IOSR-JHSS   Volume-5 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec-2012

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Circumfixation: Interface of Morphology and Syntax in Igbo Derivational Morphology
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	B.M. Mbah
	:	10.9790/0837-0560108

Abstract:This study is an attempt to describe circumfixation in the Igbo language. Its specific objectives include determining how circumfixation applies within and across lexical boundaries in the language. It tries to identify the types of circumfix in the language. It examines the tonal changes that occur in the process of circumfixation. The approach adopted in the study is morpho-syntactic. It shows how syntactic patterns are modifed to form morphological forms. The paper found out that circumfixation, contrary to popular view, is prevalent in the language. Furthermore, quite unlike in many languages where it has been reported to be highly irregular; it is to a large extent regular in Igbo. Tone plays an important role in the formation of words through circumfixation. After circumflection, the tone pattern of the root or stem is changed though the syllable structure of Igbo is retained. The discontinuous parts of the circumfix are each a syllable, one at the beginning and the other at the end of the root word. There are two types of circumflection in the language: the obligatory complement taking and the non-obligatory complement taking circumfixation. The non-obligatory complement taking circumfixation usually forms a free form, which can stand independently as any other lexical item of the language. On the contrary, in the obligatory complement taking circumfixation, the nature of the complement determines whether the discontinuous end of the circumfix is desyllabified or otherwise. If the following complement begins in a vowel, the circumfix loses the syllable status of the discontinuous end of the circumfix. It turns into a liaison thereby making the circumfix function as a bridge between the root word and the complement. The exception to this rule is in forming negatives. In the latter situation, a compound form is created while in the former two words in associative construction are recognised.

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[10] Ihezuonu, G.C. (2011). "Mgbakwụnye Ndịna Gburugburu". A Paper Presented in the Doctoral Seminar Series, Department of Igbo, African and Asian Studies, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka Kayne, R.S. (1994). The Antisymmetry of Syntax. Massachusets: MIT

Abstract:This paper investigates the impact of oil and gas exploration on the host communities of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. It is pertinent to note that while the people of the Niger Delta Region may have benefited from oil and gas exploration, the adverse economic, environmental, health, social, urbanization impacts of the operations outweigh the benefits. Among the negative impacts are emergence of new diseases, change in water quality, a reduction in the quality of mangroves, infertility of farm land, collapse of fisheries and shift in regional climate. However, despite the negative impacts, majority of the residents would still prefer that the oil companies change the way they conduct business rather than close oil and gas exploration in the region.

[1] Afinotan L.A and Ojakorotu (2009) The Niger Delta crisis: issues, challenges and prospects. African Journal of Political Science and international relations Vol. 3 (5), pp. 191-198, May.
[2] C. O. Opukri & Ibaba S. Ibaba(2005). Sabotage induced Oil Spillages and Human Right. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Volume 12, No.2: 13
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Abstract:Health and social care profession is one of the most common professions in contemporary Britain. The health and social care industry is currently one of UK\'s largest employers. Over the years, there have been developments in the profession with more recognition to its status and more people getting into the work force. One major change to the profession is the creation of professional organisations which seems to protect and add more value to the profession. These professional organisations lay down ethical standards that professionals have to abide to in order to practice ethically. Some approaches to the ethical standards are normative (that is, they present standard of right or good action), others are descriptive (that is, they report what people believe and how they act), and still others analyze the concepts and methods of ethics (Beauchamp and Childress 1994). The morally prescribed behaviour (i.e., the "right" thing to do) would be a person's ethical duty, or moral obligation, in that situation. A theory of obligation is also a normative ethical theory because it presents rules of right and wrong conducts that apply to everyone

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Abstract:The feminist always tries to restore the tarnished image of the woman and glorify it. One evident trait among all the contemporary women writers in Indian writings in English is the revolutionary spirit with which they strive to write. Their writings are an explosion of suppressed desires and pent up feelings that have long been gathered. Women writers have proved that their writings are serious and require attention. They handle things efficiently balancing tradition and womanhood. To be a feminist is to be able to create a specific feminine mode of writing, fighting for the liberation of womenfolk in subjugation and all those forces within and outside the society that troubled the neat categories of the family and mutilated the feminine side of a woman. The infiltration of the western culture gave a serious blow to the Indian traditional life and women who epitomes were upholding the family regime gradually became transformed into women in search of their sole identities and in search of a liberated independence.

[1] Singh, Sushila, "Outlining Feminist Literary Criticism" in Feminism and Literature: New Point of View, ed. By K.K.Sharma, K.K Pub., Delhi, 1996 p-3
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[6] Despande Shashi , Literature and Gender, Directorate of Distance Education
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Abstract:Under the research question of what are the indicators of tribal fertility, a cross sectional study of 1376 ever-married women was conducted in tribal dominated areas of Manipur valley under cluster sampling scheme. The survey was performed during May, 2009 to December, 2009. In addition to the classical statistical tests leading to varied fertility indicators, binary logistic regression explores the determinants of 3rd birth transition. The fertility of tribal women (3.1) is significantly higher than that of non-tribal (2.6). Low education (P<0.01), sex of 2nd birth (P<0.05) and couple's desire number of son (P<0.01) have been detected to be major causes of 3rd birth transition in the population..
Keywords-tribal fertility, odds ratio, third birth, education, son preference

[1] Bhagat, R. B. and Chattopadhyay, A., 2004, Characteristics and correlates of tribal fertility: A comparative study of selected tribes. Demography India, 33(2): 295-310.

[2] Dharmalingam, A, 1996, The social context of family size preferences and fertility behabiour in a South Indian village. Genus, 52: 83-103.

[3] Hussain, R., Fikree, F. F., Berendes, H. W., 2000, The role of son preference in reproductive behavior in Pakistan. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation, 78(3): 379-388.

[4] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2007, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3): 2005-06, India: Key Findings.

[5] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), 2008, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-06, Manipur: 46.

[6] Khawaja, M. and Randall, A., 2006, Intifada Palestinian fertility and women's education. Genus, LXII (1): 21-51.

[7] Mason, K. O., 1992, Family change and support of elderly in Asia: What do we know? Asia Pacific Population Journal, 7(3): (East West Centre Reprint Series No. 286).

[8] Nanda, S., 2005, Cultural determinants of human fertility: A study of tribal population in Orissa. Anthropologist, 7(3): 221-227.

[9] Nath, D. C. and Deka, A. K., 2004, The importance of son in a traditional society: How elderly parents see it? Demography India, 33(1): 33-46.

[10] Nath, D. C. and Leonetti, D. L., 2011, Correlates of coital patterns in a traditional Indian society. In: R.C. Yadava (ed). Dynamics of population change (Emerging issues of 21st Century). Shipra Publication, Delhi: 57-67..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Honour Killings and Law in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Puneet Kaur Grewal
	:	10.9790/0837-0562831

Abstract: The paper aims at highlighting the legal provisions to tackle with the crime of honour killing. The introductory part gives a glimpse of what is honour killing and which acts are considered dishonourable by the family or community. Certain acts and behaviour of individuals could become reasons for him or her to be killed by his or her own family especially male family members or the community. The next part illustrates various legal provisions in the Indian Constitution which can be used to put to stop these honour killings in the country. These laws can be used as a tool to put behind bars the khap panchayat members who give orders of killing individuals for the sake of so called honour. The next part explains the international provisions related to honour crimes to which India is signatory. The paper questions as to why despite all these provisions killings are rampant in the present times.
Keywords: Crime, Honour killings, International provisions, Law, Rights

[1] Amnesty International (1999). "Pakistan: Honour Killings of Girls and Women" viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://www.amnesty.org/en/library).
[2] Amnesty International (2001). "Broken Bodies, Shattered Minds: Torture and ill Treatment of Women", 6 March 2001, viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ACT40/001/2001).
[3] "CEDAW" (1979) Part 4, Article16, viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://sim.law.uu.nl/SIM/Library/HRinstruments.nsf/ec7e20097a57a8f2c1256900004b35db/7a2bc4a2abc904b3c125663a0036afc7? OpenDocument).
[4] "Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women" UN Document Series Symbol: ST/H/, UN Issuing Body: Secretariat Centre for Human Rights, Proclaimed by the General Assembly Resolution 48/104 of 20 December 1993, viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/48/a48r104.htm).
[5] Farlex (2007). "Honour Killings", The Free Dictionary, viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/honor+killing).
[6] Gezer, Murat (2001). "Honour Killing Perpetrators Welcomed by Society", Today‟s Zaman 12 July 2008, Viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://www.todayszaman.com/tzweb/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=147349&bolum=101).
[7] Hassan, Yasmeen (1995). Heaven Becomes Hell: A Study of Domestic Violence in Pakistan (Lahore, Shirkat Gah).
[8] "Honour Killing" (2007). The Oxford Dictionary of Law Enforcement (Oxford, Oxford University Press) viewed on 17 July 2011 (http://www.answers.com/topic/honor-killing-1).
[9] "Human Rights Act 1998", Wikipedia: The Free Encylopedia, viewed on 17 July 2011. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998).
[10] "Indian Majority Act", Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopaedia, Modified on 25 September 2010, viewed on 9 June 2011 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Majority_Act).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Journey Toward Oxbow Lake Formation and Associated Change in Human Mosaic: Study on Kalindri River of Malda District
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Swades Pal, Shyamal Kumar Kar
	:	10.9790/0837-0563239

Abstract:This paper aims to illustrate the phases of oxbow lake formation in Kalindri river adjacent of Naogharia region and how over time being these oxbow lakes have converted into wetlands of multifaceted resource pools. At the same time it is also being attempted to show how the dynamics of river course is entangled with dynamism of population migration, settlement shifting, occupational shifting, and change of economic activities. Consultations of some old maps, local peoples' perceptions, time to time field survey etc. have done to prepare this article. It is found that two successive oxbow lakes formation and frequent over spilling events have direct impact on shifting of higher class population and settlement but the soil Childs are more interested to adjust with the situation. Poor sections of people have been adjusting themselves with changing physical setup and they have no anguish for frequent rehabilitation. Process of oxbow lake formation has also generated an excellent fertile land and which is considered to be a agricultural hotspot. Similarly, formation of oxbow lake wetland has generated good livelihood stability with ample opportunities of fishing, shelling, crabbing, hydrophytic vegetable production, wetland based irrigation non monsoon agriculture practices etc.
Keywords: River shifting, Oxbow lake formation, Oxbow lake wetland, Settlement shift, Livelihood generation, Formation of fertile land, Land use change, Agricultural intensification.

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[6] Constantine, José; Dunne, Thomas, Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes, Geology 36 (1), 2008. [7] Hickin, Edward J. "Meandering Channels". In Middleton, Gerard V.. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. New York: Springer. 2002, p. 432. [8] Majumdar, Dr. R.C., History of Ancient Bengal, first published 1971, reprint 2005, p. 4, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata.
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Local Government Expenditure Allocation toward Human Development Index at Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Sanusi Fattah , Aspa Muji
	:	10.9790/0837-0564050

Abstract:This research is carried out at Jeneponto regency in South Sulawesi based on the data from 1998 until 2007. We use multiple regression models to estimate and analyze the effect of government expenditure on human development index in Jeneponto. The result of this study shows that the allocation of government expenditure on education, health and infrastructure have a positive and significant effect to improve Human Development Index in Jeneponto regency during the period of investigation.
Key words: Government Expenditure, Human Development Index, Multiple Regression Model

[1] A. Sen, Development Economics-Which Way New? Economic Journal, 193(372), 1983.

[2] A. Sulaiman, Studi kependudukan dan Sumber Daya Manusia (Makassar, Indonesia: Program Pasca Sarjana Universitas Hasanuddin, 2005).

[3] Mulyadi, Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia dalam perspektif Pembangunan (Jakarta, Indonesia: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada, 2003).

[4] Suparmoko, Keuangan Negara dalam Teori dan Praktek, Edisi 5, (Yogyakarta, Indonesia: BPFE, 1986).

[5] K. Mudrajad, Desentralisasi Fiskal di Indonesia: Dilema Otonomi dan Ketergantungan, Prisma, 4, 1995, 3-17.

[6] A.M. Amien, Penyelenggaraan Negara dari Perspektif Kemandirian Lokal dalam Amandemen UUD 1945 dari Perspektif Kemandirian Lokal (Makassar, Indonesia: Penerbit Universitas Hasanuddin, 1999).

[7] H.Subiyantoro, National Seminar on the Relevance of Expenditure and Human Development (Jeneponto, Indonesia: August 2007). [8] A.Syaukani, Gaffar, and Ryaas, 2002. Otonomi Daerah dalam Negara Kesatuan. Pusat Pengkajian Etika Politik dan Pemerintahan (Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Pelajar, 2002).

[9] A.Dajan, Pengantar Metode Statistik (Jakarta, Indonesia: Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan, dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial UI, 1986).

[10] Sugiyono, Metode Penelitian Administrasi, (Bandung, Indonesia: CV. Alfabeta, 2005).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Impacts of Colonialism on Religions: An Experience of South-western Nigeria.
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Ahamad Faosiy Ogunbado, Ph.D.
	:	10.9790/0837-0565157

Abstract:Exploitation by a stronger country of weaker one or the use of the weaker country's resources to strengthen and enrich the stronger country is what is termed as colonialism. Henceforth, many parts of the world in general and African continent in particular experienced this phenomenon. Nigeria as one of important countries in Africa experienced exploitation between 1861 and 1960 under the Great Britain. Its advent had impact on many things such as politics, economy, religion, education and social set up of the country. Therefore, the paper intends to explore the impact of this phenomenon on religions in south-western Nigeria. The paper discusses the two religions (Traditional and Islam) which had been known in this region long before the period of colonialism. It also looks into the negative and positive of its impacts. It hashes out various resistances from the masses and how British government overpowers them. The paper is library-oriented research which means data and materials are drawn from books, articles, magazines and relevant websites. In other words, qualitative research methodology is used. Among others, the finding shows that there are two religions on ground before the advent of colonialism. It also shows that the advent of colonialism added another religion which is known as Christianity to the existing ones. It also discovered that the negative outweigh the positive impacts.
Keywords:Christianity, Colonialism, Impact, Islam, Religion, Yoruba Traditional.

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