IOSR-JHSS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Since the commencement of the 4th Republic in Nigeria in May 1999, one relatively permanent characterisation of the country's political landscape has been ethnic militancy. Ethnic militancy exacerbated insecurity; confronted the status of the state as the sole legitimate monopolist of the instruments of force and violence; exposed the weak loyalty and allegiance of the populace to the Nigerian nation-state project; and threatened its continued existence as a corporate entity. Decades of marginalisation and injustice foisted on the citizenry by the Nigerian state, precipitated a spectre of frustration and deprivation, which triggered the formation of militant groups as extra-constitutional method for negotiation, and redressing the political cum socio-economic dehumanising conditions of the people. Prominent among such groups in southern Nigeria are: Oodua People's Congress (OPC), the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) and the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). This comparative study based on field research and data from secondary sources, revisits and re-examines the origins and dynamics of these three militia groups. Using the elite-instrumentalist theoretical perspective, the paper argues that among the three ethnic militia groups studied, only OPC was specifically formed and deployed by some Yoruba political elite as an instrument for the actualisation of their political objectives. Furthermore, it recommends the convocation of a Sovereign National Conference or an inclusive national conference whose decisions shall be subjected to a properly conducted referendum as a fundamental panacea to the challenge of ethnic militancy in Nigeria.

Keywords: Comparative, Elite-instrumentalist, Ethnic Militancy, Reappraisal, Southern Nigeria

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Abstract: According to the latest research done by the World Bank, India is home to almost one third of the world's poor (surviving on an equivalent of one dollar a day). Though many central government and state government poverty alleviation programs are currently active in India, microfinance plays a major contributor to financial inclusion. In the past few decades it has helped out remarkably in eradicating poverty. Reports show that people who have taken microfinance have been able to increase their income and hence the standard of living. Microfinance is not just about giving micro credit to the poor rather it is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist poor to work their way out of poverty. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non-financial services like training, counseling etc. Microfinance institutions serve as a supplement to banks and in some sense a better one too. The main two forms of group-based credit are - Self-Help Group (SHG) & Joint Liability Group (JLG).This paper discusses all about the Joint Liability Groups.

Key Words :JLG; Joint Liability Groups; Micro-Finance; MFI; Poverty Alleviation; Financial Services to the poor;

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[2] Ghatak, M. and T. Guinnane (1999). "The Economics of Lending with Joint Liability: A Review of Theory and Practice", Journal of Development Economics 60: 195-228.

[3] Marguerite S Robinson, "The Microfinance Revolution", 2001, p.54

[4] Stuart Rutherford, "The Poor and Their Money: An Essay about Financial Services for Poor People" 1999.
[5] Littlefield, E, J Morduch and S Hashemi (2003): "Is Microfinance an Effective Strategy to Reach the Millennium Development Goals?‟, CGAP Focus Note 24, http://www.cgap.org

[6] Dunford, C (2006): Evidence of Microfinance‟s Contribution to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Freedom from Hunger,http://microfinancegateway.org/files/ 35795_file_Evidence_on_MDGs_Dunford.pdf

[7] Dr.K.Rajendran , "Micro Finance through Self Help Groups –A Survey of recent literature in India", International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, Vol.1 Issue 12, December 2012, ISSN 2277 3622, pp.110 -125

[8] Venkata SubrahmanyamC.V. and Dr. K. Ravichandran (2013) "The Role of Universities in Rural Development", IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X.Volume 8, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 23-27 www.iosrjournals.org
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Abstract: The emerging markets of India are the new platforms for apparel and fashion brands and for designers that provide growing opportunities for business in the country. These markets in India's Tier 2 and 3 towns and rural areas are the new consumption centers. Their apparent newness also renders them as uncertain markets. This paper explores and identifies factors that can be the differentiators for fashion and apparel for menswear in these emerging markets.

Keywords: Uncertain market conditions, emerging markets, Fashion and Apparel, Menswear, design, trends.

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Abstract: The present study was an attempt to assess the emotional intelligence among girls studying in professional colleges in the Kashmir region. 100 girls students were selected equally from five different colleges, i.e. medical college, engineering college, B.Ed college, Law college and business school through random sampling technique. A scale constructed by Hyde and Pethe (2001) entitled "Emotional Intelligence Scale" was administrated on the sample. The results show that majority of girls studying in professional colleges were in the age group of 21-22 years. It was found that majority of girls have high self-awareness; while empathy is observed at medium level among girls studying in professional colleges. It was also observed that girls have high self motivation; while as their emotional stability is at medium level. Majority of girls have high level of self development. However their value orientation is found at medium level. It was also found that commitment and altruistic behaviour among girls is at medium level. Overall, self esteem among girls studying in professional colleges is observed at high level.

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