IOSR-JHSS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-1 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: Violence against women is a crucial topic of discussion in all the countries in the world. In India, in spite of government's policy to overcome this problem, violence against women is predominant. The main focus of the present study is to know the type of violence against women prevalent in Puducherry. The impact of socio-economic characteristics of the respondents on the different type of violence against women is explored. The various issues related to violence against women and the remedial measures are discussed. The main factors influencing the occurrence of violence against women are also analyzed using statistical techniques.

Keywords: Domestic violence, Physical violence, Psychological violence, Sexual violence, Violence against women

[1] Ahuja R., 2009. Violence Against Women, Rawat Publications.

[2] Ashok Kumar and Khan M. E., 2010. Health Status of women in India: Evidences from National Family Health Survey 3 (2005-2006) and future outlook, 6(2) : 1 -21.

[3] Bontha V Babu, and Shantanu K Kar, 2009. Domestic Violence Against Women in Eastern India: A Population-based Study on Prevalence and Related Issues, BMC Public Health, 9:129.

[4] Ghosh D., 2007. Predicting Vulnerability of Indian Women to Domestic Violence Incidents, Research and Practice in Social Sciences, 3 (1) : 48-72.

[5] Johnson, Holly, Natalia, Ollus, Sami, Nevela, 2008. Violence Against women: An International Perspective, Springer.

[6] Mary Ellsberg and Lori Heise, 2005. Researching Violence Against Women – A Practical Guide for Researchers and Activists, World Health Organization and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health(PATH) publications.

[7] Mangoli R. N., and Tarase N. G., 2009. Crime Against Women: A Statistical Review, International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 2(2) : 292-302.

[8] Mukerjee D., 2005. Women and Urban Crimes, Kalpaz Publications.

[9] Renezetti C. M., Edleson J. L. and Bergen R. K., 2011. Source Book on Violence Against Women, 2nd Edition, Sage Publications.

[10] Ruchira Tabassum, Naved, 2003. A Situational Analysis of Violence Against Women in South Asia, Violence Against Women in South Asia – A Regional Analysis – UNFPA Bangladesh and Country Technical Services Team for South and West Asia, Kathmandu.

Abstract: This work borders on attempts to provide a philosophical understanding into extant data about the influence of the physiological anatomy and genetic endowment on the human psyche. The aim is to contribute to the body of literature on bio-psychological principles of behaviour in relation to Africans and their culture. We took up the mind body problem as a complex phenomenon in the explanation of human behaviour in African societies. Research questions include: Are Africans indeed what they eat whose actions determine their behaviours?, Do their behaviours proceed from a healthy body to say that they possess a balanced body which has achieved health and, is in tune producing harmony? Are diseases affecting Africans not a consequence of undue tensions brought to bear on their bodies as a result of some improper tuning of the strings of their mind?, etcetera. Our procedure for pieces of information put together was the adoption of the secondary sources of research using philosophical analysis to interpret biological and psychological knowledge, while employing the rational-deductive method. The major findings show that Africans are by themselves, through themselves, also responsible to most of what has befallen them in conjunction with what slavery, slave-trade, colonisation and imperialism brought to Africa. The solution lies in a paradigm shift to occur in the minds of Africans with fresh substance of understandings about the world and Africa's position in the global drive to freedom, development and spiritual growth.

Keywords: Philosophy, Biopsychology, Behavioural Genetics, African culture.

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Abstract: The penetration of the third world societies and their integration into the organic unity structure of the western capitalism via globalization had the greatest impact upon the working class and its organizations- trade unions. And trade unions are often in contestation with the spirit of capitalism currently globalized. The consequences and challenges for the trade union movement in Nigeria that results from the various strategies that are adopted and applied are analyzed. Evidently, globalization through neo-liberal policies impacted negatively on the working class and its organization; by redefining work, skills obsolescence and deskilling of workers, re-engineering, contracting and sub-contracting and casualization of labour, increased job insecurity and unemployment. Similarly, it has led to pauperization of the working class, withdrawal of social provisioning and commodification of basic services by government, increased cost of living, declined in workers' welfarism, consolidation of inequality and erosion of industrial democracy, with their attendant consequences on the organization of trade unionism in Nigeria. The study concludes that, the challenges for the trade union movement in Nigeria results from the various strategies that are adopted and applied by agents/driving forces of globalization. it is considered imperative for workers to be united in confronting the enormous power of capital. This can be done through the collective effort that required both socio-political and economic responses from the trade union movement in Nigeria.

[1]. Adewumi, F. (2007). Unity and division: the dialectics of the Nigerian trade union Movement. Kaduna:
[2]. Akinyanju, P. "Trade Unions and Democratic Struggle" in CDHR Nigeria, Non-Governmental organization and Democracy: Lagos CDHR 1997: 65-88.
[3]. Akpala, A. (1982) Industrial relations model for developing countries. The Nigerian System, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Printers.
[4]. Davison, R.B. (1977), Industrial Relations Decree in Nigeria. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
[5]. Ezeani, E. O. (1995), "Industrial Democracy in Developing Countries: A theoretical and empirical analysis" In Nigeria Journal of Public Administration and Local government, Vol. 6, No. 1
[6]. Fajana, S. (2000) Functioning of the Nigerian Labour Market. Lagos: Labofin and Co.
[7]. Fajana, S. (2002) Industrial Relations in Nigeria. Theory and features. Lagos: Labofin and Co.
[8]. Fashoyin, T. (2007), Industrial Relations in Nigeria: Development and Practice (2nd ed.). Longman.
[9]. Iyayi, F (2001) "Globalization and trade union in Nigeria" in The Nigerian journal of Economics and Social Sciences (Nov),Vol. 43.No. 3
[10]. Jenkins, R. (1987), Transnational Corporations and Uneven Development: The internationalization of capital and the Third World. London: Routledge.

Abstract: Below the knee amputation negatively impacts psychological states despite its well documented impacted on self concept. People with below the knee amputation experience lots of problems from inability to perform activities of daily living to problems with socialization and reintegration into pre-morbid functionality leading to shattered states of the mind about life, people and future. Unfortunately, the numbers of below the knee amputees are steadily increasing, due to high use of motorbikes and increase of in lifestyle illness such as cancer, diabetes and vascular diseases. This study investigated 78 below the knee amputees, which were conveniently drawn and investigated on their socio-demographics, perceived social support, need for achievement and psychological well being, the result showed that perceived social support and need for achievement determines psychological well in below the knee amputees (t=1.239, t=-12.506), p<0.5, while the gender, marital status and level of education does not. A coordinated social support and purpose at pre and post operative stages might significantly reduce psychological distress in amputees.

Keywords: perceived social support, need for achievement, below the knee amputees, psychological well-being.

[1] Wong, M. W. (2005). Lower extremity amputation in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Medical Journal, 11(3): 147-152
[2] Spichler, E. R. (2001). Capture-recapture method to estimate lower-extremity amputation rates in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Pan American Journal of Public Health, 10(5): 334-340
[3] The Global Lower Extremity Amputation (GLEA) Study Group, (2000). Epidemiology of lower extremity amputation in centers in Europe, North America and East Asia, British Journal of Surgery, 87(3): 328-37
[4] Van Houtum, W. H, Lavery, L. A., & Harkless, L. B. (1996). The impact of diabetes-related lower-extremity amputations in the Netherlands, Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 10 (6): 325-330
[5] Engstrom, B., & Van de Ven, C. (1999) therapy for amputees, 3rd edition, churchill livingstone page 1-96.
[6] Eiser, C., Darlington, A. S., & Grimer, R. (2001) Quality of life implications as a consequence of surgery: limb salvage, primary and secondary amputation, Sarcoma, 5: 189-195
[7] Pell, J. P., Donnan, P. T., Fowkes, F. G., & Ruckey, C. V. (1993) Quality of life following lower limb amputation for peripheral arterial disease, European Journal of Vascular Surgery, 7:448-451
[8] Vickers, D. R., Palk, C., McIntosh, A. S., & Beatty, K. T, (2008) Elderly transtibial unilateral amputee on an incline walkway: a biomechanical analysis. Gait & Posture, 27: 518-529
[9] Mosaku, K. S., Akinyoola, A. L., Fatoye, F. O., & Adegbehingbe, O. O. (2009) Psychological reactions to amputation in a Nigerian sample of amputees of General Hospital, Journal of Psychiatry, 31, (1): 20-24
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Abstract: This paper examined the impact of value added tax on investment growth in Nigeria. Value Added Tax (VAT) was introduced by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 1993 to replace Sales Tax. The aim was to increase the revenue base of government and make funds available for developmental purposes that will accelerate economic growth. Time series data on investment, government expenditure, real exchange rate, real interest rate and trade openness from the central bank of Nigeria statistical Bulletin (CBN) were analyzed, using multiple regression analysis. The results show that Value Added Tax has significant effect on investment growth in Nigeria. The study recommends that there should be dedicated and apparent honest on the parts of all agents of VAT with respect to the collection and government should try as much as possible to improve on the way of collecting value added tax.

Key words: Value added tax, Investment, Economic growth, Government revenue and Time series

[1]. Adekanola, O. (2007): Taxation as a means of Economic Revitalization: Limitation and Prospects in A Developing Economy. Journal of the Institute of Chartered accountants of Nigeria. Vol 40 (4): p55.57 Adesola.
[2]. Adegbie, F.F and Fakile, A.S (2011): Company Income Tax and Nigeria Economic Development, European Journal of Social Sciences, 22(2): 309-32.
[3]. Ajakaiye, O .D. (2000) Macroeconomic Effects of VAT in Nigeria: A computable general Equilibrium Analysis. African Economic Research consortium, Nairobi. AERC Research paper 92.
[4]. Ajakaiye, O.D. (1999) "Exchange Rate Depreciation and sectoral prices in Nigeria, 1986 – 89". NISER Monograph series.
[5]. Anyafo, A.M.O., 1996. Public Finance in a Developing Economy: The Nigerian Case.
[6]. Department of Banking and Finance, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu.
[7]. Anyanwu, J.C., 1993. Monetary Economics: Theory, Policy and Institutions. Hybrid Publishers, Onitsha.
[8]. Atkinson, Anthony B., and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 1980. Lectures in Public Economics, McGraw-Hill.
[9]. Auerbach, Alan J., and Martin S. Feldstein, ed. Handbook of Public Economics. Elsevier. 1985, v. 1. Description and preview. 1987, v. 2. Description. 2002. v. 3. Description. 2007. v. 4. Description.
[10]. Bogetic, Z and Hassan, F (1993): Determinants of Value Added Tax Revenue: ACross Sectional Analysis, Working Paper Series no 1203, World Bank, Washington D.C.

Abstract: Loss is an inevitable experience that all people will deal sometime in their lives. Loss is linked with death (death of a partner, loss of a child, losing a parent, losing a pet, losing a friend), but loss can also refer to the loss of a job, a divorce, loss of health, loss of friendship, loss of freedom. It applies in everything that someone had and it is taken away. Loss is accompanied by grief, which is the emotional response to loss. Depending on the personality and the nature of the loss each person experiences, there are several stages in the grieving process that all individuals must go through in order to recover, adapt to the new facts and continue their lives. The effects of bereavement but also the way counseling is helping through this process will be presented in this article.

Keywords: grief, counseling, loss, stages, reorganization.

[1]. Attig, Tom (1996), How we grieve: Relearning the world, New York: Oxford University Press.

[2] Bacque, M. F.(2001), Πένθος και Υγεία, Αθήνα: Εκδόζεις Θσμάρι.

[3]. Bowlby, J. (1979) The Making and Breaking of Affectional Bonds. London: Tavistock.

[4]. Bucay, Jorge (2010), Ο Δρόμος τφν Δακρύφν, Αθήνα: Εκδόζεις Opera.

[5]. Cannon, W.B. (1929) Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage. London: Appleton

[6]. Caplan, G. (1964) Principles of Preventive Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books

[7]. Feltham, C. and Horton, I. (2006). The Sage Handbook of Counseling and Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.

[8]. Freud, S. (1917). Μεταυσγτολογικά κείμενα τοσ 1915.(Πένθος και Μελαγτολία). Μεηάθραζη Λεσηέρης Αναγνώζηοσ. Εκδόζεις Επίκοσρος (2005).

[9]. Klass, D., Silverman, P.R. and Nickman, S. (eds) (1996) Continuing Bonds: New Understandings of Grief. London: Taylor & Francis.

[10]. Klass, D.(1997), The deceased child in the psychic and social worlds of bereaved parents during the resolution of grief, Death Studies, 21, 147-176.

Abstract: The study evaluated the effect of micro credit on poverty status of rural crop farmers in Edo State, using the problem of inadequate capital for the development of the agricultural sector as the main frame of reference. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of micro credit on farm size, output, income and the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty of beneficiaries and compared these with those of non beneficiaries. Primary and secondary sources of data were used. Primary data were obtained from interview schedule. Three hundred (300) copies of well filled out questionnaire each from beneficiaries and non beneficiaries respectively were analyzed using frequency counts, means, test of differences in mean and poverty indices. Our findings were that the mean farm size was 1.81 hectares for beneficiaries and 1.73 hectares for non beneficiaries. Output of beneficiaries in maize, cassava and yam were higher than those of non beneficiaries. Beneficiaries had higher income from the sale of these produce than the non beneficiaries.21% of beneficiaries and 43% of non beneficiaries were found to be below the poverty line of ninety nine Naira, forty kobo only (N99.40) which is equivalent to sixty six America cents per day. Of the poor beneficiaries, 20% were categorized as core poor, 1% hard core poor while 40% were core poor and 3% hard core poor among the poor non beneficiaries. The study also revealed that the incidence, intensity and severity of poverty were higher with non beneficiaries than with beneficiaries. It was therefore concluded that access to micro credit alleviates poverty and improves the economic status of beneficiaries.

Keywords: assessment, effect, micro credit, poverty status, crop farmers

[1]. Afonja, B. and F. O. Ogwumike (2003) 'Poverty: Meaning, Measurement and Causes' in M. I. Obadan, A. A. Fajingbesi and E. O. Oga (eds) Integrated Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria. Ibadan: Secreprints Nig Ltd.
[2]. Chemin, M. (2008) 'The Benefit and Costs of Microfinance' Journal of Development 44(4) Pp463 – 483
[3]. Coker, J. B. (2003) 'Monitoring and Evaluation of Poverty in Nigeria' in M. I. Obadan, A. A. Fajingbesi and E. O. Uga (eds) Integrated Poverty Alleviation Strategies into Plans and Programmes in Nigeria. Ibadan: Secreprints Nig. Ltd.
[4]. Coleman, B. E. (1999) 'The Impact of Group Lending in Northeast Thailand' Journal of Development Economics. Vol. 60 Pp105 – 141
[5]. Dunford, C. (2006) Evidence of Microfinance Contribution to Achieving the Millenium Development Goals (MDG) Davis CA
[6]. Foster, A., J. Greer and Thorberke (1984) 'A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures' Econometrica. Vol. 52
[7]. Hossain, F. and T. Knight. (2008) 'Can Microcredit Improve the Livelihood of the Poor and Disadvantaged?' International Development Planning Review 30(2) Pp155 – 175
[8]. Ilavbarhe, K. O. (2007) 'An Assessment of Sources and Utilisation of Credit by Small Scale Farmers in Benin Metropolis of Edo State, Nigeria' Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6(2) Pp 153 – 157
[9]. Imoudu, P. B. (1998) 'A Review of Microcredit Structure and Administration in Ondo State, Nigeria' A Paper Presented at a Workshop on Microcredit as an Economic Empowerment for NGOs and SMEs Sponsored by UNDP and Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Akure, Ondo State May 28, 1998
[10]. Imoudu, P. B. (1999) 'Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Income in Rural Communities: A perspectives Analysis' in Y. L. Fabiyi and E. O. Idowu (eds) Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Nigeria. Ibadan. Kayod Nig. Ltd. Pp22 – 27

Abstract: Objectives: Nominating technique is commonly applied for studying social choices and rejections. Sociometry is one type of nominating technique. It also acts as a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and development in groups devoted to therapy or training. Method: To construct preference matrix a sociometric test was administered on the 12 players of a Kabaddi team. By tabulating the value of nomination in order of preference (1 to 5), as exercised by an individual member a Preference Matrix was formed; a row of the Preference Matrix represents the preference exercised by an individual member and a column represents the preference received by an individual member. This matrix was then transformed in to a Fuzzy Preference Matrix. Fuzzy Preference Index of an individual player was calculated by taking the total of the corresponding column of the matrix. Results: The popularity of each of the players was calculated. Conclusion: This is a nominating technique based on democratic method.

Key words: Nominating Technique, Sociometry, Fuzzy Number

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[4]. Fuller, E. M., and H. A. Baune, H.A. (1951). Injury-Proneness and Adjustment in a Second Grade. Sociometry, 14: 210 – 225
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[7]. Kerlinger, F.N. (1973). Foundations of behavioural research. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, inc
[8]. Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundations of behavioural research. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston, inc
[9]. Moreno, J. L. (1934, Revised edition 1953). Who Shall Survive? Beacon, NY: Beacon House.
[10]. Moreno, J. L. (1960). The Sociometry Reader. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press.

Abstract: Population census undoubtedly is an important issue of concern in Nigeria. This is so because population, in terms of its size, and composition, has far-reaching implications for change, development and the quality of life in society. Since after the first census was undertaken in Nigeria, census exercises have triggered political, social, ethnic, religious controversies, geopolitical distrust and disputes that negatively affect nation building and sustainable development in the country. The sociopolitical environments around past census exercises in Nigeria are theoretically analyzed in this paper. Suggestions are offered on how to reduce negative perceptions for national census exercises in the future. It is recommended among other things that the National Population Commission (NPC) should rise to the occasion by ensuring that census data in Nigeria is not only accurate but a credible tool in National transformation and development.

[1]. Blumer, H (1969), Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.
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[4]. Chinsman, B. (1995). Putting People First: A Statement to the Journalist Encounter at the Horld Summit for Social Development.
[5]. Diamond, L.J (1998) Class, Ethnicity and democracy in Nigeria: The Failure of the First Republic. Syracuse, New York: SyracuseUniversity Press, pp. 131-133
[6]. .Enieayejuni, A.T. and Agoyi M. (2011). ―A Biometric Approach Census and National Identification in Nigeria: A Prerequisite for Planning and Development‖ in Journal of Asian- Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences vol.1 Issue 05 www.asian-transactions.org/atbsvol01Issue05.htm
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[9]. Mathews, M.P. (2002) Nigeria: Current issues and historical background. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Publishers, pp. 159.
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Abstract: There is perceived decrease in standard of living among some families in the rural area of Katsina State in Nigeria. This was seen to be the result of the inability of some rural families in the area to allowing their daughters to utilize the opportunities of education empowerment program for the rural girls in the State. There is historical evidence that majority of rural girls do not complete primary school talk less of secondary schools and tertiary institutions. These indicate that the rural girls are lagging behind educationally. The issue is the need to educate the girl-child and young women in the rural areas of the country because rural women are the largest and vulnerable group. There are four key elements identified for empowering rural girls and young women; cognitive, resource control, social capital, and awareness or access to information. These important elements have been examined on the wellbeing of women among the families of the empowered rural girls through quantitative study using structured questionnaire. Analysis of these questionnaires shows strong positive correlation between the education empowerment and their economic wellbeing level and significant difference (p<.005) in their lives. This study adds light to understanding impacts of educating girls and women for family and community prosperity and neglecting these can lead to the backwardness. It is also part of growing body of literature from rural sub-Sahara Africa on gender issue. It contributes to the future study on similar topics.

Key words: Empowering Rural Girls, Education, Improving Economic Wellbeing, and Reducing Vulnerability.

[1]. Ary D., Jacobs l., Razavieh A., Sorensen C. (2006), Introduction to research in Education, CA Wadsworth.
[2]. Azad, T. and Maleki, A. (2002), Traditional and Modern Values: A Study on their Relationship, at Macro and Micro Family Levels. Journal of Nameh-yel Olumea-e Ejtimae. Vol. 30, 97-121.
[3]. Batliwala, S. (1995), Education for Women‟s Empowerment, ASPBRE Position, Presented at fourth Conference on Women, Beijing, New Delhi, Asia South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education.
[4]. Creswell J. W. (2005) Educational Research: Planning Conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative Research. New Jersey Pearson, New York.
[5]. Czuba, C.E, and Page, N. (1999). Empowerment: what is it? The Journal of Extension Services, 37(5):1-5.
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[7]. Edalati A. (2010). A Relationship between Family Values, Dominance, Marital Satisfaction, Romantic Jealousy with Female Aggression. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University Putra Malaysia.
[8]. Ehzazi, S. (2004), Society Structure and Violence against Women. Journal of Rafah Ejtimae. 4,(14): 47-84.
[9]. Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Boundin, K., Bowen, I., Clark, J., Hylton, D.,(2003). Participatory action research: Within and beyond bars. In P Camic, J. E. Rhodes &L Yardley. Expandinding perspectives in methodology and design.
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Abstract: Health practitioners have to demonstrate that their English language proficiency meets certain standards. Being an important part of the healthcare team, nurses who work in multi-lingual context need to have necessary command in English to perform their duties effectively. Though Malaysia is a country full of diverse people, there is no specific English language test for Malaysian nurses now. This research aims to experiment a special test, the Occupational English Writing Test (OET) which is specifically designed for health practitioners, on the nurses of two nursing colleges in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Specifically the objectives of this research are to assess Malaysian nurses' performance in the OET and to evaluate its suitability and acceptability in Malaysian context. This study is a case study. The nurses chosen as samples for this research cover 53 nursing students from Kolej Kejururawatan, Kuantan and University College Shahputra, Kuantan. The researcher administers a questionnaire which comprises of three sample OET writing tests. She also interviews some samples individually. The result of this study shows that nurses' English proficiency is not satisfactory. The interviews obviously signify that nurses' lack of communication is a barrier to patient safety. Therefore the nurses need to demonstrate a good communication skill in working context. Thus their language proficiency needs to be tested and OET is suitable for this purpose because OET exemplifies the real difficulty of language performance of health practitioners in work-related context. From the research, it is also crystal clear that OET is very much acceptable for Malaysian nurses.

Keywords - Nurses today, OET and Malaysia, Case study and results.

[1] Camara, P. D., and Jackson, S. Nursing shortage in the English-speaking Caribbean hinders the region's development, Says World Bank report, The World Bank: News and Broadcast, 2010; 278, retrieved from: http://web.worldbank.org.
[2] Allen, S.The importance of language for nursing: does it convey Commonality of meaning and is it important to do so,Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24 (4), 2007; 47-51.
[3] Chang, K. H. Trans-cultural Mental Health Nursing in Malaysia: Perspectives and Strategies, Contemporary Nurse: A Journal for Australian Nursing Profession., 34(2), 2010; 134-135.
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Abstract: The present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of teaching concept mapping as a learning strategy in reading on Iranian EFL learners' self-regulation. To fulfill the purpose of this study, a group of 90 female learners attending Intermediate courses of Zarrin Language School took a sample PET as a proficiency test, 60 of them were selected as homogenous learners and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Then, all of the students in two groups completed the "Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire" (MSLQ) as a pretest. The teacher taught the same content based on "American Head Way 4" throughout a 16-session to two groups. The only difference was that the experimental group received concept mapping strategy training. At the end of the training, all the students in two groups again completed the self-regulation questionnaire (MSLQ) as post-test in order to assess the learners' self-regulation. The results of the independent t-test indicate that there is a significant difference between experimental and control groups' mean scores on the post-test of self-regulation which means that the experimental group outperformed the control group on the post-test of self-regulation after receiving concept mapping strategy.

Keywords: concept mapping, reading comprehension, self-regulation

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[2] Huang, L. I. (2005). Using concept mapping as a strategy to improve the English reading comprehension. Unpublished master's thesis, Tzu Chi University, Hualian City, Taiwan.

[3] Nunan, D. (1999). Second language teaching and learning. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. [4] Park, S. (1995). Implications of learning strategy research for designing computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27 (4), 435-456.

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[6] Anderson, N. (1991). Individual differences in strategy use in second language reading and testing. Modern language Journal, 75, 460-472.
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[8] Pressley, M. (1982). Elaboration and memory development. Child Development, 53, 296-309.

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Abstract: The present paper is an attempt to find out the characteristic features of Meeteilon linguistic element m 'one' as substitute item in nominal substitution. The nominal substitute item 'm' is functioning as head of the nominal group bearing its own modifier. Another important feature of the substitute item is that it has been anaphoric. That means through the use of nominal substitution, a close relation is made between the presupposed noun and the nominal substitute 'm'. This relation makes a cohesive discourse (both spoken and written). One important result of employing the nominal substitute item 'm' is to avoid the repetition of the same item. The nominal substitute item 'm'that is itself singular in number is used for both singular and plural presupposed noun. The nominal substitute item 'm' has the capacity to differentiate itself from the same item that is to be substituted in some sense. When the nominal substitution takes place, the substitute item 'm' replaces the head noun of the nominal group excluding the modifier. In such way, nominal substitution is now one of the cohesive devices of Meeteilon.

Key words: Anaphoric, Cohesive text, Head, Nominal substitution, Presupposed noun

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Abstract: War has been an enduring reality throughout human history, and one of the most concerned challenges for governments during times of conflict is financing the war effort. War finance refers to the methods and strategies employed by nations to generate the necessary financial resources to support military operations, provide for the welfare of military personnel, and procure essential equipment and supplies. This paper explores various aspects of war finance, including its methods, implications, and the intricate balance governments must strike to sustain their war efforts while minimizing adverse effects on the economy and society.

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