IOSR-JHSS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-2 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: The paper examines the pre-colonial judicial practices among the Goemai of North Central Nigeria. It discusses their traditional methods of adjudicating crimes and punishment within the context of what constitute crimes against the laws of the land. From the analysis, the paper suggests that their pre-colonial system of ascertaining rights and wrongs were predicated upon the principle of fair hearing and administration of justice. It was upon this system of administration of justice that the present day customary laws were based. The paper derives inspiration from a variety of sources synthesized from published books, dissertations and theses, supplemented by oral accounts.

Keywords: Crime, punishment, Goemai, Judicial, North Central Nigeria

[1]. Patrick D.D, "Aspect of the Geography of Central Nigeria Area" In A.A Idrees, Y.A Ochefu (edited), Studies in the History of Central Nigeria Vol 1 (Lagos:CSS Limited;2002) p.3
[2]. Patrick D.D, "Aspect of the Geography of Central Nigeria Area" In A.A Idrees, Y.A Ochefu (edited), Studies in the History of Central Nigeria Vol 1 (Lagos:CSS Limited;2002) p.3
[3]. B.F Bawa, "Traditional Authority among the Goemail Speaking group of the Plateau State: A study of the Changing role and Power from pre-colonial period to Present" M.A Dissertation, University of Maiduguri. 1984. P.1
[4]. B.F Bawa, "Traditional Authority among the Goemail Speaking group of the Plateau State: A study of the Changing role and Power from pre-colonial period to Present" M.A Dissertation, University of Maiduguri. 1984. P.1
[5]. Bi-Geoniang is the Goemai version of crime. It encompasses all activities and action that the societies frowned at and are punishable by the law of the land.
[6]. Oral interview with Longzem Shikbit, 50 years, 18th April, 2009.
[7]. Oral interview with Sabo Lumi, 69 years, 21st April, 2009.
[8]. Oral interview with Sabo Lumi, 69 years, 21st April, 2009.
[9]. Oral interview with Longmaar Shindwar 70 years, 14th April, 2009.
[10]. Oral interview with J.S, Madugu 72years, 26st August, 2009.

Abstract: This study analyzed the prosodic features of East Acehnese dialect speech act, based on age factor of the speaker through Acoustic Phonetic Theory by using Praat Program. The target of this study was the directive speech in the form of command and offer. The findings of this study is that the speech tone of directive speech kapurono seudati ke jih based on basic tone, final tone, high tone, low tone, and temporal duration, uttered by the teenage informant is higher than that uttered by the adult informant. On the contrary , the speech tone of directive sentence tagun keumamah ke lon siat based on basic tone, final tone, low tone, and temporal duration, uttered by the adult informant is higher than that uttered by the teenage informant. Only in high tone, the speech tone uttered by the adult informant is lower than that uttered by the teenage informant. The duration of utterance uttered by teenage informant is longer than that uttered by the adult informant.

Keywords: Acehnese, accoustic phonetics, directive speech, duration prosodic features

[1] J.L. Austin, How to do things with words (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
[2] Ibrahim Makam and M. Adnan Hanafiah, Struktur bahasa Aceh (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1984).
[3] Zaini Ali, Sistem morfologi kata kerja bahasa Aceh (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan,1983)
[4] Budiman Sulaiman, Struktur bahasa Aceh: morfologi dan sintaksis (Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1983).
[5] Isda Pramuniati, Strategi tindak tutur dan kepekaan pragmatik melarang dalam bahasa Aceh dialek Aceh utara, doctoral dissertation, SPS Linguistik USU, Medan, 2009.
[6] Ridwan Hanafiah, Pemilihan bahasa dan sikap bahasa dalam komunikasi politik oleh partai politik lokal di pemerintahan Aceh, doctoral dissertation, SPS Linguistik USU, Medan, 2011.
[7] M.A.K. Halliday, An introduction to functional grammar, 3d ed (London: Arnold, 2004).
[8] Ilse Lehiste, Suprasegmentals (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1970).
[9] Katrina Hayward, Experimental phonetics (London: Pearson Education Limited, 2000).
[10] J.‟t Hart, R. Collier, and A. Cohen, A perceptual study of intonation: an experimental-phonetic approach to speech melody (New York: Cambride University Press, 1990).

Abstract: The reservation scheme for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India is deficient in terms of the lack of accurate information about each community giving a hand of arbitrariness to a section of bureaucracy who interpret the current lifestyle of some communities and arrive at wrong conclusion. The pre-conceived notion such as the skin complexion, the stature, the shape of the nose, the food habits and style of worship are being paraded to deny benefit to some communities given by the Indian constitution. An important consequence is that the beneficiaries are subjected to prejudiced enquiries, the threat of arrest, criminal prosecution and dismissal from the job. It is important to remember that a tribe is not deemed to be included in the scheduled tribe list on the basis of the community being a tribe alone but it has to fulfill the requirement of social, educational and economic backwardness. Several communities in the ST list may not fulfill the later day definition of tribes. In this sense many communities have attributes that are hardly conforming to such a definition of 'a tribe'. The need of the hour is a pragmatic approach and a reappraisal of the notions that takes into account the overall development of Indian Society. In order to remove the arbitrariness in defining the characteristics that raises question about the inclusion of certain communities, it is suggested that a new category may be introduced by a reworking of the SC and ST quota.

Keywords: Maleru and Maaleru, real and imaginary communities, Scheduled Tribes

[1] The Constitution (SCs) Order, 1950 & the Constitution (STs) Order,1950 [2] NCST report on Maleru community, 2005

[3] Supreme Court Judgment of Kumari Madhuri Patil, 1994

[4] Manjunatha B.R., and Annapurna M., 2012, Antrocom Online Journal of Anthropology,Vo1.8, No.2, pp.421-427

[5] A.Mitra, 2007, The Journal of Socio-Economics- Article in Press, Elsevier Publication

[6] Gurajart High Court Judgment for Citation about Baxi Commission Report, 1987

[7] B.B.Kumar; http://www.asthabharati.org/Dia_July99/bbk.htm

[8] Letter of Ministry of Home Affairs with Ethnographic note on Maleru community, 1984

[9] Letter by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Govt of India dated.21st October 2013

[10] Karnataka High Court Judgment of N.Chandrika, 1985

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine whether reward systems influence talent management in public universities in Kenya. Literature has revealed that on one hand talent management has taken a slow pace or has lacked in institutions of higher education compared to the private sector on the other hand studies have established that reward systems in public institutions do not match the private sector. The sample was n=249 from public universities in Kenya. Factor analysis revealed a determinant of 0.144; Bartlett's test was significant p<0.05 with KMO value of 0.759. Factor analysis revealed one item with a loading value below 0.4 as recommended by Pallant, (2005); hence this item was eliminated in the analysis; all other remaining components were retained for analysis. The data had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.764; hence the 8 items extracted were determined to be reliable. Data analysis revealed a strong positive relationship (r (249) = 0.529, p-value < 0.05) indicating a significant linear relationship between reward systems and talent management. Keywords: Reward system, Talent Management, Kenyan Public Universities, Institutions of Higher Education

Abstract: The present study investigates "Application of abstract motifs extracted from Aquatic animals on garments". The study was undertaken to design garments for different age groups by using aquatic animals as an inspiration, to create new and interesting garments which can break monotony and give a novel effect in garments embellished with hand painting and stencil printing. So, in this study 20 motifs developed by Corel draw11 and 15 design sheets on garments were developed, after that consumer preferences were calculated by questionnaire and evaluated on the basis of aesthetic appeal, color combination , placement of motif and overall and finally 5 best garments were selected and over that surface ornamentation ( hand painting and stencil printing ) were done, after that dry it and garments were stitched and finally evaluated by 5 point scale on the basis of aesthetic appeal ,color combination, marketability, acceptability, suitability and arrangement of motifs .It was concluded that designed garments were preferred by consumers with respect of design, color combination, marketability, acceptability, suitability and arrangement of motifs. It will serve two purposes, one is introduced of something new in the world of fashion and secondly it was help to the more emphasis on the designs of aquatic animal with abstract form

Abstract: The religion-politics nexus marginalizes the secular and rational political message, which has a serious impact on the efficiency of American democracy. In fact, a well-functioning democracy is based on a large exchange of political ideas, not on simplistic faith-based preaches. Thus, the US Constitution, the pillar of the American political system, conditioned the well-functioning of democracy on the unambiguous separation between church and state. Yet, the American people's high religiosity has always been largely taken into consideration by major American politicians who have rarely resisted giving a religious orientation to their political message. Indeed, concepts such as "Chosen People", "City upon a Hill" (Colonial Era), "Manifest Destiny", "Divine Ordinance" (19thc.); "America's Mission", and "American Exceptionalism" (Contemporary Era) have rarely been challenged in the mainstream political milieu, at the expense of the rational, secular perspectives.

Abstract: India has a long tradition of textile especially hand woven and hand spun textiles. Textiles stand next to agriculture as an income generation activity for most of the rural population. India has been renowned for its printed cotton clothes since the 12th Century and creative processes flourished as the fabric received royal patronage. Different styles of design have been evolved in difference part of Country and District Barmer in Rajasthan is famous for its bold and vibrant motifs know by the name of 'Barmer hand prints'. The colors mainly used in Barmer hand prints are red, blue and maroon and motifs are mainly floral and geometrical. Hand Block Printing is such an art which can be used for making every design, every piece of cloth unique and different from others, which could never be possible by using automated machinery wherein 100s of meters of fabric would come out in the same design and color.

Abstract: The paper examines the post-independence socialist experiment in Zimbabwe. Upon attainment of independence the ZANU PF government articulated a scientific Marxist-Leninist policy. This policy was predicated against the huge colonial racial inequalities between the minority whites and majority blacks in all spheres of life. At independence, for instance, about 4000 white farmers owned 75% of the country's richest arable land while the black majority was confined to the poorest agricultural land. The same pattern ran across all other sectors of the economy; industry, the civil service, private sector and the social services sector (education and health). In the education sector Africans were relegated to a very few poorly resourced schools and institutions. Thus at independence the majority Africans were thirst for education. The paper therefore examines the efforts that government made at independence to redress the situation through the socialist policy framework. It is concluded that although there was great commitment to advance the aspirations of the black majority, not much was achieved except in the social services sector.

Key words: socialist experiment, colonial inequalities, post independence

Abstract: This case study investigated the relationship between specific socio-psychological factors and the development and maintenance of two languages (Arabic and English). Especially, The study examined the influence of bilingual children's families, monolingual schools, the second language society, group culture identity, the ethnic group and children' attitudes on the development and maintenance of two languages. The study looked at how such factors could impact on acquiring, developing and fossilizing Arabic and English languages. The current research was basically undertaken on a Libyan child who has lived in Australia for 4 years. The researcher used semi-structured interviews and observations to gather data about the topic. The results demonstrated that these socio-psychological factors have a great impact on developing the second language and impeding the native one.

Key words: bilingualism, biliteracy, ethnic group, fossilization, heritage language maintenance, second language acquisition, social identity.

Abstract: Motivates President University students eat in Beijing restaurant inducement. There have several restaurants beside Beijing restaurant. However, Beijing restaurant has majority students order in there. This study investigation motivate of President University students come to Beijing restaurant constantly. This research purpose discuss about Beijing restaurant analysis account of students has dinner in here and improves the service and quality of food. A survey has done by research through e-mail to investigation for President University students. This study literature relative source from tasty of food, physical environment, service on restaurant image and customer perceived to research with this dissertation.

Abstract: This study examined whether differences in phonological awareness were related to differences in speech comprehensibility. Seventeen of the newcomers to the Department of English at Taif University (TU) who learned English as a foreign language (EFL) in academic settings completed a total of seventeen tests of phonological awareness: fourteen of these measured their explicit knowledge of English phonological structures, and three tests of phonological short term memory. The same participants were also asked to read aloud a passage and to narrate picture stories.