IOSR-JHSS   Volume-6 ~ Issue-5 ~ Jan-Feb-2013

Abstract:This study focused on the new perspectives to Nigeria's foreign policy towards China. It assessed the opportunities presented by the rise of China for Nigeria's foreign and domestic policies. This was with a view to identify strategies that can accommodate the growing power of China while consolidating the gains of Nigeria's interactions with the Western powers. The central argument is that Nigeria need to restructure its foreign policy to accommodate the new realities of China's emergence as a global economic power. Explicating this new frontier in foreign policy administration in the context in which Nigeria has traditionally focused on Western Europe and North America in her foreign policy outlook constitutes the main problematic of this study. This study relied on primary and secondary sources. The sample size used for the interview was 25 respondents. Since the study is a qualitative research, the descriptive method of data analysis was employed. The study among other things reveals that: the constraints imposed by Nigeria's near-total reliance on the policy directives of the leading Western economies since the beginning of the 21st century adversely affected its pace of development; and that the nature of Nigeria's economy is partly a function of some of its unsuccessful domestic and foreign policies. It concludes that there is a dire need to restructure Nigeria's foreign policy.
Keywords: Nigeria-China interaction, foreign policy, development, oil for infrastructure/cash.

[1] Adekola, O.G., (2011) M.Sc. Thesis. Nigeria‟s Foreign Policy towards China in Post Cold War Era (1989 -2009).
[2] Ajayi, K. Seeking equality in an unequal world: Nigeria and the permanent Security Council seat aspiration. University of Ado-
Ekiti, Nigeria 22nd Inaugural Lecture delivered on Tuesday, 12th January, 2010. Published by The University of Ado-Ekiti Press
(2009).
[3] Akinrinade, O. Foreign policy cooperation in developing states. Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU) , Ile-Ife, Nigeria Inaugural
Lecture Series 178. OAU Press Limited (2005).
[4] Alden, C. China in Africa (African Argument). Zed books (London/New York, 2007). David Philip (Cape Town, 2007) in
association with International African Institute, Royal African Society& Social Science Research Council.
[5] Alexander, A. "Pawn or Partner". available at http://www.china-in- africa/index.php/option=com content& task=view&id=3 &
item=33.
[6] Booker, S. and Ann – Louise, C. African Policy Outlook 2006, Africa Action, Washington D.C., U.S. available at
http://www.africaaction.org.
[7] Cedoz, F. Thinking beyond OPEC, Journal of International Security Affairs, No. 10, Spring- 2006.
[8] Chapter II, section 19 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
[9] China‟s Foreign Affairs (A compendium by the Department of Policy Planning Ministry of Foreign Affairs People‟s Republic of
China). 2007 edition. World Affairs Press.
[10] China and Africa. 2006. Excerpts from the speech made by Chinese President Hu Jintao at Nigerian Parliament on April 27, 2006.
China Intercontinentals Press.

Abstract: Public policy decision making has become more complex and complicated in recent times. Some authors have attributed this to the fact that public policy decision makers now have more variables to consider in every decision more than ever before. Others have argued that the rate of civilization, globalization and information technology has made the public to be more enlightened and abreast with the activities of government and so can oppose government decisions if they are unfavourable. This tends to increase government need for more and better information in order to satisfy the public. Consequently, this paper examined the issue of fuel subsidy removal in Nigeria, the impact of the policy on the public as well as the country and the role marketing principles would have played if the Nigerian government had taken some time to investigate what should be done, how it should be done and when it should be done. It also proposed a roadmap for future policies that have direct implications for the general public.
Key words: decision making, fuel subsidy, government, marketing, policy, public

[I] Agbon, I. (2012). IMF and Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria, Retrieved from: http://www.seunfakeze.wordpress.com/... /imf-andfuel-
subsidy-removal-in-nigeria.
[2] Ajaero, C. (2012). Nigeria Grounded as Protests over Fuel Subsidy Removal Cripple Activities Nationwide, Newswatch,
Vol.55. No.2, Jan 23, 14-23.
[3] Akanbi, F. and Agbo, M. (2012). Strike: Nigerians Count their Losses, This Day, Sunday, January 15, 24.
[4] Alan, W. (2006). Marketing Research: An Integrated Approach, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
[5] Alexander, C. (2012). Fuel Subsidy Removal: Repositioning Nigeria Economy, Businessday, January 9, Retrieved from:
http://www. Businessday online.com.
[6] Aliu, A.O. (2011). Former NUPENG president opposes proposed policy, Guardian, Tuesday, October11, 48.
[7] Balouga, J. (2012). The Political Economy of Oil Subsidy in Nigeria, International Association for Energy Economics, Second
Quarter, 31-35.
[8] Beri, G.C. (2008). Marketing Research, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Companies.
[9] Brent, J.R. and LaBrèque, R.J. (1975). Marketing Research and Public Policy: A Functional Perspective, Journal of Marketing, Vol
39, No. 3,12-19.

Abstract:The hospitality demand pattern in the Northern Nigeria is assuming an interesting dimension in the recent times. The traditional apathy for eating out is giving way to an increasing demand for function catering which leaves unsatisfied demand especially during weekends and festive periods. This paper investigated the changing pattern of demand for the hospitality industry. A survey of randomly selected users from Sokoto, Kano and Bauchi towns, totalling 300 respondents revealed that the level of socialisation has broken the cultural barriers in demand for accommodation, food and drinks. A mean test analysis showed a strong preference for use of restaurants, banquet halls, canopies and recreational areas during weekends and festive periods such as Sallah and Christmas for reception and hosting of important events; 87% of the respondents and their families personally engaged in one kind of functions or the other. The implication of this finding is that while many big hotels may experience low occupancies, those who are into outdoor catering may be faced with pressures of trying to cope with demand. It is therefore recommended that hospitality investors in Northern Nigeria should shift emphasis from building the so called 'big hotels' to exploring the fallow or vacant demand ground for function catering.
Keywords: Hospitality demand Hotel and Catering supply Function catering

[1] WTTC (2006), World Travel and Tourism, Climbing to New Heights, London, available at: http://www.wttc.org.
[2] J Anstu, Challenges of marketing hospitality services in Northern Nigeria, .Postgraduate Diploma project. NIHOTOUR Bauchi, 2007
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locality. Geoforum, 25, 227–248
[4] Page, V. (2012) "Opportunities in Nigeria's hospitality and retail sectors‟. Frontier Market Intelligence. Tradeinvest Nigeria, 19 Jan
2012
[5] Faulkner, B. and Valerio, P. (1995) 'An integrative approach to tourism demand forecasting', Tourism Management 16(1): 29-37.
[6] Crouch, G. I. (1994a) 'The study of international tourism demand: a survey of practice', Journal of Travel Research Spring: 41-55.
(Presents an overview of empirical studies on international tourism demand over three decades.)
[7] C Cooper , J fletcher and S Wanhill, The future of tourism (Eds.), Tourism: Principles and Practice, Pitman Publishing, London
(1993), pp. 265–277
[8] Bisema, B. F. (2009). Hotel Demand Segmentation 101: Identifying Demand Segments and Understanding How They Relate to
Property Performance Available http:/www.hus.com/Personnel/530/Brian-Bisema/ .Retrieved 5/11/2012
[9] But l er , R. (2006) . The futur e and the TALC. In R. But l er (Ed.) , The tour i sm a rea l i fe cycle: Conceptual and
theoretical issues, Vol. 2 (pp. 281–290). Clevedon: ChannelView Publications.
[10] Slattery, P., The Otus theory of hotel demand and supply, Int. J. Hospitality Manage. (2008),doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2008.06.005

Abstract:This paper investigates the willingness to pay for an improved waste management in Silchar municipal area under Cachar district in Assam. On an average, 63% of the households are willing to pay for improved waste management. It is therefore apparent that Silchar residents in general regard waste management as an environmental service as they are willing to pay for its provision. An open ended contingent valuation method was used to elicit households' willingness to pay for waste management. We used a multiple regression model to establish the determinants of willingness to pay. The multiple regression estimates revealed that those with a higher expenditure (proxy of income) are willing to pay for an improved waste management. This finding corroborates the environmental economic theory which assumes that the demand for an improved environmental quality increases with income. More aware the person the more they are willing to pay for improved waste management. Larger families are willing to pay for an improved provision of waste management services. Also, educated people are more willing to pay for improvement. Also the presence of working woman in the family does influence the willingness to pay.
Keywords: Contingent Valuation Method, Environmental service, Multiple regression model, Waste management, Willingness to Pay.

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[2] Willis, K.G., and Corkindale, J.T., Environment valuation, new perspectives (CAB International, Oxon, 1995).
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[4] Hanemann, W.M., Willingness to pay and willingness to accept: how much can they differ? American Economic Review, 81(3),
1991, 635-647.
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1989).
[6] Pearce, D.W., and Turner, R.K., Economics of natural resources and environment (Harvester Wheatsheaf, London, 1990).
[7] Jimson, L.S, Valuation of solid waste removal services in northern Lesotho: contingent valuation approach, Unpublished, M.A.
Dissertation, Dept. of Economics, University of Botswana, 2001.
[8] Niringiye, A. and Douglas, O.G., Determinants of willingness to pay for solid waste management in Kampala city, Current Research
Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 2010, 119-122.
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Oyo state, Nigeria, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(3), 2007, 233-239.
[10] Das, S. and K. Gogoi , Municipal solid waste management in India: a study of Tinsukia municipality of Assam in India, (VDM
Verlag Dr. Muller Gmbh & Co. KG, Germany, 2010).

Abstract: This study examines the utilisation of social media for the mobilisation of Nigerian youths during the 2011 General Elections. The survey research method was used with the questionnaire as instrument for data collection. Sample size for the study was 400 youths drawn from the ages between 18 to 40 years from the three (3) senatorial districts of Benue state. Findings revealed that political aspirants that used social media channels for campaigns had much support from the youths. The study recommended that the use of social media and other media should be complementary for the holistic mobilisation of the youths for political participation.

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[2] Dominick, J. R. (2009) The Dynamics of Mass Communication, Media in the Digital Age (10th Edition). London: McGraw-Hill.
[3] Dominick J.and Wimmer R. (2006) Mass Media Research: An introduction (9th ed.).Wadsworth. Publishers.
[4] Durkheim, E. (1982). Rules of Sociological Methods. New York: Free Press.
[5] Flew T. (2005) New Media, an Introduction. U.S: Oxford University Press
[6] Herring, S. (2004) "Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis: an Approach to Researching Online Behaviour. In S.A. Barab, R.
Kling & J. Gray (Eds.), Designing for Virtual Communities in the Service of Learning. New York: Cambridge University.
[7] Kelly J. and Etling, (2008). Mapping Iran‟s Online Public: Politics and Culture in the Persian logsphere. Berkman: Center Research
Publication, No. 2008-01, Harvard University. Press.
[8] Marshall, M. (1982) All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Simon and Schuster.
[9] Sparks G.G. (2002) "Media Effects Research" Canada: Wadsworth Publishers
[10] Adamic L. and Glance N. (2005). "The Political Blogosphere and the 2004 U.S Election Divided they Blog.‟2nd Annual Weblogging
Workshop, WWW 2005, May 10, Chiba, Japan.

Abstract: Suitable tools pave the way for successful accomplishment of objectives of any research program. Selection of tools for a particular study depends mostly on the availability of those tools appropriate for the purpose under consideration. Therefore, for selection of tool, it is necessary to survey the available tools to judge their suitability for the study in terms of their efficacy, coverage of variables and sample etc. Hence is the importance of review on tools in research.
Key words: Tool review, Creativity in Physics, Scientific Creativity, Psychometric Consideration.

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