IOSR-JHSS   Volume-2 ~ Issue-3 ~ Sep-Oct-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Christian Missionaries and Their Impact on Socio – Cultural Development - Undivided Koraput District a Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Raghumani Naik
	:	10.9790/0837-0230105

Abstract: Before the coming of Christian Missionaries the undivided Koraput District of South Odisha was passing through a 'Dark Age'. Hilly and undeveloped, it was inaccessible and so isolated from the mainstream for century together. The region could not see the light of the modern world and remained backward. The inhabitants were up to their neck in evil practices like superstition, female infanticide, child marriage, Mariah sacrifice, seclusion of women, bethi and goti system, rigidity of caste system and untouchability. The lower caste people were indigent, ignorant, illiterate, and superstitious and considered untouchable, outcaste and uncivilized. Above all, it was a malaria prone district and there was no health care facility. So, the people took resort to supernatural power. They were worshipping various elements of nature, ancestors and many Gods and Goddesses. In these critical circumstances, the Christian Missionaries came on 15th May, 1882 A.D. and heralded a new epoch in socio- cultural development of this district. They introduced and implemented handful of welfare schemes such as eradication of illiteracy, economic upliftment, and social mobilization, consciousness of health and hygiene and gender identity of women. Thereafter, a tremendous impact of missionaries' activities was observed on the people of this area.
Key words: Economic, Educational, Health, Religious Tribals.

[1] B.C. Padhi, "Socio –Economic Conditions of the Tribal under the British Rule, 1803 – 1936)" Punthi Pustak, Calcutta, 1992, (137
-151)
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[3] Anthon. Asha, "Church History from Breklum to Koraput" JELC Press, 1982, (11)
[4] Otto Waack,. "Church and Mission in India, Volume - 1" ISPCR, Kashmere Gate, Delhi, 1997(264 – 263)
[5] E. Gloyer, "Presentation of the Gospel to Hinduism" Year Book, 1933 (37)
[6] R. Tauscher, "Schleswig Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission Society" (154)
[7] Report of Secretary, Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church, Jeypore
[8] VFM Smruiti Sansad. (Cultural Heritage of Odisha,Volume XI, Koraput District" 2006 (578-579)
[9] R Tauscher,. "Schleswig Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission Society" 1939 (72)
[10] Ibid: (153)

Abstract:British India was divided into India and Pakistan in 1947 as a part of the decolonization process. But geographically, historically and culturally no other two states have so much common as these two states. Unfortunately both stats never became good friends and always engaged in conflicts and disputes. The greatest tragedy was that the deciding feature of this division was religion. Today, more than sixty five years after independence, the common people as well as the elite of India and Pakistan are concerning towards establishing condition for permanent peace. It is no secret now that India and Pakistan are nuclear capable powers. So, it is in India's interest that democracy succeeds in Pakistan so that the dividend of 'Democratic Peace' can be harvested in South Asia. Because improving relations of both the nations is very important for sustaining peace in South Asia. Yet, the Indian Strategy has not been able to translate the intent into reality. The aim of this paper is to know about the new trends, challenges and future prospects for sustaining peace. Despite all this, it was convinced that we were on the wrong track as far as neighborhood management was concerned. We needed a new approach to convert the traditional confrontation and conflict approach to one of cooperation and convergence. If there is cooperation between India and Pakistan and not conflict, vast opportunities will open up for trade, travel and development that will create prosperity in both nations.
Keywords: Decolonization, Democratic Peace.

........,

Abstract:Trevor Griffiths is a contemporary Marxist playwright in Britain. He has been writing plays for stage screen and cinema since 1969. He is well- known for his stage play Comedians. Some of his plays are adaptations by the famous writers such as D.H.Lawrence and Anton Chekhov. One of his important plays Piano takes its origin from Anton Chekhov\'s short stories. In this article the play Piano will be discussed in the light of Marxist perspective applying one of the significant Marxists concept of \'BASE AND SUPERSTRUCTURE\'.

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Abstract: Malaria and typhoid fever are among the most endemic diseases in developing societies especially Nigeria. Both diseases have been associated with poverty and underdevelopment with significant morbidity and mortality. Poorly drained conditions, empty plastic, glass and other kinds of open containers are common breeding grounds for mosquitoes that transmit malaria in Nigeria. Malaria symptoms include but not limited to moderate to severe shaking chills, high fever, profuse sweating as body temperature falls, general feeling of unease and discomfort (malaise), headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Typhoid fever is spread when an individual eats food or drinks water contaminated by human waste. Symptoms of typhoid fever include sudden onset of a fever, severe headache, nausea, etc. Both malaria and typhoid fever are preventable diseases when health and environment are integrated. In Nigeria both poor and rich people are prone to the diseases, due to poor environmental situation. However, the persistent and consistent attack of malaria and typhoid fever on a victim is contingent on the nature of environment and the socio-economic position of the victim. The intention of this study therefore, is to investigate the influence of environment and the socio-economic status of those that are constantly threatened by the diseases in Nigeria, with the overall aim to see how environment and social status affects human health and to proffer solution that will help to maintain a hygienic and clean environment.
Keywords: poverty, victim, socio-economic status, environment, malaria fever, typhoid fever

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