IOSR-JHSS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-3 ~ Sep-Oct-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Christian Missionaries and Their Impact on Socio – Cultural Development - Undivided Koraput District a Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Raghumani Naik
	:	10.9790/0837-0230105

Abstract: Before the coming of Christian Missionaries the undivided Koraput District of South Odisha was passing through a 'Dark Age'. Hilly and undeveloped, it was inaccessible and so isolated from the mainstream for century together. The region could not see the light of the modern world and remained backward. The inhabitants were up to their neck in evil practices like superstition, female infanticide, child marriage, Mariah sacrifice, seclusion of women, bethi and goti system, rigidity of caste system and untouchability. The lower caste people were indigent, ignorant, illiterate, and superstitious and considered untouchable, outcaste and uncivilized. Above all, it was a malaria prone district and there was no health care facility. So, the people took resort to supernatural power. They were worshipping various elements of nature, ancestors and many Gods and Goddesses. In these critical circumstances, the Christian Missionaries came on 15th May, 1882 A.D. and heralded a new epoch in socio- cultural development of this district. They introduced and implemented handful of welfare schemes such as eradication of illiteracy, economic upliftment, and social mobilization, consciousness of health and hygiene and gender identity of women. Thereafter, a tremendous impact of missionaries' activities was observed on the people of this area.
Key words: Economic, Educational, Health, Religious Tribals.

[1] B.C. Padhi, "Socio –Economic Conditions of the Tribal under the British Rule, 1803 – 1936)" Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1992, (137
-151)
[2] R.C.S. Bell, "Odisha District Gazetteer Koraput Orissa, Calcutta, Govt.Press, Cuttack, 1945, (62)
[3] Anthon. Asha, "Church History from Breklum to Koraput" JELC Press, 1982, (11)
[4] Otto Waack,. "Church and Mission in India, Volume - 1" ISPCR, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, 1997(264 – 263)
[5] E. Gloyer, "Presentation of the Gospel to Hinduism" Year Book, 1933 (37)
[6] R. Tauscher, "Schleswig Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission Society" (154)
[7] Report of Secretary, Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church, Jeypore
[8] VFM Smruiti Sansad. (Cultural Heritage of Odisha,Volume XI, Koraput District" 2006 (578-579)
[9] R Tauscher,. "Schleswig Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission Society" 1939 (72)
[10] Ibid: (153)

Abstract:British India was divided into India and Pakistan in 1947 as a part of the decolonization process. But geographically, historically and culturally no other two states have so much common as these two states. Unfortunately both stats never became good friends and always engaged in conflicts and disputes. The greatest tragedy was that the deciding feature of this division was religion. Today, more than sixty five years after independence, the common people as well as the elite of India and Pakistan are concerning towards establishing condition for permanent peace. It is no secret now that India and Pakistan are nuclear capable powers. So, it is in India's interest that democracy succeeds in Pakistan so that the dividend of 'Democratic Peace' can be harvested in South Asia. Because improving relations of both the nations is very important for sustaining peace in South Asia. Yet, the Indian Strategy has not been able to translate the intent into reality. The aim of this paper is to know about the new trends, challenges and future prospects for sustaining peace. Despite all this, it was convinced that we were on the wrong track as far as neighborhood management was concerned. We needed a new approach to convert the traditional confrontation and conflict approach to one of cooperation and convergence. If there is cooperation between India and Pakistan and not conflict, vast opportunities will open up for trade, travel and development that will create prosperity in both nations.
Keywords: Decolonization, Democratic Peace.

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Abstract:Trevor Griffiths is a contemporary Marxist playwright in Britain. He has been writing plays for stage screen and cinema since 1969. He is well- known for his stage play Comedians. Some of his plays are adaptations by the famous writers such as D.H.Lawrence and Anton Chekhov. One of his important plays Piano takes its origin from Anton Chekhov\'s short stories. In this article the play Piano will be discussed in the light of Marxist perspective applying one of the significant Marxists concept of \'BASE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE\'.

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(Marxist.org) 2000.
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1976.
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London: U. Lawrence & Wishers, 1977.
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[6] Catherine Itzin. Stages in the Revolution: Political Theatre in Britain Since 1968. London: Eyre Methuen Ltd., 1980.
[7] Griffiths, Trevor. Piano in Theatre Plays Two. Nottingham: Spokesperson, 2007.
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Abstract: Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most endemic diseases in developing societies especially Nigeria. Both diseases have been associated with poverty and underdevelopment with significant morbidity and mortality. Poorly drained conditions, empty plastic, glass and other kinds of open containers are common breeding grounds for mosquitoes that transmit malaria in Nigeria. Malaria symptoms include but not limited to moderate to severe shaking chills, high fever, profuse sweating as body temperature falls, general feeling of unease and discomfort (malaise), headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Typhoid fever is spread when an individual eats food or drinks water contaminated by human waste. Symptoms of typhoid fever include sudden onset of a fever, severe headache, nausea, etc. Both malaria and typhoid fever are preventable diseases when health and environment are integrated. In Nigeria both poor and rich people are prone to the diseases, due to poor environmental situation. However, the persistent and consistent attack of malaria and typhoid fever on a victim is contingent on the nature of environment and the socio-economic position of the victim. The intention of this study therefore, is to investigate the influence of environment and the socio-economic status of those that are constantly threatened by the diseases in Nigeria, with the overall aim to see how environment and social status affects human health and to proffer solution that will help to maintain a hygienic and clean environment.
Keywords: poverty, victim, socio-economic status, environment, malaria fever, typhoid fever

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[3] H. Gelband and Strans Field (2001) ―The Evidence Base for Interventions to Reduce Under -Five Mortality in Low – and Middle –
Income Countries‖. CMH Working paper Series, number WG5:9 (Geneva: WHO Commission on Macro Economics and Health).
[4] James P. Bruce, Hoesung Lee, and Erik F. Haites, (1996), Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press.
[5] Kirk R. Smith (1997) ―Development, Health and the Environmental Risk Transition‖ In G.S Shahi et al., eds, International
Perspective on Environment, Development and Health. Springer publishing company, New York.
[6] Nicolas D. Kristof (1997) ―Across Asia, A Pollution Disaster Hovers.‖ The New York Times (Nov, 28, 1997)
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Abstract: Having lived through world war 2, having experienced numerous confrontations with Fascist gangs, and having acted as a "conscientious objector", and having been alert to world affairs, Harold Pinter developed strong hatred toward all forms of injustice. Eventually this led to his lifelong cynicism about politicians, hypocrisy of governments and violation of human rights all over the world, exposing British and American policies in the Balkans, Afghanistan and Iraq, among others. This paper seeks to address the following question: given that Pinter repeatedly focuses his dramatic attention on menace, violence and the struggle for power, how does our knowledge that he actively opposed all such political manifestations of these phenomena influence our understanding of his work? The main objective of this study is to depict how Pinter has attempted to envisage the abuse of power by those who hold it in order to dominate and subjugate the people
Keywords – Politics, Power, Abuse, Fascism, Harold Pinter, Human Rights

Books:
[1] Mel Gussow : conversation with pinter (New York: Limelight, 1994)
[2] Martin Esslin: pinter: a study of his plays (London; Methuen, 1977).

Abstract: Indian local Government has evolved over time. Various attempts have been made in this direction by the Union and State government to strengthen the urban local government. Authors have made an attempt to highlight the initiatives of Indian Government in line of reform in Municipal Government such as 74th constitutional amendment act which have provided a constitutional recognisation to Municipal government and Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). Authors have also discussed the state government initiatives in this regard. In addition to this they have highlighted the problems of Municipal Government such as finance, immigration and made some suggestion to cure them
Keywords: Urban Local Government, 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, Haryana

[1] H. M. Mishra, Rebounding Urban Development through Urban Renewal and Infrastructure Development, Nagarlok, July–
September, 2007,Vol.39,13-14.
[2] Report of the working group of the urban development for eleventh five year plan (2007-2012), P.1.
[3] S. Mehaswari, Local Government in India (Lakshmi Narain Agarwal, Educational Publishers, Hospital road, Agra-3, pp.184-185,
2002)
[4] http://jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/UIGOverview.pdf Accessed on 11 September 2012
[5] M.P. Mathur, Model Municipal law to Improve Reform Process, Quarterly Newslatter of the National Institute of Urban Affairs,
Vol. 6, 2003 No.4, 1-12.
[6] http://www.haryanaonline Accessed on 14 September 2012
[7] www.hartron.org Accessed on 11 September 2012
[8] Y. Pardhasuradhi and Ravinder Kaur, Public Private Partnerships and E-Governance: An Indian Experience, Indian Journal of
Public Administration, Vol. LIV, No. 3, July-September, 2008, 550-565.

Abstract: This paper aims at evaluating the efficacy of monetary policy in controlling macroeconomic instability in Nigeria. The analysis performed is based on a rational expectation framework that incorporates the fiscal role of exchange rate. Using annual data spanning from 1980 to 2010, the study affirms that the effort of monetary policy in Nigeria aimed at influencing the finance of government fiscal deficit through the determination of the inflation-tax rate affects both the rate of inflation and the real exchange rate, thereby causing volatility in these rates. The policy import of the paper is that monetary policy should be set in such a way that the objective it seeks to achieve is well defined and articulated.
Keywords: Monetary policy; economic instability; Nigeria; rational expectation

[1] Abiodun, O. F., & Tokunbo, S. O. (2006). Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Instability in Nigeria: A Rational Expectation
Approach. Journal of Social Sciences, 12, 93-100.
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[3] Azam, J. –P. 2001. Inflation and Macroeconomic Instability in Madagascar. African Development Review, 132. December: 175- 201.
[4] Blanchard, O. J., & Fischer, S. (1989). Lectures on Macroeconomics. Cambridge, MIT Press.
[5] Caballero, R. J., & Corbo, V. (1989). The Effect of Real Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports: Empirical Evidence. World Bank
Economic Review, 3, 263-278.
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[7] Drugeon, J. –P., & Wignolle, B. (1996). Continuous-Time Sunspot Equilibria and Dynamics in a Model of Growth. Journal of
Economic Theory, 69: 24-54.
[8] Enders, W. (1995). Applied Econometrics Time Series. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
[9] Galati, G. (2000). Forex Trading Volume, Volatility and Spreads in Emerging Market Countries. BISQuarterly Review, November.
46: 107-138.
[10] Woodford, M. (1986). Stationary Sunspot Equilibrium in a Finance Constrained Economy. Journal of Economic Theory, 40, 128-
137.

Abstract:This study examine the knowledge and practice of female circumcision among potential women in south west Nigeria. Four hypotheses were formulated based on the variables of place of residence, level of awareness, level of educational and religion. The quantitative data used were obtained from the 2008 NDHS; Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics of frequency and percentages while the inferential statistics of chi-square test were used. Also, the qualitative information used was carried out in Ife/Ijesa senatorial district at which ten key informant interviews were carried out to buttress the quantitative aspect of the study. The results revealed that traditional circumciser have the highest prevalence which means that they are the one that circumcised the majority of the respondents who had undergone female circumcision. Also, revealed that the four independent variables have a significant relationship with the practice of female genital cuttings among women of reproductive ages in south west, Nigeria. Most of the interviewee during the Key Informant Interview disclosed that the practice is necessary and must be continued. It was observed that level of education, place of residence, religion and level of awareness of respondents to the practice of female genital cuttings have a direct links to the practice of female genital cuttings among women of reproductive ages in south west, Nigeria.
Keywords: Female circumcision, Knowledge, Reproductive age, Practice, Women.

1] Gruenbaum, E. (2001). The female circumcision controversy: An anthropological perspective, Philadelphia: University of
Philadelphia Press.
[2] Lindy W. and Teresa S. (1997). Attitudes Surrounding the Continuation of Female Circumcision in the Sudan: Passing the Tradition
to the Next Generation. Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Nov., 1997), pp. 966-98 National Council on Family
Relations http://www.jstor.org/stable/353796 Accessed: 26/05/2011 15:35
[3] Makki & Ayat El Faith (2004) Knowledge and attitudes of Sudanese youth towards female genital/female circumcision; Ahfad
Journal, June 1, 2004
[4] Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (2008). Calverton, Maryland, USA: NPC and ORC Macro.
[5] Osagie EO, Dattijo LM and Nyango DD (2009), Awareness, perception and practice of female genital mutilation among expectant
mothers, department of obstetrics & gynaecology, Jos University Teaching Hospital Jos, Nigeria. SVRI Forum 2009.
[6] Population Reference Bureau (2010), Abandoning Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: Information From Around the World, a
CDROM (Washington, DC: PRB).
[7] UNICEF(2005). Changing a harmful social convention: Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre,
Florence.
[8] World Health Organization (2000) Female Genital Mutilation, an overview, Geneva.
[9] World Health Organization (2010), Female Genital Mutilation Fact Sheet No. 241 (Geneva: WHO).
[10] World Health Organization WHO, (2007), Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An Interagency Statement (Geneva).

Abstract:There are certainly some psychological factors contributing to the development of attitude towards physical education of the school-going adolescents. Here, Sports Perfectionism (Personal Standards, PS; Concern Over Mistakes, COM; Perceived Parental Pressure, PPP & Perceived Coach Pressure, PCP) were considered to have effect on the development of attitude towards physical education. The study was carried out through descriptive survey method within ex-post-facto research design. A sample of 273 adolescents (98 female & 175 male) was chosen from government aided secondary / higher secondary schools of West Bengal by stratified random sampling technique. To collect data "Attitudes toward Physical Education Scale" and "Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale" were administered on the sample. A multiple regression equation to predict the attitude towards physical education was formulated and the equation is: Attitude = 80.869 + 0.690 × Personal Standards + 0.060 × Concern Over Mistakes - 0.161 × Perceived Parental Pressure - 0.056 × Perceived Coach Pressure
Key Words: Attitude, Sports Perfectionism, Multiple Regression Equation

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14(4),467-477
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Teaching in Physical Education, 17, 307-326.
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school first graders toward physical education and sport II]. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 12,09-20.
[6] Dunn, J.G.H., Causgrove Dunn, J., & Syrotuik, D.G. (2002). Relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and goal
orientations in sport. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24,376-395.
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Alliance of Heath, Physical Education and Recreation, Journal, 53(4), 4-11
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and Treatment (pp.217-228). American Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.
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Perfectionism: Theory, Research, and Treatment (pp.33-57). American Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.