isa positive relationshiptowards the incomeof paddy farmersin this area.Toenhancethe income,farmers are exposed toriceindustry chainvalue throughriceby-productsofstraw. At the same time, incomeenhancement programsfor the aimed groupsneed to be strengthenedandexaggerateappropriately.

Keywords: income, paddy farmers, Muda Integrated Area

[1] CheaMarong, Shoji Shinkai& Kazuhiko Hotta (2007).A study of factors Affecting Farming Household Income.J.Fac.Agr., Kyushu Univ., 52(1),203-211
[2} Department for Environmrnt Food and Rural Affairs. 2011. Farm household income and household composition: Results from Farm Business Survey: England 2011/12. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/226607/fbs-householdincome201112-statsnotice-06aug13.pdf [25 August 2013]

[3] Ho, S .1979. Decentralized industrialization and rural development: evidence from Taiwan. Economic Development and Cultural Change 28(1):77-96.
[4] Adam, R.H. 1993. Non-farm income and inequality in rural Pakistan, The Pakistan Development Review. 32:4 Part II (Winter 1993):1187-1198.

[5] Hamza, R. 2007. Non Agricultural rural activities preliminary results from selected area of Syria, Working paper No.28, National Agricultural Policy Center (NAPC).March.

[6] Roslan&SitiHadijah. 2011. .Non Farm Activities and time to exit poverty: A Case study in Kedah, Malaysia. World Review of Business Research Vol 1 (2), May
[7] Adam, R.H. 2001. Nonfarm income, inequality and poverty in rural Egypt and Jordan. Policy Research Working paper 2571. http://www-wds.worldbank.org /external/ default/ WDSContentServer/ IW3P/IB2001/04/13/000094946_01040505331568/additional/129529323_20041118130639.pdf [12 March 2011].

[8] Zhu, N. &Luo, X. 2006. Nonfarm activity and rural income inequality: A case study of two provinces in China, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3811, January.

[9] Aikaeli, J. 2010. Determinants of rural income in Tanzania: An empirical approach. Research report 10/4, Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA).

[10] Norsida Man & Sami Ismail Sadiya.2006.Off-Farm Employment Participation Among Paddy Farmers In The Muda Agricultural Development Authority And KemasinSemerak Granary Areas Of Malaysia.Asia-Pacific Development Journal 16(2): 141-153.

Abstract: In the present essay we are discussing about the civilizations of and the cultural relations between India and Iranian in the past and also at present. The first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru said that Iranians were among the oldest people of the world, and that the life and culture of India has been influenced a lot by Iranian civilization and culture. It is clear that both peoples, Indian and Iranian , have had close relations in the literary, culture, civilization, architectural and artistic fileds. The Rig Veda and Avesta, which are ancient Indian and Iranian Scriptures respectively, have close relation in terms of religious ideas, and books such as Panchatantra and Kelileh va Demneh are also related in numerous important ways. In this paper, it will be our endeavour to explore some of the common ground in the literary, cultural and religious fields. The specific textual focus of the paper will involve a reading of the Panchatantra and Kelileh va Demneh.

Key words: Civilization, Culture, Panchatantra, Kelileh va Demneh , Rig Veda , Avesta , origins of culture and religious .

[1] Nehru, Jawaharlal ,(1946)The discovery of India , Signet press publication, New Delhi.

[2] Jalali Naiieni, MOhamad Reza ,(1985) Hend dar yek negah , Sokhan publication ,Tehran.

[3] Farahvasi,Bahram ,(1991) Iranvich , Tehran university publication ,Tehran.

[4] Amozegar, Zhaleh,(1995) Resale dar tarikh Iran , Sorosh publication,Tehran. [5] Nehru, Jawaharlal, (1982) Kashfe hend , (Translated by Mahmod Tafzili ), Amir Kabir publication ,Tehran.

[6] Hekmat, Ali Asghar , (1988) Sarzamin Hend ,Tehran university publication ,Tehran.

[7] Razi, Hashem , (1997)Vandidad, Fekre Roz publication, Tehran.

[8] Dadvar , Ab Alghasem ,Mansori ,Elham (1999) , Baresi tatbighi naghshe Gav dar asatire va honare Iran va hend ,Majale motaleat Irani - 14 , Tehran.

[9] Bahar , Mehrdad ,(1996) Adyan Asiai , Cheshmeh publication ,Tehran .

[10] Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh, (1972) Osturehaye Iran, (Translate by Mokhber Abas), Markaz Publication, Tehran.