IOSR-JHSS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2013

Abstract: The research looks at the country called Nigeria, the period of independence from 1960 to the present day, over five decades sovereignty. The latent leaders, poor management styles and the present deteriorating state of affairs in Nigeria. The paper thus, looks at Nigeria-past, present and possible future implications, using secondary sources of data. In conclusion, the research affirms constitutional review and participation as the true solutions to the deteriorating and paralyzing conditions in Nigeria as it affects public Administration.

Keywords: Nigeria, Public Administration, corruption, crises, constitution.

[1]. Adebayo, A. (1992). Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.
[2]. Anyaele, J. (2003). Comprehensive Government. Lagos: A. Johnson.
[3]. Buhari, M. (1999). Leadership and Accountability in a Period of Moral Crisis in (Eds) Mahadi, A. Kwanashie G. Leadership Accountability and the Future of Nigeria, Kaduna: Arewa House.
[4]. DailyTrust (2013, September 30). Presidency Plots Obasanjo, Atiku arrest- New PDP. Daily Trust , p. 3.
[5]. DailyTrust (2013, October 8). Doctors fail to end strike. Daily Trust, Newspaper , p. 4.
[6]. Dimock, M. (1956). The Executive in Action. New York: Harper and Bros.
[7]. Dowden, R. (2008). Africa: Altered States, Ordinary Miracles. London: Portobello Books.
[8]. Hobbes, T. Leviathan, Every Man Library Dent. Quoted in Appadorai, A. (1968) The Substance of Politics. London: Oxford University Press.
[9]. Jideofor, A. (2013, August 22). ASUU, Government, and Dialoguing with the deaf. DailyTrust , p. 64.
[10]. Kaufmann, Bruno et al. (eds), Guide to Direct Democracy in Switzerland and Beyond. (Amsterdam: IRI Europe, 2005 and 2008).

Abstract: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a direct investment into production or business in a country by a company in another country, either by buying a company in the target country or by expanding operations of an existing business in that country .China has become the second largest FDI recipient in the world, after the United States, and the largest host country among developing countries. Foreign direct investment (FDI) can play an important role in achieving rapid economic growth in developing countries. Developing countries have not been considered as favourable destinations for FDI as developed countries. Moreover, among the developing countries a few, such as China, India, Nigeria and Sudan, are the major recipients of FDI, with the rest vying for the scraps. This paper covers the FDI figures of China and how does FDI affect China and also the main determinants of FDI in China like size and growth of the Chinese economy and prospects, Natural and human resource endowments – cost and productivity of labour and Physical, financial and technological infrastructure.

Keywords: Endowments ,FDI, Financial and technological infrastructure, Prospects.

[1]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment.
[2]. http://www.info.com/foreign%20direct%20investment?cb=79&cmp=2850.

Abstract: The objective of the paper is to study linkage among agricultural performance and human development and evaluate sustainability indicators in the Barak Valley zone of Assam. The methodology used in this study was by collection of primary data and field observations. Samples for statistics were taken from heads of rural households in selected Agricultural Development Circles of three districts of Barak Valley. The sample consisted of 450 Households. The present paper analyses the agro-human development linkage of Barak Valley. Each component of agricultural performance is analyzed with the help of factor indices. The factor indices assist to understand the actual scenario of agricultural situation of sample ADOs in Barak Valley. A number of indices have been constructed to address the objectives of the study which includes: (a) Agricultural Performance Index (API), (b) Human development by Quality of Life Index (c)Education Index, (d) Health Index etc. All these indices have been constructed at the household level. Moreover, suitable statistical, regression techniques and econometric models will be used to analyze the relationship among concerned variables of the study.

[1]. Gibson, C & Fincham, R.(1993): Nutritional survey of Ezingolweni and Nkandla. published report. Durban: University of Natal.
[2]. Goswami, P.C. (1994): The Economic Development of Assam, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
[3]. Government of Assam (2009): Statistical Handbook, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Guwahati.
[4]. Dasgupta, Partha (1998). The economics of poverty in poor countries. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 100:1, 41-68.
[5]. Sen, A K (1981): Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
[6]. Srinivasan, T N (2000): 'Growth and Poverty Alleviation: Lessons from Development Experience', Paper presented at the Symposium on Alternative Development Paradigms and Poverty Reduction, Asian Development Bank Institute, Tokyo.
[7]. Datt, G and M Ravallion (1996a): 'Why have some Indian States Done Better than Others at Reducing Rural Poverty?' Economica, 65:257, pp 17-38. - (1998): 'Farm Productivity and Rural Poverty in India', Journal of Development Studies, April. -(1999): 'When is Growth Pro-Poor? Evidence from the Diverse Experiences of India's States', Policy Research Working Paper, World Bank, Washington, DC. (2001): 'Why has Economic Growth Been More Pro-poor in Some States of India than Others?' Journal of Development Economics.
[8]. Dreze J and Sen A.K. (2002): India: Development and Participation, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
[9]. Gallup, John, Radelet, Steven and Warner, Andrew (1997). Economic Growth and Income of the Poor. Harvard Institute for International Development, CAER II Discussion Paper No 36.

Abstract: Organizationsspend maximum on staffsalaries.The staff shouldbe productivein order tobe efficient and competitive in the profession,.Staff will be productive when they are comfortable with regard to Office Environment.In thisstudyinfluence of Noise on productivity of office occupants is highlighted. A research as fulfillment for Phd degree under Punjab Technical University- Jalandhar, to this regard was conducted in Offices of capital city of Chandigarh(India). Various Offices at Chandigarh were sampled and Questionnaire survey of productivity was conducted to get first hand information from Office Occupants.

Keywords: Noise,productivity, office design.

[1]. Huges, J. (2007, July). Office design is pivotal to employee productivity. Sandiego source the dailytranscript.
[2]. The Gensler Design + Performance Index, The U.S. Workplace Survey (2006), www.gensler.com
[3]. Clements-Croome, D., Kaluarachchi, Y. (2000) An Assessment of the Influence of the In-door Environmenton the Productivity of Occupants in Offices Design, Construction and Operation of Healthy Buildings ,pp.67—81
[4]. Roelofsen, P. (2002). The impact of office environments on employee performance: The design of the workplace as a strategy for productivity enhancement. Journal of Facilities Management, 1(3), 247–264.
[5]. Haynes, B. P. (2007). Office productivity: A shift from cost reduction to human contribution. Facilities, 25(11/12), 452–462.
[6]. Hameed, A., &Amjad, S. (2009). "Impact of office design on employees‟ productivity: A case study of banking organizations of Abbottabad, Pakistan. Journal of Public Affairs, Administration and Management, 3(1), 1–13.
[7]. Perceived acoustic environment, work performance and well-being -survey results from Finnish offices -- AnnuHaapakangas, RiikkaHelenius, EskoKeskinen, ValtteriHongisto
[8]. Measuring the impact of office environment on performance level of employees in the private sector of pakistan--Faiza Amir & Dr. Shamim A Sahibzada;ShaheedZulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology Islamabad Pakistan .Faculty of Management Sciences
[9]. Journal of public affairs,administration and managementVolume 3, Issue 1, 2009;Impact of Office Design on Employees' Productivity: A Case study of Banking,Organizations of Abbottabad, Pakistan ;AminaHameed, ShehlaAmjad,
[10]. Faculty of Business and EconomicsThe English Language PhD Programme The impact of the indoor environment on the productivity of Call Center EmployeesByUri DomànSubmitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Abstract: This study estimates the relationship between the private sector investment as dependent variable with GDP and the government current expenditures as independents variables in Iran Country covering data 1986 to 2110. The survey uses the annual time series data which is obtained from the website of Central Bank. The Cobb-Douglas function is applied to estimate the relationship between the variables using EVIEWS8 and SPSS software which it involves OLS method. The findings of the paper show in the short run during the years of the study the coefficients of the natural logarithm of the real Gross National Product without oil and the natural logarithm of the government current expenditures in Iran are 2.485588 and -0.957794, respectively. Hence the government current expenditures play a main determining for the private sector investment but this role is negative means that the government current expenditures is a substitution for the private sector investment in Iran. It is possible to take a better decision for management of the society in order to increasing of economics growth rate using the survey results by the decision makers in Iran.

Keywords: the government expenditures, Cobb-Douglas function, GDP, investment, and Iran.

[1] Adrison, vid.(2002) The effect of money supply and government expenditures shock in Indonesia, Andrew young school of policy studies Georgia state university
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Abstract: Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest and Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel are plays often read for their social relevance, rarely picking up their classical resonance and discovering their deeper levels of meaning. As a result, discussions tend to focus on what might be the point of the play. In this paper in which we follow Northrop Frye in exploring comedy to its roots in myth and ritual, we shall examine the deep mythic forms that underlie the two plays. This enables us to see them as sequences re-enacting the spring archetype in which life and community are renewed and rejuvenated.

Keywords: archetype, comedy, enactment, fruitfulness, myth, mythical form, representation, ritual, sequence, spring, vegetation cycle.

[1]. Ahmed, Ashraf. ‗Social Picture in Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel'. Retrieved from,
[2]. Aristotle, Poetics. Trans. A.S. Butcher. Orange Street Press http://www.keystonenet.com/~jesch/osp/ sparks@eserver.org.1998. PDF.
[3]. Aristotle. PeriPoiêtikês. Retrieved from, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ ptext?lookup=Aristot.+Poet.+1462b. Web.
[4]. Bloom, Harold. Oscar Wilde. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2008. PDF.
[5]. Cassirer, Ernst. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. PDF.
[6]. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1980. PDF.
[7]. Chowdhury, FarihaIshrat. ‗Sidi's Choice of Baroka and the Victory of Traditional Values over Western Ones in Wole Soyinka's The Lion and the Jewel'. Language in India: Strength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow. 11. 6 (2011): 28-35. PDF.
[8]. Frye, Northrop. ‗The Argument of Comedy.' Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1967. 79-89. Print.
[9]. Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism. New York: Atheneum, 1970.Print.
[10]. Gurewitch, Morton. Comedy: The Irrational Vision. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. Print.

Abstract: For any organisation communication is as important as blood to the human body. Organisational aims can be achieved only through joint afforts and for that a well synchronization among the different groups is required. At one hand a communication is a process of mutual transfer of information between two groups in which orders, directions, suggestions, complaints and mutual interactions are included, on the other hand. It also includes the power of getting feedback too. The salient features of communication are, to establish the targets and aims of an organisation and the effective implementation of the targeted plans as well as, to organise human and other resources effectively. Communication is a tool to achieve coordination among the different organisational activities and at the same time it helps the managers to understand the behaviours and attitudes of the employees working in an organisation.

Keywords: Communication, Formal and Informal Relations, Human Resource.

[1] Petronela Livita Pracsiu (2008)"The Role and Place of Communication in Management" Review of Research and Social Intervention .Vol 21.
[2] Philip f. Kitchen and Finbarr Daly (2002) "Internal communication during change management" Corporate Communications: International Journal Vol.7
[3] Keith Devis (1962) Human Relations at work" Mcgrew Hill, Tokyo.
[4] Bhagoliwal, T.N.(1990) "Personnel Management and Industrial Relations"SahityaBhawan, Agra.
[5] Kiyoshi Yamauchi (2001) "Corporate Communication: a powerful tool for tatting corporate missions"Corporate Communications: An international journal Vol. 6 No. 3.
[6] Agnes Grof (2001) "Communication in the creation of corporate values" Corporate Communications: An international journal Vol. 6, No. 4.
[7] Erin Harris (2008)"Increase Efficiency Through Communication Managment" Integrated Solutions for ret@ilers.

Abstract: This article contains a report of research into reconstruction and sub-grouping of Batak languages (BLs) composed of Toba language (TL), Simalungun language (SL), Pakpak Dairi language (PDL), Angkola language (AL), Karo language (KL), and Mandailing language (ML) spoken in North Sumatera, Indonesia. The research problems cover the sound correspondences, proto-phonemes, and sub-grouping of BLs. The data are the utterances of the native speakers of BLs being recorded in IPA Kiel transcription and are analysed with comparative method. The analysis shows that sound correspondence sets in BLs are of two types, namely the sets resulted from linear inheritance and the sets from sound innovation. Based on the correspondence sets, proto-phonemes are reconstructed and BLs are sub-grouped. The analysis also shows that BLs can be classified into three sub-groups, namely TL-AL-ML, PDL-KL, and SL.

Keywords: Batak languages, sound correspondences, proto-phonemes, reconstruction, sub-grouping..

[1]. Brandstetter & Dempwolf (1943). in Wurm, S.A. & Wilson, B. Pacific Linguistics. Series C- No.33. English Finderlist of Reconstructions in Austronesian Languages (Post- Brandstetter). (Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University.1978)
[2]. Capell (1943). in Wurm, S.A. & Wilson, B. (Pacific Linguistics. Series C- No. 33. English Finderlist of Reconstructions in Austronesian Languages (Post- Brandstetter). (Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University.1978)
[3]. Charles (1973). in Wurm, S.A. & Wilson, BPacific Linguistics. Series C- No. 33. English Finderlist of Reconstructions in Austronesian Languages (Post- Brandstetter). (Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Australian National University.1978)
[4]. Crowley Terry. An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. (Oxford. Oxford University Press.1992)
[5]. Dempwolff (1938) in Wurm, S.A. & Wilson, B Pacific Linguistics. Series C- No. 33. English Finderlist of Reconstructions in Austronesian Languages (Post- Brandstetter). Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies The Ustralian National University.1978)
[6]. Keraf, Gorys. Linguistik Bandingan Historis. (Jakarta: Gramedia Utama. 1991)
[7]. Langacker Ronald W. Fundamentals of Linguistics Analysis. (Sandiego: University of California. 1972)
[8]. Marice. Bahasa Batak Toba di Kota Medan (Kajian Interferensi dan Sikap Bahasa). (Medan: Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2010)
[9]. McManis, Carolyn, Stollenwerk & Zheng-Sheng, Zhang. (Ohio: Language Files. Advocate Publishing Group.1987)
[10]. Panggabean Himpun. Telaah Bahasa-bahasa Batak dari Segi Leksikostatistik. Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran.1994)

Abstract: A country's future is inextricably linked with its higher education system, which is in turn dependant on the quality of its teachers. A teacher is expected to act as a surrogate parent and yet function as an instructor, clarifier, expertly judge achievements, assess, moralise, legislate, judge, ethically precept, counsel, police and yet befriend a student in a constructive role. A teacher should lead students in their search for knowledge and wisdom and not act as an officer to be blindly obeyed. It is therefore recognizable that a teacher whose soul is worked whose heart is atrophied, devoid of zeal and energy due to 'STRESS' will not be able to satisfactorily perform their duties assigned to them by the society at large. Hence a teacher has to be multifaceted enough to shake off the 'Shackles of Stress' even under contradictory situations, if a healthy, well taught society is to emerge in future. In keeping with the job, the teacher is exposed to diverse expectations from his reference groups, such as principal, colleagues, pupils, society etc. Contradictory role expectations from reference groups could create role pressures, which means, experiencing stress. Wider social factors like low salary, inadequate training, low esteem of profession, constant changes in the organizational machinery, treat of school closure and the like, also function as stressors. The demand for skill and finesse disproportionate with the options available for situational training, appreciation and value of this work in society coupled with poor rewards at the end point exerting stress due to inefficiency and a feeling of inadequacy when career growth prospects are restricted and conditions of work are deplorable, teachers are cornered into a situation which is desperate yet not viable for counseling or tailor-made help.

Keywords: stress, teachers, academic achievement, students.

[1] Abu Saad, Ismael, Organizational Climate and Teachers Job Satisfaction in the Bedouin elementary Schools of Negev in Southern Israel,0 Dissertation Abstracts International, 50, 9 March 1990, 2712-A.
[2] Bailse, J.J. A Social Psychological Grounded Theory of Teachers Stress and Burnout Education Administration Quarterly, Vol. 19(4), 1982, pp. 93-113.
[3] Darji. D.R.A. Study of Leadership Behaviour and Its Correlates in the Secondary Schools of Pachmals District, Second Survey of Research in Education. M.B.Buch (Ed), 40, Sep. 1979, p. 466.
[4] Edgarton, S.K. Teachers in Role Conflict. The Hidden Dilemma. Phi Delta Kappan, 59, 1977, pp. 120-122.
[5] Frey d, and Young J.A. Methods Administrators can use to help Teachers Manage Stress, NASSP Bulletin (67) 461, p. 73-77, 73.
[6] Gakhar, S., Markanda, S., Pautela, R. Job Satisfaction Among Primary, Middle and Secondary School Teachers. Journal of the Institute of Educational Research, Vol.8, No.2, May 1984.
[7] Hinton, M.G. Teaching in large Schools, Headmasters Association Review, Vol. LXXII, No. 220, 1974, pp.17-19.

Abstract: Urban Local bodies (ULB’s) in India are facing resource constraint and so they are incapable to perform their functions efficiently. On the other hand their expenditures are increasing enormously. So the gap between the income and expenditure of urban local bodies is portraying a financial crisis, which needed to be cured urgently. Also ULB’s have little functional and financial autonomy under the existing legal framework. This paper is study of urban local bodies of Rajasthan with special reference to Jodhpur Municipal Corporation (JMC) Jodhpur. The present study investigates the financial health of JMC and suggests measures to improve their financial health.

Keywords: financial stress, Seventy fourth Constitutional Amendment (CAA), urban local bodies, urbanization.

[1]. Annual Progress Report, Government of Rajasthan, Department of Local Self Government. (Different years).
[2]. Jodhpur Municipal Corporation's Budget of different years.
[3]. Jodhpur Master Plan 2001-2023, Department of Town Planning, Government of Rajasthan.
[4]. Report of the Second State Finance Commission of Rajasthan, Government of Rajasthan (2000-2005).
[5]. Thakur, S. Evaluating the Financial Health of Indian Cities: A Diagnostic Report .
[6]. (www.niua.org/upcoming%20seminars/SANDEEP-24JULY-FINANCE.pdf ).
[7]. Twelfth Finance Commission, Government of India, Local Bodies, Chapter 8 and its relevant Annexure.

Abstract: Non Governmental Organisations (NGO) are found to play a significant role in environment protection. They are found to be involved in different spheres of environmental activities like protecting biodiversity, reducing environmental pollution and also promoting sustainable livelihood of the people living in close proximity with nature. The present paper shows the role environmental NGOs play in environment protection in Assam, India on the basis of case studies of some major NGOs of Assam.

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Abstract: Poverty has been in existence for decades ago before I was given birth and is considered as a way of life, in the same way blood is flowing in our body's vein. In Sub Saharan Africa, women poverty increases due to the nature of the people's culture and tradition and the lack of wheel power on the part of their governments to make laws or rather enforces the laws made as regard to such culture and tradition of the people that contribute in increasing poverty. More so, the issue of privatizations of government companies that provide social services to the citizens as direct by IMF and World Bank increases the suffering of the poor. The study uses documentary source of data in collecting data. The paper concludes that poverty in women is a serious problem which must to be address or reduced to the bearest minimum most especially the issues of lack of income, access to land and properties, opportunities by the governments and international communities. Poor governance as results of fraud and corruption in most African countries contribute in draining their resource and deny the citizens access to social services that will reduce their suffering and poverty.

Keywords: poverty, women, poverty line, structural poverty, contingent poverty, Africa.

[1]. Baden, S. (1999). Gender governance and the feminization of poverty. Presented to the meeting on women and political participation in the 21st century, UN Development Program, Delhi.
[2]. Bisnath, S. (2001). Poverty in a globalizing world at different stages of woman life cycle, in a globalizing, poverty and women's empowerment. EGM/pov/2001/EP.3, United Nations, November.
[3]. Bradley, H. (1998). Gender and power in the work place: Analysing the impact of economic change. New York: macmillan.
[4]. Bradshaw, S. (2002). Gendered poverty and power relations: looking inside communities and households, ICD/Embajada de Holanda/puntos de Encuentro, Managua.
[5]. Blackden, M.C. and Wodon, Q. (2006). Gender, time use and poverty in sub Saharan Africa. Washington D.C. :the World Bank.
[6]. Chant, S. (2000). Men in crisis? Reflection on masculinities, work and family in North West costa rica. European Journal of Development Research, 12(2), 199-218.
[7]. Chant, S. (1997). Women-headed households: poorest of the poor? Perspectives from Mexico, costa rica and the phillippines, IDS Bulletin, 28(3), 26-48.
[8]. Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion. London. Oxford University Press.
[9]. Canagarajah, S. and Colulumbe, H. (1998). Child labor schooling in Ghana, World Bank Policy Research Paper, No.1844.
[10]. Chant, S.H. (2003).female household headship and the feminization of poverty: facts, functions and forward strategies (online). London: LSE research online.

Abstract: Ageing is natural and inevitable consequence of human life. Once born, there is no scope for man from old age. Old age bring both physical ailments and social problems. Major social problem of the old people is their adjustment to their surrounding social world in general and their immediate families in particular. Old people very often feel neglected and forgotten. This gives rise to anger, sorrows and frustration leading to tension in the family. This study was undertaken to understand the health status of elderly people and to gather some information about their perceived health needs using the information over Thakurgoan district. The study has covered both quantitative and qualitative information. Necessary data were collected through interviews and intensive observation, questionnaire and the case study techniques were used with one assumption that these will provide a better insight into the experience of care giving and care receiving processes than a survey alone could do. Herein, an attempt is made to describe the situation and major health problems faced by the elderly from 80 (20 men 20 women) elderly population of aged 60 and above in one urban and one rural communities of Thakurgoan. The survey findings indicate that elderly men and women lack access to land and agricultural resources. Access to resources, and therefore livelihood strategies, have changed for both older men and women. Most of the elderly populations are landless and they earn very little from land. The findings from the study show that poor older people in rural areas faces very difficult circumstances as they attempt to meet their basic needs. Many elderly persons have only homestead land but no agricultural land. The health status of elderly population is poor and they lack access to basic health care. About 80 percent of the elderly population suffered from health problems. Almost every one suffered from at least one disease during three months prior to the survey. The average duration of suffering from diseases ranged from 3 years to 9 years. The vibration analysis shows that age, sex, access to treatment and income is associated with the health problems of the older population.

Keywords: Elderly, Quantitative, Qualitative, Treatment and Ailments.

[1] Rao, et al., Health Status of the Rural Aged in Andhra Pradesh; A Sociological Perspective in Help Age India - Research & Development Journal, 2003,Vol.9, No. 2.
[2] Singh S.N., Nair, P.S., , M.K., Premi, P.S., Bhatia and Ashish B., The Aged in Rural India; A Study of the Socio-Economic and Health Profile in Population Transition in India, vol.2, B.R. Publishing, Delhi.
[3] Achir, Y.C., Stragegies to Formulate Family Suppoert Systems and Community based Servicves for the Care of the Old in Technical Reports Series Monograph, 1998, No. 93. pp.26.
[4] Pappathi, K. and Sudhir, M.A., Psycho-social Characteristics and Problems of the Rural Aged in Research and Development Journal, Help Age India, 2005, Vol. 11, No. 1.
[5] Vasantha and Premakumar., Nutrition and Health Problems of Aged, Paper presented at National Seminar on Psycho-social Characteristics, Problems and Strategies for the Welfare of the Aged in Rural India, Department of Applied Research, Gandhigram Rural Institute, 1998, March 11-13, 1998.
[6] Nair, T.K., Community care of the elderly – A study of family and community based services in Madras in Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, 1991, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
[7] Balamurugan J. and G. Ramathirtham., "Health Problems of Aged People" IJRSS, 2012, Volume 2, Issue 3, ISSN: 2249-2496
Ibrahim, M., "Problems of the Aged In Bangladesh", paper presented at the Symposium on Population Development and Social Security: Aging in Developing Countries, 1981, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany.
[8] Mustafa, G., Streatfield K., Health Implication of an Ageing Bangladeshi Population. ICDDR, B. Dhaka. 2002.
[9] Kalam I. M. S. and Khan T. A. H, 2006, " Morbidity Among Older People in Bangladesh: Evidance from Ageing Survey" BRAC University Journal, vol. III, no.2, 2006, pp. 75-83
[10] Wrosch C., Schulz R., Miller G. E., Lupien S. and Dunne E., "Physical Health Problems, Depressive Mood, and Cortisol Secretion in Old Age: Buffer Effects of Health Engagement Control Strategies" Health Psychology, Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association, 2007, Vol. 26, No. 3, 341–349 0278-6133/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.341.

Abstract: This paper attempts to explain political strategy and how policy practitioners develop and implement political resources in agency, community or legislative settings.
It further emphasizes the challenges political office holders encounter in the course of administrations which is not unconnected with the lack of blue print from the onset about how to develop and implement the much needed popular policies.
It also opined reasons why politicians and legislators fail in their responsibilities due to development and implementation of poor policies that are not people oriented which is notably common among third world countries most especially Nigeria leading to political and economic crisis.

[1]. Aminu Y.C (2002): "Leading Issues in Economic Development and Social Welfare". Samarib Publishers.
[2]. Jansson, B.S. (1990): "Social Welfare Policy".
[3]. Pareto and Mosca (1963): "The Elite Theory" in Haralambus and Holborn Sociology Themes and Perspective.
[4]. Shaw and Pierce (1973): "Political Theory in the Principle of Political Sciences".
[5]. V.D. Mahajan (2008): "Political Theory in the Principle of Political Science".

Abstract: The concept of Public Relations (PR) is widely applied in a great diversity of institutions or organizations and it is considered as a powerful instrument to gain the mutual understanding and reciprocal benefits from stakeholders. This paper attempts to offer the certainly important principles and objectives of Islamic Public Relations (IPR), as well as to explore its features and characteristics based on the Holy Quran and the Noble Hadith in order for us to further appreciate the potential of IPR consultancy in the Muslim World. Hopefully, the Islamic values which the paper has presented can benefit PR practitioners in their particular field.

Keywords: Islamic public relations, Cognition, Brotherhood, Muslim world, Ethics.

[1] Muhi Mahmud Hasan, and Samir Hasan Mansir, Al-'Alaqat al-'Ammah wal-I'lam fi al-Duwal al-Nammiyah (Alexandria: al-Maktab al-Jami"i al-Hadith, 1985, p 15).
[2] Zain, Mansur "Uthman Muhammad, Al-Manzur al-Islamiyyi lil-'Alaqat al-'Ammah: Majallah Dirasat D'awiyyah (Sudan: International University of Africa, 2008, No. 15, pp. 137-172).
[3] A. Al-Kandari, and T.K. Gaither, Arabs, the West and Public Relations: A Critical/Cultural Study of Arab Cultural Values. Public Relations Review, 37(3), 2011, 266-273.
[4] Ibn Shuja‟, Shayrawayh bin Shahradan bin Shayrawayh al-Daslami al-Hamdani. Al-Firdaws bi Uthur al-Khitab, (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1986, vol. 4, p. 30).
[5] Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin "Isa bin Surah, Jami' al-Tirmidhi (or Sunnan) (India: Tubia‟ fi Dahali, 1300 A H, vol. 5, p. 389).
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Abstract: Andhra Pradesh (AP) has been witnessing intense movements and counter movements for the last few months centered on the creation of Telangana state. Though Telangana movement is continuing, in one form or the other, for almost more than 60 years from now, the present spell of the movement is unique in several aspects. The present movement should be studied in the backdrop of the changed political and social circumstances, media activism, a weak government in terms of its performance in the state coupled with a boom........

[1]. Edit page article "Dalitha prasnalu" inAndhra jyothi by Sreepati Ramudu, December 20,2009.
[2]. Hargopal.G,The Telangan People's Movement :The unfolding Political cuture,Economic and Political Weekly ,October 16,2010
[3]. Ilaiah Kancha,Telangana Dream sours,Deccanchronicle,February 13,2010
[4]. Srinivasulu K,Bye Elelections and Telangan Agitation,Economic and Political Weekly,August 14,2010
[5]. Venkatesh M.R. The Rise Of Telangana, The Hindu,27July 2013

Abstract: Mahatma Gandhi is a prominent theist of Satya, Ahimsa and Satyagraha. The philosophy of Gandhiji, which covers various aspects of human life based on universal humanitarianism, religious ethics and moral values are quite significant.All things in the universe including the sun and the moon and the stars obey certain laws. Without the restraining influence of these laws the world would not go on for a single movement. The laws of nature are nothing but the will which maintains the world in harmony and order. This will for Gandhi is nothing but God. God is the perfect one, the ultimate ideal of everything. Thus, God is the beginning of the world and also its end. This gives to the world its reality. Gandhi accepts that every individual is a mixture of the bodily and the spiritual. There is an element......

Keywords: Divinity, Humanitarianism, Ahimsa, Satyagraha, Non-violence, Self-Sacrifice etc.

[1]. Gandhiji: his life and works edited by D.G.Tendulkar, M.ChalapatiRau,Mridula Sarabhai, Vithalbhai K Jhaveri. Karnataka Publishing House, Bombay1944.
[2]. A Day Book of Thought from Mahatma Gandhi by Narasimha Char K.T,PrasadRajendra. Macmillan &Co. Ltd. Madras, London1969.
[3]. A Dictionary of Moral Concept in Gandhi by Gupta R.K. MunshiramManoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi2000.
[4]. India After Gandhi by RamchandraGuha. Harper Collins.2007

Abstract: Multiculturalism takes pride in ethnic diversity assimilating different languages, modes of conduct attire and food. It was brought out in very realistic way in all his dramas like, Silver Box, Strife, Justice, Loyalties, Joy etc. In Galsworthy's writings we have noticed inherent current engulfing the problems in the social fabric with the trend of multiculturalism to it. The fact people are suffering terrible deprivations of welfare caused by poverty and due to our vicious social economic and legal practices and conventions. The culprit responsible for their sufferings is that inhuman and invisible force called society. The importance of Galsworthy's work in modern drama does not lie in its artistic power, but in its moral implications and the ethical force of the author.

Keywords: Diversity, Endeavor, Improvement, Emancipation, Disillusionment, Frustration, Anxiety, Education.

[1]. Choudhari, A (1961), Galsworthy Plays : A Critical Survey, London. Longmans Green and Co.
[2]. Clarke, I, (1989), Edwardian Theatre. London : Faber and Faber.
[3]. Barker D., (1963) John Galsworthy. The Man Of Principle. London. Mathuen.
[4]. Holloway, D. (1968), John Galsworthy. London Morgan Grampian Books.
[5]. Frechet A. (1982), John Galsworthy : A Reassement Basingstoke Macmillan