IOSR-JHSS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-5 ~ Nov-Dec-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exchange Rate Management and the Manufacturing Sector Performance in the Nigerian Economy
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Dr. Christopher Ehinomen || Mr. Tomilade Ibrahim Oladipo
	:	10.9790/0837-0550112

Abstract:Since Nigeria is heavily factor-input import dependent, the inability to locally source the required inputs in the manufacturing sector in the country is a chronic problem. Consequently, the exchange rate plays an important role in the ability of the economy to attain a realistic growth in the manufacturing sector. This study examined the impact of exchange rate management on the growth of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression analysis, using E-view was employed. The study covered the periods of 1986-2010 with the use of time-series data. The empirical result of this study shows that depreciation which forms part of the structural adjustment policy (SAP) 1986, and which dominated the period under review has no significant relationship with the manufacturing's sector productivity. It was found that in Nigeria,

[1] Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Report and Statement of Account (various editions)
[2] Manufacturers association of Nigeria MAN. Newsletter Publication (various issues).
[3] E. Ubok-Udom, Currency depreciation and domestic output growth in Nigeria, the Nigeria Journal of economics and social studies. 1999.
[4] O.J.K. Ogundele, Determinants of Entrepreneurial Emergence Behaviour and Performance in Nigeria. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Faculty of Business Administration, University of Lagos. (2000)
[5] Malik, Teal F, Baptists, The Performance of Nigerian Manufacturing Firms. Report of the Nigerian Manufacturing Survey. Centre for the study of African Economics University of Oxford, U.K. (2006)
[6] World Development Report. The World Bank Washington Dc. Various Editions
[7] C.M. Anyanwu, Productivity in the Nigerian Manufacturing Industry. Research Dept. CBN available at www.cenbank.org/oui/publication (2006)

Abstract:The need to correct the existing structural distortions in Nigerian agricultural sector and put the economy on the path of sustainable growth is compelling. This raises the question of what monetary policy to adopt to develop the agricultural sector in order to realize the potentials of the sector. The broad objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the monetary policies in promoting agricultural development in Nigeria. Secondary data were used in this study. The data were sourced from the publications of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) such as CBN statistical bulletin, CBN statements of Accounts and annual reports, as well as Federal Office Statistics (now National Bureau of Statistics) Publications of relevant years. The relevant variables for which data were sourced include: Minimum Re-discount Rate (MRR), Treasury Bill Rate (TBR), broad money supply (M2), agricultural sector output and index of agricultural production at 1990 base year for the period 1970 to 2010. The method of analysis used in this study is the Ordinary Least Square method (OLS) using E-view. The results of the analyses showed that although CBN's monetary policies play crucial role in influencing the level of agricultural productivity in the country, it has not recorded significant progress in terms of providing enabling environment for better performance in the agricultural sector. It is consequently recommended that the Central Bank of Nigeria should introduce more monetary instruments that are flexible enough to meet the ever-growing financial sector in order to attract both domestic and foreign investors; while more stringent punishment should be made for non-compliance to the monetary policies by financial institutions..
Keywords:Monetary policy, Agricultural productivity, Least Square, Monetary Instruments, and Investment.

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Abstract:Occupational shift has become a common trend among the handicraft artisans in the changing economic situation of 20th century world. The traditional brass artisan community of Assam; the Morias also show no difference in this regard. Once, the trusted canon and gun makers during Ahom regime and at present the traditional brass item manufacturer of Assamese society, the Morias are now a very backward community from economic, social and academic point of view. Present situation compels them to switch over to other tertiary activities abandoning their traditional brass metal work. But despite of these a group of enthusiastic Morias are trying to revive their traditional brass work.
Key Words:Moria Community, Brass Crafting, Economic backwardness, Traditional occupation, Occupational shift.

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Abstract:The research study takes a look at the impact of effective Planning on Organizational Productivity using Sterling bank Nigeria Plc as a case study. However, the research study makes use of primary data of questionnaire analysis and the estimation technique adopted in the study is spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the objectives of the study is to determine the relationship between effective planning and organizational productivity and to also to examine whether effective Planning leads to employees performance in an organization. More over, two hypotheses were tested using the spearman's rank correlation coefficient and the results revealed that effective planning has a relationship with organizational productivity and that effective planning lead to employee's performance in an organization. Therefore, the study concludes and recommends that managers time and attention is that of improving productivity in Sterling bank is very important for both survival and maintenance of profit margins in the bank, therefore the bank should measure productivity on how well resources are combined and utilized to accomplish specific desirable results to be able to achieve its objectives on organizational need, articulate its strategies and carefully pursue them.
Key words: Effective Planning, Productivity, Sterling bank, Employees' Performance, Organizational Objective.

[1] Asika, N. (1991) Research Methodology in the Behavioral Services, a textbook 2nd edition, pg 33-45, Longman Publication Limited, Lagos.
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[4] Bernard M. (1960) Bass in Leadership, Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, a textbook 2nd edition, pg 88-89, New York Harper and Brothers Publication.
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Abstract:Employing time series data from 1970 to 2009, sourced from the Central Bank Statistical Records, on an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-Bound Test Model to test for the long and short run impact of financial deregulation and the possibility of credit crunch towards the real sector, our results interestingly reveals that deregulating the Nigerian financial system had an adverse boomerang effect on the credits allocated to the real sectors in the long run, and in the short run, financial liberalization was in all insignificant and negative. On investigating the presence of credit crunch in the long and short run, our results leads us to the conclusion that Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria have a strong discriminating credit behaviour towards the real sectors (Agriculture, Manufacturing) and the SMEs, as credit crunch is present in these sectors, in both the short and long run indicative by the inverse relationship between increasing deposit liabilities that makes up savings and the credit that flows to these sectors. Suggesting that credit crunch does exist in Nigeria, when the focus is narrowed down to vital sectorial level that can save the economy and not shallow aggregates that deceives us, to thing all is well. .
Keywords-Financial Liberalization, Credit to Private Sector Components, ARDL-Bound Test, Credit Crunch

[1] Adegeye, A.I. and J.S. Ditto, (1985): Essential of Agricultural Economies. New Edn., Impact Publishers , Ibadan, Nigeria.
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The Economist Magazine, August 7th-13th 2007. Accessible at: www.dawodu.com/ewegbemi1.htm FAO- Food and Agricultural Organisation (2011): Online: http://faostat.fao.org/home
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Taxation As A Fiscal Policy Instrument For Income Redistribution Among Lagos State Civil Servants. (A Case Study of Lagos State Civil Servants)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olusanya Samuel Olumuyiwa || Peter Medunoye || Oyebo Afees Oluwatosin
	:	10.9790/0837-0556070

Abstract: The research study vividly looks at Taxation as a Fiscal Policy Instrument for Income Redistribution among Lagos State Civil Servants, a case study of Lagos State Civil Servant. However, the research study make use of primary data analysis and questionnaire were distributed to one hundred and fifty (150) respondents civil servant employee of Lagos State Government and spearman's rank correlation coefficient was adopted as the estimation techniques. More over, the objectives of the study is to examine whether taxation as a fiscal policy instrument can be used for income redistribution among the Lagos civil servants and also to examine whether Income re-distribution can improve the welfare of Lagos State Civil Servants. More so, two research hypotheses were tested using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient using 5% level of significance and the result revealed that taxation as a fiscal policy instrument can be used for income redistribution among the Lagos civil servants and that income re-distribution has help to improve the welfare of Lagos State Civil Servants. Therefore the study then recommend and concludes that Government should create a transparent and accountable system to ensure that tax is used to build a more equitable society, redistribute wealth and attract investment flows into the state and Government should bridge the gap between the rich and the poor by taxing the rich high and using the tax proceeds to provide basic amenities for the masses in Lagos State.
Keywords: Taxation, Fiscal Policy issue, Income-redistribution, Investment flow, Wealth, Welfare, Civil Servant.

[1] Adebayo, A. (1999) Simplified Economics (2nd Ed). Lagos: African International Publishing Ltd.
[2] Ademowo, O. A. (1999) Taxation on Welfarism of Nigerian Workers, a Journal of Social Science, University of Ibadan, Vol, 4, pages 1 – 16, University Press, Ibadan.
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[5] Anyanwuocha, R. A. (1993). Fundamentals of Economics for Senior Secondary Schools (8th Ed). Onitsha: Africana Feb Publishers.
[6] Chete and Adeoye (2003) Taxation as a fiscal policy tool for development of Nigerian economy, a Journal of Social Science, University of Ibadan, vol. 4 pages 63 – 72, University Press, Ibadan.
[7] Dada, B. (2007). Public Finance in Nigeria, Lagos: F. B. Ventures.
[8] Fagbemi, O. A. (1964). Taxation as a means of economic development Lagos: Fadec Ltd.
[9] Fasoto, F. (2008, April), General Overview of Tax Administration. Paper Presented at 2008 Stakeholders‟ Conference for Professional associations, Lagos.
[10] Iheanyi, N. (2007, August, 13) Huge tax Revenues: Does it correlate with infrastructural development? Business Day, Pg 29.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determinants of Lending Behaviour Of Commercial Banks: Evidence From Nigeria, A Co-Integration Analysis (1975-2010)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olusanya, Samuel Olumuyiwa || Oyebo Afees Oluwatosin || Ohadebere Emmanuel Chukwuemeka
	:	10.9790/0837-0557180

Abstract: The research study takes a look at determinants of lending behaviour of commercial banks in Nigeria: a Co-integration analysis between 1975 to 2010. However, the study make use of secondary data and series of Econometrics techniques were adopted, to justify the long run relationship between Commercial bank and its lending behaviour over the period of analysis. More over, the study investigates the level of commercial banks loan advances in Nigeria and to also examine those various determinants of commercial banks lending behavior in Nigerian. More so, the model used is estimated using Nigerian commercial bank Loan and advances (LOA) and other determinants such as Volume of deposits (Vd), annual average exchange rate of the naira to dollar (Fx) for the period of thirty-seven (37) years, Investment Portfolio (Ip), Interest rate (lending rate) (Ir), Gross domestic product at current market price (Gdp) and Cash reserve requirement ratio (Rr). However, the model result reveals that there is positive relationship between Loan and advances and Volume of deposits, annual average exchange rate of the naira to dollar, Gross domestic product at current market price and cash reserve requirement ratio except Investment portfolio and Interest rate (lending rate) that have a negative relationship. It was also revealed from the result that there is a long run relationship between Loan and advances and all the explanatory variables in the model and this shows that commercial bank has a lot of impact of their lending behaviour. Finally the study recommend and conclude that commercial bank should endeavour to create more deposit in other to improve their lending behaviour and should enforce the most easily realizable policies and good credit management in every situation.
Keywords: Investment Portfolio, Lending rate, Deposits, Exchange rate, Cash reserve, Gross domestic Product and Loan and advances.

[1] Adedoyin and Shobodun (1991) Lending in Banking Business, Problems and Prospect,3rd edition, pg 23-34, Saiye Printers, Lagos.Agu C.C (1988) Nigerian Banking structure and performance, the banking system contributes to economic Development, Studied. Onitsha African FEP Publishers.
[2] Ajayi D (1978) Deposit Rates in a deregulated Regime and its implications, vol 3, pg 55-67, University Press limited.Akpanuko and Acha, (2010). "Instability in the Banking industry; Is Dynamic
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[4] Amassoma, Massona J.D, Nwosu PI, and Ofere A.F, (2011) The nexus of interest rate deregulation, lending rate and Agricultural Productivity in Nig, Project for Dept of Econ, Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji Arakeji, Osun State and the Bell University Abeokuta. Ogun State both in Nigeria.
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[6] Acha, G. (2011) Does bank financial intermediation cause growth in developing Economies, the Nigerian Experience, Interbond business and Management, 3 (1) Pg 156-161.
[7] Bagehot S. (1983) Profitability and its implication, 2nd edition, pg 44-57 Homewood: Richard Irvin Publication. BOFIA (1998) Requirement for Investment and Lending behaviour in Nigeria banking industry.
[8] Buckle and Thompson (1998) The UK Financial system 3rd edition London Manchester University Press.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Relationship Between Psychodemograhic Factors And Perceived Stigmatization Among People Living With Hiv/Aids In Ibadan, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olalekan T. Kazeem
	:	10.9790/0837-0558187

Abstract:The issue of perceived stigmatization among PLWHAs remains a major hindrance in the prevention and post-exposure control of HIV/AIDS. The relationship between HIV/AIDS cognition (HAC), HIV self-disclosure (HSD) and perceived stigmatization (PS) was investigated. The influence of age and gender on PS was also examined. PLWHA (N=421) in Ibadan, Nigeria were purposively selected to participate in the cross-sectional study, using a 70-item structured self report questionnaire. A positive relationship of HAC (r=.10, df =421, P<.05) and HSD (r=.60, df =421, P<.05) with PS was observed. A 2x2x2x2 factorial analysis showed that young females with poor HAC, but high on HSD (n=38, =106.57, SD=4.8) were most likely to experience Perceived stigmatization. HAC and HSD jointly predicted PS (R2=.36; F (2,418) =120.29; P<.05). Female PLWHA experience PS more than males (t (419) =-4.40; P <.05). Age had no significant influence on PS. This establishes that a relationship exist between HAC, HSD, and PS. Policies and actions should therefore focus on these issues in HIV prevention, care and support.
Key words: HIV self- disclosure, Stigmatization, psychosocial factors, HIV self- disclosure, Nigeria.

[1] Adejumo, A.O. (2004). The influence of psychosocial factors and the effectiveness of behavioural techniques on HIV sexual risk behaviour among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria. Unpublished doctorate thesis of the University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.pp. 211-231.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Causality between Monetary Policy and Economic Growth in Pre- and Post- Deregulated Nigeria Economy. (1970-2009)
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Olusanya, Samuel Olumuyiwa || Akinade Olushina Matthew
	:	10.9790/0837-0558898

Abstract:The research study takes a look at analysis of Causality between Monetary Policy and Economic Growth in Pre- and Post- deregulated Nigeria Economy (1970-2009). Granger causality analysis was used in order to test the hypotheses about the presence of causality between Money supply and Economic Growth. The study, using annual data covering the period between 1970-1985, 1986-2009 and 1970- 2009, showed causality relationship from economic growth (GDP) to money supply (MS) in the pre-deregulation era, which implies that there is causality relationship from economic growth to money supply (MS). In the post-deregulation era there is no casual relationship between economic growth (GDP) and money supply (MS). However, in the whole period 1970-2009 economic growth (GDP) is the cause of money supply (MS) in the pre-deregulation era, which implies that there is causality relationship from economic growth to money supply (MS). In other words, there is a one-way relationship between Money supply (MS) and economic growth (GDP).
Keywords: Money supply, Economic Growth, Granger Causality test, Deregulation Economy, Economic Growth.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Opportunities and Challenges of FDI in Retail in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rajib Bhattacharyya
	:	10.9790/0837-05599109

Abstract:The spectacular and unprecedented growth of FDI in the global economic landscape over the last two decades has made it an integral part of the development strategy of both the developed and developing nations. It acts as a major catalyst in the development of a country through up-gradation of technology, managerial skills and capabilities in various sectors. Rise in purchasing power, growing consumerism and brand proliferation has led to retail modernization in India. The growing Indian market has attracted a number of foreign retailers and domestic corporate to invest in this sector. FDI in the retail can expand markets by reducing transaction and transformation costs of business through adoption of advanced supply chain and benefit consumers and suppliers (farmers). Oppositions have raised concerns about employment losses, promotion of unhealthy competition among organized domestic retailers resulting in exit of small domestic retailers from the market and distortion of urban cultural development. The present paper focuses on the overview of the Indian retail sector along with the opportunities of expansion of FDI in retail in India and the major challenges that it faces.
Key Words: FDI, Indian retail sector, Opportunities and Challenges, Impact on Stakeholders.

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