IOSR-JHSS   Volume-17 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Since the commencement of the 4th Republic in Nigeria in May 1999, one relatively permanent characterisation of the country's political landscape has been ethnic militancy. Ethnic militancy exacerbated insecurity; confronted the status of the state as the sole legitimate monopolist of the instruments of force and violence; exposed the weak loyalty and allegiance of the populace to the Nigerian nation-state project; and threatened its continued existence as a corporate entity. Decades of marginalisation and injustice foisted on the citizenry by the Nigerian state, precipitated a spectre of frustration and deprivation, which triggered the formation of militant groups as extra-constitutional method for negotiation, and redressing the political cum socio-economic dehumanising conditions of the people. Prominent among such groups in southern Nigeria are: Oodua People's Congress (OPC), the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) and the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND). This comparative study based on field research and data from secondary sources, revisits and re-examines the origins and dynamics of these three militia groups. Using the elite-instrumentalist theoretical perspective, the paper argues that among the three ethnic militia groups studied, only OPC was specifically formed and deployed by some Yoruba political elite as an instrument for the actualisation of their political objectives. Furthermore, it recommends the convocation of a Sovereign National Conference or an inclusive national conference whose decisions shall be subjected to a properly conducted referendum as a fundamental panacea to the challenge of ethnic militancy in Nigeria.

Keywords: Comparative, Elite-instrumentalist, Ethnic Militancy, Reappraisal, Southern Nigeria

[1]. Ake, C. (1996). "The Political Question" in: Oyediran, O. (eds.), Governance and Development in Nigeria: Essays in Honour of Billy J Dudley. Ibadan: Oyediran Consult International.

[2]. Akinboye, S. O. (2001). "The Matrix of Ethnicity and Ethno-Religious Crises in Nigeria‟s Nascent Democracy" in: Eruvbetine, A. E. (eds.), The Humanistic Management of Pluralism. Lagos: Faculty of Arts, University of Lagos.

[3]. Akinyele, R.T. (2001). "Ethnic Militancy and National Stability in Nigeria: A Case Study of The Oodua People‟s Congress." African Affairs, Vol. 100, No.401, pp. 623-640. ---

[4]. Anifowose, R. (2000). Urban Violence in Nigeria: The Case of the Oodua Peoples‟ Congress (OPC) Militia. Being a Paper Presented at the Faculty of Social Science Conference on "Industrialisation, Urbanisation and Development in Nigeria, 1950-1999 and Beyond". University of Lagos, 15 and 16 November.

[5]. Asuni, J. B. (2009). Blood Oil in the Niger Delta. Special Report. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace.

Abstract: According to the latest research done by the World Bank, India is home to almost one third of the world's poor (surviving on an equivalent of one dollar a day). Though many central government and state government poverty alleviation programs are currently active in India, microfinance plays a major contributor to financial inclusion. In the past few decades it has helped out remarkably in eradicating poverty. Reports show that people who have taken microfinance have been able to increase their income and hence the standard of living. Microfinance is not just about giving micro credit to the poor rather it is an economic development tool whose objective is to assist poor to work their way out of poverty. It covers a wide range of services like credit, savings, insurance, remittance and also non-financial services like training, counseling etc. Microfinance institutions serve as a supplement to banks and in some sense a better one too. The main two forms of group-based credit are - Self-Help Group (SHG) & Joint Liability Group (JLG).This paper discusses all about the Joint Liability Groups.

Key Words :JLG; Joint Liability Groups; Micro-Finance; MFI; Poverty Alleviation; Financial Services to the poor;

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[2] Ghatak, M. and T. Guinnane (1999). "The Economics of Lending with Joint Liability: A Review of Theory and Practice", Journal of Development Economics 60: 195-228.

[3] Marguerite S Robinson, "The Microfinance Revolution", 2001, p.54

[4] Stuart Rutherford, "The Poor and Their Money: An Essay about Financial Services for Poor People" 1999.
[5] Littlefield, E, J Morduch and S Hashemi (2003): "Is Microfinance an Effective Strategy to Reach the Millennium Development Goals?‟, CGAP Focus Note 24, http://www.cgap.org

[6] Dunford, C (2006): Evidence of Microfinance‟s Contribution to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals: Freedom from Hunger,http://microfinancegateway.org/files/ 35795_file_Evidence_on_MDGs_Dunford.pdf

[7] Dr.K.Rajendran , "Micro Finance through Self Help Groups –A Survey of recent literature in India", International Journal of Marketing, Financial Services & Management Research, Vol.1 Issue 12, December 2012, ISSN 2277 3622, pp.110 -125

[8] Venkata SubrahmanyamC.V. and Dr. K. Ravichandran (2013) "The Role of Universities in Rural Development", IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-ISSN: 2278-487X.Volume 8, Issue 5 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 23-27 www.iosrjournals.org
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Abstract: The emerging markets of India are the new platforms for apparel and fashion brands and for designers that provide growing opportunities for business in the country. These markets in India's Tier 2 and 3 towns and rural areas are the new consumption centers. Their apparent newness also renders them as uncertain markets. This paper explores and identifies factors that can be the differentiators for fashion and apparel for menswear in these emerging markets.

Keywords: Uncertain market conditions, emerging markets, Fashion and Apparel, Menswear, design, trends.

[1] Hopkins, J. (2011). Menswear. Lausanne: AVA Publishers
[2] Moroz, Y. (2008, May 26). Macy Reinvents Classics for Men's Closets. Retailing Today , pp. 16-17.
[3] Wehner, P. (2008, July 19). It's Reigning Men. The Estates Gazette , pp. 18-23.
[4] Marsh, E., 2008. Fast-Fashion Stored Put Focus on Men Fashion. DNR, 17 November, p. 1.
[5] Carik, J. (1994). The Face of Fashion. London and New York, NY: Routledge How to Classify Works Using ACM‟s Computing Classification System. http://www.acm.org/class/how_to_use.html.
[6] Tucker, P., 2007. Smart Fashion. The Futurist, Sep-Oct, p. 68.
[7] Anderson, L. J., Brannon, E. L., Urich, P. V., Presley, A. B., Woronka, D., Grasso, M., et al. (1999). Understanding Fitting Preferences of Female Consumers: Development of an Expert System to Enhance Accurate Sizing Selection. Nottingham: National Textile Centre.
[8] Talukdar, T. (2011, February 22). Men's Apparel Market in India was Once Larger than Women's. Retrieved March 7, 2011, from Daily News and Analysis: www.dnaindia.com
[9] Vasudev, S. (2010, September 5). Death of the Blue Shirt. Retrieved March 7, 2001, from Express India: www.expressindia.com
[10] Bakewell, C., Mitchell, V.-W., & Rothwell, M. (2006). UK Generation Y Male Fashion Consciousness. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management , 169-180.

Abstract: The present study was an attempt to assess the emotional intelligence among girls studying in professional colleges in the Kashmir region. 100 girls students were selected equally from five different colleges, i.e. medical college, engineering college, B.Ed college, Law college and business school through random sampling technique. A scale constructed by Hyde and Pethe (2001) entitled "Emotional Intelligence Scale" was administrated on the sample. The results show that majority of girls studying in professional colleges were in the age group of 21-22 years. It was found that majority of girls have high self-awareness; while empathy is observed at medium level among girls studying in professional colleges. It was also observed that girls have high self motivation; while as their emotional stability is at medium level. Majority of girls have high level of self development. However their value orientation is found at medium level. It was also found that commitment and altruistic behaviour among girls is at medium level. Overall, self esteem among girls studying in professional colleges is observed at high level.

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Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the application of models of public policy implementation in a decentralized system of governance and development in Indonesia. The implementation of the decentralization policy and the construction of the new order Government embraced the rational model of top-down implementation of the governance reform, and on the implementation of the decentralization policy and the development of bottom-up models adhere to the decentralize. Both of these models are seen likely to overly simplify the complexity of implementation, so that one of the models that are seen can minimize the occurrence of the failure of the implementation of the policy of decentralization and development is a model synthesis. This synthesis it is possible to Model applied by hooking into the inter-organizational implementation in the form of a network between organizations. Today, the network organization model had been discussed in the theory of public policy implementation.

Keywords: Public policy, Sintetis Model

[1] A. Anderson, J. E. 1979. Public Policy Making. NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

[2] Cheema, G. Shabbir and Dennis Rondinelli (ed), 1983. Decentralization and Development: Policy Implementation in Developing Countries. Beverly Hills : Sage Publications.

[3] Dunsire Andrew, 1978. Implementation in Bureaucracy. Martin Robertson, Oxford.

[4] Dye, Thomas R. 2002. Understanding Public Policy. Tenth Edition, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

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[7] Eston David. 1953. The Polical System. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

[8] Goggin, Malcolm L. et.al. 1990. Implementation Theory and Practice, Toward a Third Generation. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company.
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[10] Haclo. H. 1972. Review Article: Policy Analysis.British Journal of Political Science, 2:83-108.

Abstract: The quality of a company's long term relationship with its customers is chiefly dependent on such company's long term viability. Organizations today are faced with the task of not only attracting new customers, but also the problems of keeping the existing ones. In other to attain and retain a pool of devoted and profitable customers, companies seek to provide an unblemished high quality products and service to their customers (Kotler and Armstrong, 2006). Nonetheless, as hard as they try, even the best companies cannot totally eradicate problems (Gursoy, Ekiz, and Chi, 2007); as most companies only hear few of these problems through consumer complaints (Hedrick, Beverland, and Minahan, 2007); therefore, one major factor that distinguishes between successful companies from the non successful ones is how they view and handle these complaints (Zemke and Anderson, 2007). This paper is to enable consumer scientists, consumer consultants, consumer behaviour researchers and those with the responsibility of handling consumer complaints to explore and understand consumer complaint behaviour in its entirety. Consumer anger can result in behaviors that cost organizations money and damage the consumer-to-firm (C2F) relationship (Huefner and Hunt, 2000), as consumers will experience certain emotions, as such emotion is characterized by specific evaluations of situations. These emotions then influence how consumers will respond to the situation; whether an emotion is positive or negative depends on the emotion specificity approach focuses on the specific nature of emotions of equivalent valence (Rucker and Petty, 2004).

Keywords: Consumer complaints, Emotions, Service failures, Consumers Anger, Emotional dissonance.

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Abstract: English is the most popular and utilitarian language in the world. English is the link language as India is developed with multilingual and multicultural country. Nowadays innovative teaching practices are taking place in education. English is playing a pivotal role in the life of every student from KG to PG. In this context teacher's role is exceptionally important. Teachers' role will not be completed in the classroom and it will be continued outside of it also. Teacher plays different roles in the classroom among them, dynamic decision making plays a key role. Characteristics of teacher, types of decision making, decision making in evaluation, dynamic decision making and effective classroom management are to be discussed in dynamic decision making.

Keywords: Decision, evaluation, student, teacher.

[1]. Calderhead, James. 1984. Teacher' Classroom Decision Making. London: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
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[4]. Richards, Jack C and Lockhart, Charles. 1994. Reflective Teaching in Second Language Classrooms. Cambridge University Press.

Abstract: Mao is one of a Tibeto-Burman language family, spoken mainly in the Senapati district of Manipur, north eastern region of India. The language is a subject, object, verb word-order. The language has not been worked much as far as the knowledge of the present writer goes. The present paper is an attempt to the analysis the verb categories at the morphosyntactic characters in Mao.Preliminary analysis revealed that, verb in Mao provides expression about action, occurrence and existence in the sentences indicating their certainty, probability, and times and so on.Detail analysis will focus on the functioning of verb categories based on the morphosyntactic characterization such as Principal verb, Motion verb, Causative verb, Auxiliary verb etc. Generally, many Tibeto-Burman languages do not have tense but commonly have aspect. The present study will also to trace out the functions of both tense and aspect in Mao. The investigation will attempt to study the expressions of mood which a grammatical distinction in verb form that has a wide range of meanings involves through the speaker's attitude in Mao.

Key Words: Verb, Mao, Morphosyntactic, Mood, Tense, Aspect.

[1]. Ackerman, F., Goldberg, A. (1996). "Constraints on Adjectival Past Participles‟, in A. E. Goldberg (ed.), Conceptual Structure, Discourse and Language,17–30. Stanford: CSLI.
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[7]. Berko, J. (1958). "The Child‟s Learning of English Morphology‟, Word 14: 150–77
[8]. Blake, B. (1994). Case. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[9]. Blom, C. and Booij, G. E. (2003). "The Diachrony of Complex Predicates in Dutch: A Case Study in Grammaticalization‟, ActaLinguisticaHungarica 50:61–91.
[10]. Booij, G. E. (1992). "Morphology, Semantics, and Argument Structure‟, in I. Roca (ed.),ThematicStructure: Its Role in Grammar, 47–63. Berlin and New York: Foris.

Abstract: This study was designed to assess to what extent children and their caregivers understand the significance of parental deprivation and to what extent they share an awareness of the levels of deprivation children face. Cross sectional survey was carried out to gather data regarding parental love deprivation in children and its likely repercussions on their future lives. Multi stage sampling was employed in which 100 children aged 4 -12 were randomly selected to gauge love and affection they receive from their parents and also researched a random sample of 100 adults of varying age groups (30-65) to correlate love deprivation with different facets of their lives. Study was based on Rawalpindi as urban centre and five remote villages of Namal Valley in Mianwali District. Study revealed interesting results. Parents' income, education, and rural/urban origin came out as important factors in determining parental love towards their children. The results of study concluded that love deprivation syndrome amongst children in Pakistan is falling with an average of around 2 per cent per annum. Love deprivation is found to be more prevalent in uneducated, low income and rural segment of Pakistani society

Key words: Food security, Poverty, Expenditure, Policies

[1] Hassan, S. 2010. Parent and teacher based epidemiological survey of psychiatric morbidity amongst school children in Karachi, Pakistan. PhD thesis. Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester.
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[3] Hammen, H. 2005. Stress and Depression. Ann. Rev. Clinical Psychol. 1: 293-319.
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[5] Al-Mabuk, R.H. and W.R. Downs. 1996. Forgiveness Therapy with Parents of Adolescent Suicide Victims. J Family Psychotherapy. 7: 21-39.

Abstract: The research makes a comparative analysis of editorial treatment of election 2008 in Pakistan, with reference to Benazir Bhutto' s assassination. The study presents content analysis of 2002 editorial from Daily Express ,Daily Jang and Daily Nawa-E-waqat during six month times period, from 18,Ocober,2007 to 18,April,2008.The study establish that in first two months of coverage before Benazir Bhutto's assassination, all the news paper had a diverse opinion about favorite political party in 2008 election campaign .In the second phase ,after Benazir Bhutto s' assassination ,all the news paper had changed their opinion and favored Pakistan people's party .In third phase coverage remain same as second phase. Agenda setting theory and frame model provide a theoretical framework for the study. Agenda setting theory provides a ground to compare the era wise coverage. The selected era is divided into three time periods.(1) Pre assassination(2) Post assassination(3) Post election. Result indicates that public agenda can be affected by media agenda. .The study shows that election 2008 result was very similar to news papers and party wise coverage .All those parties won more seats in parliament which were covered as a favorite party in news papers. It is quantitative as well as qualitative research, counts the variables and also measured the favorable, unfavorable or neutral point of view about those variables. Total time period is selected as sample is six month. It is further divided into three sets. Favorable, Unfavorable and Neutral.

Keywords: Comparativeanalysis,Election2008,Assassination,Media Role, Editorial treatment ,Opinion formation, Political party.

[1]. Chang ,yu-li,and chang,kuang –kuo. (2003 )"‟world editorials on the September 11 terrorist attacks integrating news flow analysis in international communication and framing analysis‟‟
[2]. Election (2008) "Benazir Factor May affect the results".
[3]. www.elections.com.pk/articledetails.php?id=313. Sharma Delhi "Benazir, s assassination, implication for Pakistan democracy".
[4]. http://www.ipcs.org/article/indo-pak/benazirs-assassination-implications-for-pakistans-democracy-
[5]. Richardson,John and Lancendorfer Karen (2004)"‟The diversity frames :A different views of Affirmation Action in news media and news room‟‟
[6]. http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_ /p112677-30 2457.html
[7]. Sharma Delhi "Benazir, s assassination, implication for Pakistan democracy".
[8]. http://www.ipcs.org/article/indo-pak/benazirs-assassination-implications-for-pakistans-democracy-2457.html
[9]. Somia Shakir .comparative analysis of editorial treatment on Indo Pak conflicts, in Daily Dawn and the Nation: "A war and Peace Journalism"
[10]. Sikanku ,Etse (2010)"‟framing barrack Obama "s first visit to Africa as president: A comparative analysis of Africa and non- African news coverage"

Abstract: Cinema is the most complex and powerful art form in the present world. It can help us to better understand our own lives, the lives of those around us and even how our society and culture operate. They can shed light on political and spiritual matters too and can provide catharsis and perspective and may open our eyes to new ways of thinking, feeling and pursuing our lives. Bangladesh has got a rich tradition of cinema, though present condition is not so appreciable. University students are the most important part for the future of Bangladesh. In all the important stages of our history students played a vital role. Even in the emergence of Bangladesh students had the most aggressive involvement .Our students were always aware about the society, it's people, our culture. In the present world of globalization everything is getting available, easier and close in contact. Cultural exchange were never fast before as it is right now. Technology, cultural phenomena, ethical views are changing not in every day, but in every second now. In this context i started my research on the relation of film and university students of Bangladesh. For different causes students don't go to cinema halls to watch Bengali movie, they watch it in computer now and for the technology like television and internet they are coming on the close contact of foreign(like Indian and western ) ethics, rituals and culture, which certainly has some impact on them. Conducting research on several public and private universities it's clear that this influence has both negative as well as positive side. Students are conscious about their cultural diffusion and interchange. By analysing the trend, attitude, lifestyle and outlook about life of the university students it could be said that there is a certain influence o f films on university students of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Cinema, Globalization, Lifestyle, Communication, Culture.

[1] Kabir,Alamgir;The cinema of Pakistan,Shandhani,Dhaka,1969

[2] Haque,Fahmidul&Nasrin, GeetiAra;Bangladeshercholochitroshilpo:sonkote jonosonoskriti,Srabon,Dhaka,2008

[3] Kabir,Alamgir;Films in Bangladesh,Bangla academy,Dhaka,1979

[4] Roy, Satyajit;Bisoy:Cholochitro,Ananda,Kolkata,1976

[5] Giddens, Anthony;Sociology,polity,london,2000

[6] Atique,NurulAlam;Notuncinema:somoyerproyojon,Pandulipi karkhana,Dhaka,2009

[7] Young,Pauline V. ,Scientific social surveys and research,Printicehall,New jersey,1956

[8] Berger, Arthur(edi.);Film in society,New york,1980 Hawkins,Gordon&Gimring, Franklin E.;Pornography in a free society,Cambridge university press,1991

[9] Mehernosh,Kapadia;Society,London,2003

Abstract: The poetry of the English Romantic Period contains many descriptions and ideas of nature. All these authors discuss in varying degrees, the role of nature in acquiring meaningful insight into the human condition. These writers all make appeal to nature as if it some kind of living entity calls made for nature to rescue the struggling and carry his ideas to the world. Romantic poets love nature and celebrate in its various dimensions. They wrote about the beauty of green meadows, thick forests, thin flowers, high hill, river banks, rural scenes, wild wind, fresh air, sun rises and sets etc. Almost all the romantic poets touched every scene of natural beauty. This paper tries to focus few works of romantic poets like Keats, Shelley, William Words Worth and role of nature.

Key words: evoke, carefree, bestow, calm, carefree, nuance, muses.

[1]. Emotions recollected, Prepared by Board of Experts.
[2]. Experience and emotions by Mohammad Aslam and A.H.Tak
[3]. History of English literature by J.N.Mundra,S.C.Mundra
[4]. Dr.A.Chandra Bose," Generating Happiness through Nature by Romantic poets", Research Journal of English Language and Literature (RJELAL), vol.1.Issue.3, 2013.

Abstract: Information technology is playing a vital role recent past. It is one of the fastest growing industries. As an era, IT has revolutionized many aspects of our society and hence it is being debated widely in government, corporate, academic and civil society. The ever and fast growing IT and related industry along with the service industry have impacted various aspects of our social life. As a result, the fast growing information technology industries have produced an impact on society, in the grounds of social, economic, cultural and moral aspects. The impact is being discussed in terms of changes in the institutional and practice lines of the people resulting in the emergence of new cultures and practices. In contemporary society there are huge discussions on information technology and its effects on the society. It has significant impact on the traditional culture and a drastic change is been seen in the culture of urban communities. The ethics and morals are been changing which is been directly or indirectly impacting on the younger generations of the society. The traditional structure of the urban cities is been in great danger which shows the negative growth of the individual's in the society. The objective of the study is to know about the socio-cultural changes taking places and the effects on socio, economic, cultural and moral aspects. This paper aims at identifying variables' which result in such change. Though there are innumerable variables which alter every day with varying degrees, the necessity to identify and possible control of these variables are being explored in this study. Keywords: Community, Culture, Economic, Social, Tradition

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[9] Paul Tracey, Nelson Phillips, Helen Haugh (2005), "Community Enterprise as a Basis for Corporate Citizenship", Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 58, No. 4 pp. 327-344.
[10] Swarup, K.Mohanly (2005), "Corporate, social Responsibility: Present practices and Future Possibilities", Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 40.1, pp-547-557.

Abstract: This participatory action research study involved a modified version of Lesson Study – originated from Japan (see Fernandez & Yoshida, 2004) – in the Teaching Practicum to get trainee Special Education (SPED) teachers together to study the processes of teaching and learning in classrooms and then devised ways to enhance their teaching (Chia & Kee, 2010, 2012). It was envisaged that Teaching Practicum not only hone the pedagogical skills and content knowledge of trainee SPED teachers, it also improved the knowledge base of the SPED teaching profession. This study reported the processes and challenges using the modified Lesson Study as an overarching framework for teaching Practicum for trainee SPED teachers in Singapore. The study involved two local special schools for children with autism spectrum disorders. Results and feedbacks from 16 trainee SPED teachers were collated by the authors to provide a potential model for understanding the processes and products of using the modified Lesson Study approach as formative evaluation of future Teaching Practicum.

Keywords: Formative Evaluation, Lesson Study, Special Education, Teaching Practicum

[1]. Atkinson, B.M., & Rosiek, J. (2009). Researching and representing teacher voice(s): A reader response. In A.Y. Jackson and L.A. Mazzel (Eds.), Voice in qualitative inquiry (pp.175-196). New York: Routledge.

[2]. Chia, N.K.H., & Kee, N.K.N. (2010). Teaching practicum workbook for special education trainees: A modified lesson study approach. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia).

[3]. Chia, N.K.H., & Kee, N.K.N. (2011). Lesson study as a formative assessment of pre-service special education (SPED) teacher trainees‟ teaching practicum. ASCD-Singapore Review, 16, 52-62.

[4]. Chia, N.K.H., & Kee, N.K.N. (2012). Modified lesson study for trainee special education teachers. Education Today, 62(1), 22-28.

[5]. Fernandez, C. (2002). Learning from Japanese approaches to professional development: The case study of lesson study. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(5), 293-405.

[6]. Fernandez, C., & Yoshida, M. (2004). Lesson study: A Japanese approach to improving mathematics teaching and learning. New York: Routledge.

[7]. Isoda, M., Stephens, M., Ohara, Y., & Miyakawa, T. (Eds.) (2007). Japanese lesson study in mathematics: Its impact, diversity and potential for educational improvement. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.

[8]. Kee, N.K.N., & Chia, N.K.H. (2011, May/June). Redesigning pedagogy of teaching practicum for special needs educators: Lesson study approach. Paper presented at the 7th Redesigning Pedagogy International Conference, National Institute of Education, Singapore.

[9]. Lewis, C. (2011, June). Lesson study: Can it promote student, teacher, and system learning? Paper presented at the 2nd Lesson Study Symposium: Enhancing Learning through Lesson Study, The Academy of Principals, Singapore.

[10]. National Institute of Education International (2010). SPDS)14: Practicum. Singapore: The Author.

Abstract: Jaipur is known as one of the first planned cities of India. It is the only metropolitan city in Rajasthan. With a population of 2,324,319 in 2001, it accounts for only 30.75 percent of the population of Class I cities in Rajasthan. During the decade 1991-2001, Jaipur recorded the highest growth rate of 59.37 percent. The Jaipur Municipal Corporation area has increased from 200.4 sq km. in 1991 to 484.64 sq km. in 2001 with the inclusion of Amber and Sanganer municipalities and 93 revenue villages. The density of the Jaipur urban agglomeration now works out to 6,956 persons per square km.

[1]. Census of India- 1991 and 2001.
[2]. Master Development Plan-2011: Jaipur Region (1995), Jaipur Development Authority, Jaipur.
[3]. jaipurmc.org
[4]. www.gisdevelopment.net
[5]. Submitted to iGroup
[6]. shodhbhagirathi.iitr.ac.in:8081