IOSR-JHSS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-4 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Economics of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in Oyo-state, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Jonah Ikoku John, Marcus Samuel Nnamdi, Ilori Isaac Aduralere
	:	10.9790/0837-1840118

Abstract: This research examines the Economic contributions of major non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the livelihoods of rural communities in Oyo State for the period covering 2002 to 2004, using descriptive statistics, multiple regression analysis, gross margin analysis, gini-coefficient and normalized profit function analysis. A sample of 150 respondents were interviewed from two forest zones-Ibadan/Ibarapa and Shaki out of four forest zones-Ibadan/Ibarapa,Oyo,Ogbomosho and Shaki zones of Oyo State. The investigated variables were found significant and bore the expected positive signs thereby showing a direct linkage with gross income i.e.an increase in these variables brought about an increase in income.The gross margin analysis shows that NTFPs trade in the study area was profitable with an average trader earning a gross margin of N8,827.64 per month. The gini-coefficient of 0.95 shows inequality in income distribution. The normalized profit function analysis shows that for Bush meat, there is equal economic efficiency in both rainforest and savannah zone respectively. However savannah NTFP, users do not have absolute price or allocative efficiency. In the case of fuel wood there is no equal economic efficiency in both rainforest and savannah zone whereas NTFPs users in the savannah have absolute allocative or price efficiency. The implication is that for both types of NTFPs there is profit maximization i.e the users equate the value of marginal product of their variable factors of production to their factor cost. Also fuel wood is sustainable in the savannah zone and government should encourage the sustainable development of forest trees through afforestation projects.

Keywords: Non-timber forest product (NTFPs),Normalized profit function,gini-coefficient,gross margin analysis.

[1]. FAO, Non-wood forest products: the way ahead. fao forestry paper 97 food and agricultural organization of the un. 1991. 38.
[2]. FAO Community forestry note 1 (1991): forest, trees and people.
[3]. J.C. Okafor, Trees for food and fodder in the savannah areas of nigeria.the international tree crops journal 1, 1980, 131-141.
[4]. L. Popoola et al, Farmers priority in multipurpose tree and shrubs species for agroforestry in the humid lowlands of nigeria. journals of tropical forest resources, vol. (12) 1996, 16-31.

[5]. S.K. Adeyoju, Forestry and the Nigerian economy (Ibadan University Press
[6]. University Of Ibadan, Nigeria 1975). 308
[7]. A.F. Nkwatoh, Evaluation of trade on non-timber forest products in the Egagbam forest reserve of South West Cameroon University Of Ibadan 2000 167.
[8]. J.C. Okafor "Strategies for development of fruit tree and Ntfps in Nigeria
[9]. 24th annual conference of fan, 1995.
[10]. L. Popoola And, S.A. Oluwana, Marketing of non-timber forest production in Nigeria. paper presented at colloquimon biodiversity (rain forest ecosystem of Nigeria) by FEPA – NAAB linkage centre for forest conservation and biodiversity 8-10 1998 21

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Association between Self-esteem Levels of University Female Students and Their Physical apperance, Physique and Body Language
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Neha Sharma, Vishala Patnam
	:	10.9790/0837-1841924

Abstract: Irrespective of SES groups fifty five percent of the University female students assessed to have middle level self esteem followed by high level self esteem (24.50%) and low level self esteem (24.50%). There was a significant association between the self esteem levels of the University female students and the ratings about their physical appearance, physique and body language in both low and middle SES groups.

Keywords: Self esteem, Low SES, Middle SES, Physique, Body Language, Special Abilities.

[1]. Brookover, Thomas and Patterson 1985 In website http://bsos.umd.edu/socy/Rosenberg.html.
[2]. Camphell J., Krueger J.I., Vohs K.D. and Baumeister R.F. 2003 Cited in the article on Does high self esteem cause better performance,
[3]. Covington M.V. 1989 Self-esteem and Failure in school. The social importance of self-esteem. U.C. press, Berkeley, CA, 155-165.
[4]. David mellor, Mathew feeler-Tyszkiewiez marita P. McCabe, Lina A. Ricciardelli 2010,Body Image and Self Esteem Across Age and Gender: A Short-Term Longitudinal study Self identity, journal of sex roles ,63:9-10, 672-681.
[5]. Erin T. Barker, Marc H. Bornstein 2009, Global Self-Esteem, Appearance Satisfaction and Self Reported Dieting in Adolescence, 30:2, 205-224.
[6]. Hayes S.D., Crocker, Kowalski K.C. 1999 Gender differences in physical self –perception, global self esteem and physical activity: eveluvation of the physical self eseteem profile model, J of Sport Behaviour, 1, 1-14.
[7]. Holly W. 1987 Self-Esteem: Does It Contribute to Students' Academic Success? Eugene, OR: Oregne School Study Council, Univ. of Oregon.
[8]. Ikeda Joanne, Naworski Priscilla 1992, Am I fat? Helping young children Accept Differences in Body size. [9]. Lawrence, 1996 In website D Lawrence - books.google.com
[10]. Scheirer M. and Krant R. 1979 Increasing educational achievement via self-concept change. Review of Educational research. 49, 131-150.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Arabization Planning: Algeria as an Instance
Country	:	Algeria
Authors	:	Dekhir Faiza
	:	10.9790/0837-1842528

Abstract: Based on Al-Abed Al-Haq and Cooper's theoretical frameworks on language planning, this study is dedicated to describe Arabization from a language planning perspective. It also discusses how language planning can be used to provide a theoretical framework for Arabization planning. In order for these objectives to be achieved, the researcher goes through the following definitions: language planning definitions, Arabization definitions, presentation of an accounting scheme for the study of Arabization planning. This latter is said to increase our ability to describe and draw generalizations concerning Arabization planning.

Keywords: Arabization, Arabization planning, Language planning, Theoretical framework.

[1] R. L. Cooper, Language Planning and Social Change (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
[2] F. Al-Abed Al-Haq, Toward a Theoretical Framework for the Study of Arabicization Planning, The first International conference on Literature, Linguistics, and Translation, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan, 1994, 4-7.
[3] B. Jernudd and J. V. Neustupny, Language Planning: For Whom?, Comments presented at the International Colloquium on Language Planning in Ottawa, Canada, 1986.
[4] J. Rubin and B. Jernudd, Can Language Be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developping Nations. (East-West Center Press, Honolulu: The University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
[5] C. M. Eastman , Language Planning: An Introduction (San Francisco, Chandler and Sharp, 1983)
[6] D. C. Kanta, Parallel Education System: A Micro-Level Study of Murshidabad District, West Bengal, India, International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 2(1), 2013, 14-17
[7] G. Grandguillaume, La Francophonie en Algérie, Francophonie et mondialisation, no. 40, 2004, 75-97
[8] M. Sayadi, Arabization in the Arab World, in Arabization and its Role in Supporting the Arab Existence and Unity, (Beirut, Center of Arab Unity Studies, 1982)
[9] M. Benrabah, The Language Planning Situation in Algeria, Language Planning and Policy in Africa, vol. 2, Multilingual Matters LTD, 2007, 25-148
[10] B. Vinod and J. Dipti, Dominance of English in the Global market and the First Generation Learners (FGL), International Research Journal of Social Sciences, 1(1), 2012, 35-38.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Use of Learner Autonomy in Teaching Speaking by Tertiary Level English Language Teachers in Private Universities of Bangladesh
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Mariam Jamila
	:	10.9790/0837-1842943

Abstract: The study has the core aims to investigate the use of learner autonomy in teaching English speaking to the undergraduate students of private universities of Bangladesh. Significant research works worldwide have renowned that use of learner autonomy in tertiary English language classes encourage student incentive and bring noteworthy changes in students' attainment. Therefore, the present study explores teachers' use of learner autonomy in teaching English speaking classes emphasizing various areas of language teaching: setting objectives, selection of materials, methods, evaluation process, learning environment, teacher-student relationship and teacher's role. This study is primarily based on a Likert scale self-report questionnaire survey followed by pilot study and interviews. The subjects in this study are 30 tertiary level English language teachers of four private universities of Bangladesh. The results of the work show that learner autonomy is not yet fully executed by the teachers. The study is anticipated to instigate further effective researches on this field and guide teachers to assume the principles of learner autonomy in English speaking classes at the tertiary level.

Keywords: learner autonomy, teaching English speaking, language teachers, private universities, tertiary level.

[1]. Ashraf, M.A., Ibrahim, Y and Joarder, M.H.R. (2009). Quality Education Management at Private Universities in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study. Journal Pendidik Dan Pendidikan, Jil. (24) http://web.usm.my/education/publication/JPP24_MohammadAshraf_pdf
[2]. Baumgartner, C. Merriam (2007). Learning in Adulthood.
[3]. Benson, P.( 2001). Teaching and Researching Autonomy in Language Learning. Harlow: Longman
[4]. Brown, H.D. (1994). Principles of Language Learning and Language Teaching. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[5]. Crookes, G. (2003). A Practicum in TESOL. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[6]. Crystal , D. (1997). English as a Global Language. UK: Cambridge University Press.
[7]. Dam, L. (1995). Learner Autonomy 3: From Theory to Classroom Practice. Dublin: Authentik.
[8]. Holec, H. (1979). Autonomy and Foreign Language Learning. UK: Pergamon Press Ltd.
[9]. Jefferson, G. (ed.). (1992). Lectures on Conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.
[10]. Lamb, T., & Reinders

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	In the Creator's Image: A Metabiographical Study of Two Visual Biographies of Gandhi
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Preeti Kumar
	:	10.9790/0837-1844447

Abstract: A metabiographical analysis is concerned with the relational nature of biographical works and stresses how the temporal, geographical, intellectual and ideological location of the biographer constructs the biographical subject differently. The changing pictures of Gandhi in his manifold biographies raise questions as to how the subject's identity is mediated to the readers and audience. Published in 2011, the Manga biography of Gandhi by Kazuki Ebine had as one of its primary sources the film Gandhi (1982) directed by Richard Attenborough. However, in spite of closely following the cinematic text, the Gandhi in Ebine's graphic narrative is constructed differently from the protagonist of the source text. This paper analyses the narrative devices, the cinematic and comic vocabulary, the thematic concerns and the dominant discourses underlying the two visual biographies as exemplifying the cultural and ideological profile of the biographer.

Keywords: Visual Biography, metabiography, Manga, Gandhi, ideology

[1]. Ebine, Kazuki. Gandhi: A Manga Biography. New York: Penguin Books, 2011. Print.
[2]. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. Columbia Pictures, 1982. Film.
[3]. 'biography, n.' The Oxford English Dictionary 2011. OED Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 30 Nov. 2013.
[4]. Briley, John. Gandhi: The Screenplay. New York: Grove Press, Inc., 1983. Print.
[5]. Brown, Judith M., and Anthony Parel, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2011. Print.
[6]. Cohn, Neil. Navigating Comics: An Empirical and Theoretical Approach to Strategies of Reading Comic Page Layouts. Front Psychol 4: 186. 18 April 2013. Web. 28 Nov. 2013.
[7]. Denzing, Norman K. Interpretive Biography. Vol. 17. New Delhi: Sage Publication Pvt., 1989. Print.
[8]. Kress, Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design.2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2006. Print.
[9]. Machin, David and Andrea Mayr. How to Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. London: Sage Publications, 2012. Print.
[10]. Mc Cloud, Scott. Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art. New York: Harper Collins, 1994. Print.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Non-Timber Forest Products Marketing: Trading Network of trader and Market Chain in Luang Namtha Province, Lao PDR
Country	:	China
Authors	:	Latsamy Phounvisouk, Ting Zuo, Ng Chee Kiat
	:	10.9790/0837-1844857

Abstract: Non-Timber Forest Products are important export products of the Luang Namtha province. Because of the development of roads and bridges in the region, mobility of NTFP traders have greatly improved in tandem with the rapidly growing economies of China and Thailand. As a result, these once relatively localized resources are now increasingly accessible to national and international markets. The study on the marketing of NTFPs was carried out in Luang Namtha province in 2011. The main aims of this study are (1) to study the development of the NTFPs marketing with collaboration between farmers/collectors and traders, (2) to provide a general view of NTFPs marketing system, (3) to identify of the route of the NTFP from the collectors to the final market and (4) to study the business relationship between collectors and traders.

Keywords: NTFPs natural forest, Marketing, Trader network, Market Chain, Trader, Farmer.

[1]. Ahenkan, A. and Boon, E. 2008. Enhancing Food Security, Poverty Reduction and Sustainable Forest Management in Ghana through Non-timber Forest Products Farming: www.grin.com/de/preview/.html
[2]. Ahenkan, A. and Boon, E. 2010. Commercialization of Non-Timber forest products in Ghana: processing, packaging and marketing. www.world-food.net
[3]. Byron,Y. Ruiz Perez, M. and Arnold J.E.M. 1996. Current Issues in Non-timber Forest Products Research. Proceedings of the Workshop "Research on NTFPs " Hot Springs, Zimbabwe 28 August - 2 September 199. http://www.cifor.org/publications/ntfpsite/pdf/NTFP-current.pdf
[4]. Buiphan,T. Lampheuy, K. Ngamsaeng, A. and Bunyeth. 2005. Participatory Poverty Assessmant (PPA): On livestock production marketing systems in Son Tay Hamlet, Thoi Son commune Tinh Bien District. An MSc. Thesis presented to the School of Graduate Studies of Upslar University.90P.
[5]. FAO. 2002. Non-Wood Forest Products in 15 Countries of Tropical Asia: An Overview. www.fao.org
[6]. Foppes, J. and Souvanpheng, P. 2005. Experiences with Market Development of Non-Tim Forest Products in Lao PDR. International Workshop on "Market Development for Improving Upland Poor‟s Livelihood Security" Organized by the Centre for Community Development Studies, Kunming, China: http://search4dev.nl/download/284094/116258.pdf
[7]. Horst, W. Manue, B. Andreas, W. and Yan, M. 2011. Cross-border NTFP value chains Laos-China:
[8]. http://www.nafri.org.la/document/URDP/documents/05_Specialreports/09_Laos-China_NTFP.pdf
[9]. IUCN (2005). The focusing on wildlife trade in Lao PDR and Vietnam, Traffic Southeast Asia, Malaysia.
[10]. Luni, P. Maharjan, K.L. Joshi, N.P. and Dangol, D.R, 2011. Collection and Marketing of Non-Timber Forest products by Chepang Community in Nepal. The http://www.moad.gov.np/geed/art2.pdf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Aduloju of Ado: A Nineteenth Century Ekiti Warlord
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Emmanuel Oladipo Ojo
	:	10.9790/0837-1845866

Abstract: For Yorubaland, south-western Nigeria, the nineteenth century was a century of warfare and gun-powder akin, in magnitude and extent, to that of nineteenth century Europe. Across the length and breadth of Yorubaland, armies fought armies until 1886 when Sir Gilbert Carter, British Governor of the Lagos Protectorate, intervened to restore peace. Since men are generally the products of the times in which they live and the circumstances with which they are surrounded; men who live during the period of peace and tranquillity are most likely to learn how to promote and sustain peace while those who live in periods of turbulence and turmoil are most likely to learn and master the art of warfare. As wars raged and ravaged Yoruba nations and communities, prominent men emerged and built armies with which they defended their nations and aggrandised themselves. Men like Latosisa, Ajayi Ogboriefon and Ayorinde held out for Ibadan; Obe, Arimoro, Omole, Odo, Edidi, Fayise and Ogedengbe Agbogungboro for Ijesa; Karara for Ilorin; Ogundipe for Abeokuta; Ologun for Owo; Bakare for Afa; Ali for Iwo, Oderinde for Olupona, Onafowokan and Kuku for Ijebuode, Odu for Ogbagi; Adeyale for Ila; Olugbosun for Oye and Ogunbulu for Aisegba. Like other Yoruba nations and kingdoms, Ado Kingdom had its own prominent warlords. Some of these were Ogbigboniharan of Idolofin Quarters, Ogunmonakin of Okelaja, Eleyinmi Orogirigbona of Okeyinmi, Falowo of Ogbo Ado and Aduloju of Edemo Quarters. The greatest of these men was Aduloju. This paper examines the career and exploits of this great warlord.

[3]. Daryll Forde, "The Yoruba-Speaking Peoples of South-Western Nigeria‟ (London: International African Institute, 1962), p. 58.
[4]. National Achieves Ibadan: W.A.C. Weir, Intelligence Report on Ado District of Ekiti Division, Ondo Province, October, 1934, p.58.
[5]. G.O.O. Olomola, Aduloju of Ado-Ekiti. A Case Study of An Ekiti Warrior Chief of the Nineteenth Century, An Original Essay for the B.A. History, University of Ife, Ile-Ife, June. 1967, p. 3.
[6]. Toyin Falola and G.O. Oguntomisin, Yoruba Warlords of the 19th Century (Trenton: Africa World Press Inc, 2001), p. 14.
[7]. Jacob Egharevba, A Short History of Benin (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1960), p. 47.
[8]. Ibadan, the capital of the defunct Western Region, was founded in c. 1829. Right from inception, Ibadan acquired a cosmopolitan outlook. Its population comprised Oyo, Egba, Ijebu, Ife and other elements from other parts of Yorubaland. One major factor in favour of Ibadan was its open nature. Unlike other Yoruba towns, Ibadan offered a lot of scope for individual achievement and merit. Thus, by 1831, the population of Ibadan was about 100,000. See Bolanle Awe "Ibadan, Its Early Beginnings" in P.C. Lloyd et. al. (eds.), The City of Ibadan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 15. For another detailed analysis of the founding, growth and government of Ibadan, see Toyin Falola & Dare Oguntomisin op. cit., pp. 44-60.
[9]. J.A. Atanda has pointed out that many authors (particularly Samuel Johnson) created the notion that, at her peak, the Old Oyo Empire embraced the whole of Yorubaland. According to Atanda, while the fact that the Old Oyo Empire was vast and extensive is incontrovertible; it never covered the entire Yorubaland. See his The New Oyo Empire (London: Longman, 1979), pp. 1-3. It must be conceded however, as Akintoye has observed, that the influence of Oyo considerably curtailed the frequency and severity of conflicts among the other Yoruba nations that were not directly under the control of the Oyo Empire. S.A. Akintoye, Revolution and Power Politics in Yorubaland, 1840-1893 (London: Longman, 1971), p. xvi.
[10]. Olatunji Ojo "Ethnic Identity and Nineteenth Century Yoruba Warfare" @ http://www.yorku.ca/nhp/seminars/2003. This site was assessed on 3 July 2013.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gandhian Concept of Truth and Non-Violence
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Arpana Ramchiary
	:	10.9790/0837-1846769

Abstract: Gandhi was a great supporter of Truth and Non-violence. He had a great importance to the concept of Truth and Non-Violence.Truth or Satya, Ahimsa or Non-Violance are foundation of Ganghi's philosophy. The word 'Non-violence' is a translation of the Sanskrit term 'Ahimsa'. He stated that in its positive form, 'Ahimsa' means 'The largest love, the greatest charity'. Moreover he stated that Ahimsa binds us to one another and also to God. So it is a unifying agent. Gandhi wrote, 'Ahimsa and Love are one and the same thing'. According to Gandhi the word 'Satya' comes from the word 'Sat' which means 'to exist'. So by the term 'Satya' Gandhi also means that which is not only existent but also true. Gandhi said that Truth and Non-Violence are the two sides of a same coin, or rather a smooth unstamped metallic disc. Who can say, which is the obverse, and which the reverse? Ahimsa is the means; Truth is the end. I will discuss the Gandhian concept of Truth and Non-Violence elaborately in this paper.

Keywords: Truth or Satyagraha, Non-Violence or Ahimsa, Characteristics of Non-Violence, Qualities and Characteristics of Satyagrahi. Identification of Truth and God.

[1]. Gandhi, Mohadev K. Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments with Truth. Translated by Mohadev Desai. Washington, D.C: Public Affairs Press, 1948; reprinted New York: Doves Publications, Inc,1983.
[2]. Borman, William. Gandhi and Non-Violence. Albay: State University of New York Press 1986.
[3]. Basanta Kumar Lal, Contemporary Indian Philosophy, By. Jainendra Prakash Jain At Shri Jainendra Press, 1973.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Teacher Performance Model Development: Empirical Study on Public Senior High School in Karo District
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Eddi Surianta
	:	10.9790/0837-1847079

Abstract: The purposeofthis studyis thefirsttoexaminethe effectoftransformational leadership of principal onself-reflection behavior and performance ofteachers, the effect ofempoweringteachersby the principalonthe behaviorandperformanceof teachers, the influence ofteachersupervisionby the principal on self-reflection behavior and performance of teacher, andinfluencethe self-reflection behavior ofthe teacheronhis/her performance; and, secondly, todetermine themodel ofthe development ofteacher performance. The study designwascorrelationalexplanatoryusing theex postfactoresearch method, andimplementedin the PublicHighSchool ofKaroDistrict. The sampleconsistedof240teacherswas determined using theformulaSlovin, withproportional random sampling technique. Data onexogenousvariablewas collectedby closed questionnaire, anddata onthe endogenousvariable, namelythe performance ofteachers, collectedbyobservation. Data analysisconducted is descriptiveanalysisandpath analysis. The findingsof this studyisthatthere is adirect effectof(1) transformational leadership of principal onself-reflection behavior and performance ofteachers, (2) empoweringteachersby the principalonthe behaviorandperformanceof teachers, (3) teachersupervisionby the principal on self-reflection behavior and performance of teacher, (4) the self-reflection behavior ofthe teacheronhis/her performance, and (5) discoveryof teacher performancedevelopment model, namelyan increase inteacher performancecan be donein twophases, the first phaseby increasingtheability ofprincipalson three areas: transformational leadership, teacher empowermentandteachersupervisionand, second phase, togetherwithimprovingthe ability ofprincipalsinthese areas, and enhancethe ability ofself-reflectionof teachers.

Keywords: Transformational leadership, empowerment, supervision, self-reflection behavior, and performance.

[1] Gibson at. al, Organization bahavior, structure, process (Boston: Mc Graw Hill, 2009).

[2] IdawatiD, SuccessfulLeaders(Jakarta: PPM Graduate School of Management, 2004)
[3] Ministry of Education and Culture of Human Resources Development Education and Culture and Education Quality Assurance, Manual application of result of Teacher Competency Test (TCT) Online Report Phase I, 2012.
[4] Arifin, Effect ofimplementation ofthe policyof academicqualificationand certificationof thecompetence of the teachereducators for elementary school teachers in the district Belitung of Bangka Belitung is lands province (Bandung: Graduate Program Padjajaran University, 2009).

[5] Yuliani Indrawati, Factors thataffectthe performance ofmath teachersin the implementation ofcompetency-basedcurriculum(CBC)in High School Palembang city, Journal Manajemen andBusiness Sriwijaya, 4 (7), 2006, 57.

[6] Stephen Robbinsand Mary Coulter, Management.International Edition(New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall,2007).

[7] Dadi Permadi and Daeng Arifin, The smiling teacher (Bandung: CV. Nuansa Aulia, 2010).

[8] Rusman, Learning Models(Bandung: Mulia Mandiri Press, 2010).

[9] WinaSanjaya, The implementationof competence-based curriculum(Jakarta: PrenadaMedia, 2005).

[10] E. Mulyasa,Competencystandardsandteacher certification(Bandung: RemajaRosdakarya, 2007).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effective Resolution of Possiblrole Conflicts in Local Govrnment Administration: A Panacea for Nation Building
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Tunde Jatto, Musa Muhamadu Mahuta, Sani Isah
	:	10.9790/0837-1848083

Abstract: This paper is concerned with how possible role conflicts in local government administration can be resolved in our attempt at building virile nation. In going about this, the paper discussed some of the possible causes of the incessant conflicts in the local government councils as a result of the perceived role conflicts between the legislature and the executive as well as between the political functionaries and the career officers at the local government levels. Finally, it offered suggestions on how best role conflicts can be resolve in our efforts at nation building.

[1]. Adediji, O (1986); "Human Relations n Local Government‟, in; The Nigerian Journal of Local Government Studies, vol. 2, No. 1, pp 126-135.
[2]. Adediji O (1989); Conflicts in the Nigerian Local Governments, Ibadan Loyal Printers.
[3]. Atiku I. N (1988); Conflict in Nigerian Local Government, Diploma in Local Government Studies Long Essay, O.A.U, Ife; Dept of Local Government Studies.
[4]. FCN (1976) Guidelines to Local Government Reforms, Lagos Federal Ministry of Information.
[5]. Freeman D., in Brien Crozier (1974); A theory of Conflict, London: Hamish Hamilton.
[6]. Freud, S., Theories of Human Behavior, in Awotokun (ed.) New Trends in Nigerian Local Government, O.A.U Ife Dept of Local Government Studies.
[7]. Jatto T. (2008); The impact of good leadership on the effective management of local government in Nigeria; in journal of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna College of Administrative Studies and Social Sciences, Kaduna Polytechnic; vol 1, No. 1, May.