IOSR-JHSS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ Jan-Feb-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Trade Unionism and the Enhancement of Workers' Welfare in Nigerian Maritime Sector: An Empirical Analysis.
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Stephen Adi Odey, Ph.D, Emeka, Josephat Owan, Ph.D, Ogabor, John Ofana
	:	10.9790/0837-0750108

Abstract: This study focuses on the influence of trade unionism and the enhancement of workers' welfare in Nigeria, using maritime workers' union of Nigeria as a case study. This relationship is analysed empirically, using the one-way analysis of variance and Pearson product moment correlation statistics were used to analyse the data. The findings showed that the level of negotiation adopted by union members exerts significant influence on workers' welfare. The study observed that the deprivation of workers from benefiting from their welfare package either by management or sometimes by ill-mannered union leaders was responsible for majority of the conflicts and strikes in work settings in our contemporary economy. Accordingly, trade unionism should be encouraged in all work settings and its leader vested with knowledge of industrial relations, union leaders should be individuals who seek after the welfare of its members and not their personal benefits.

[1] Adodo, D. A. (2005). An overview of the New Labour Act 2005 and its impacts on labour movement in Nigeria. A paper presented
at the conference of Senior Staff Association of Nigeria (SSANU), University of Ibadan, Ibadan. June, 15.
[2] Bacon, N. & Bylton P. (2004). Trade union responses to workplace restructuring: Exploring union orientations and actions. Work,
employment and society, 18 (4), 749-73.
[3] Beach, J. A. (1975). Trade Unionism: London: Coller – Macmaklan.
[4] Bridgeford, J. & Stirling, J. (2002) Trade union education in Europe. Brussels: ETUCO.
[5] Dalhatu, M. B. (2007). Public servants, trade unions and industrial relations in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Labour Law and
Industrial Relations 1(2), 21-25.
[6] Dundon, T. & Eva, D. (1998). Trade Unions and bargaining for skill. Employees Relations, 20 (1), 57-72.
[7] Fairbrother, P. & Yates, C. A. (2003). Trade union in renewal: A comparative study of trade union movements in five countries
continuum. London: Lapi Publishers.
[8] Fajana, S. (1995). Industrial relations in Nigeria. Lagos: Danaf Press.
[9] Fashoyin, T. (2002). National level social dialogue: Global trends and implications for Nigeria. A seminar paper organized for
Nigeria Ports Authority Staff. Otta, August 12.
[10] Gibson, H. & Donelly, K. (1999). Globalization and challenges of employment. Kaduna: Abaam publishers

Abstract: The study examined some social-psychological factors that affect sexual self disclosure among heterosexual adolescents in Nigeria. A sample of 172 University undergraduates comprising of 70 males and 102 females in the age bracket of 19 to 34 years were used. Using the independent t-test statistic, it was found out that age or sex is not a significant factor influencing sexual self disclosure. However, findings revealed that length of intimate relationship is a significant factor that influences sexual self disclosure [t (159) = 2.52; p .05]. Findings are therefore discussed in light of available literature and it is recommended that sexual self assertiveness skill acquisition should be taught adolescents in schools and homes to help them communicate sexual needs and initiate sexual behavior with intimate partners. It is assumed that such skills would help adolescents live a fulfilled marital life in later years and improve the effectiveness of preventive programmes for adolescents' sexual risk taking behaviors.
Keywords: Intimate Relationship, Sexual Self-Disclosure, Adolescents, Nigeria.

[1] Abler, R. M. and Sedlacet, W. E. (1989). Freshmen Sexual Attitudes and Behaviour over a 15-year period. Journal of College
Students Development, 30, 201-209.
[2] Adler, N.L., and Hendrick, S.S. (1991). Relationships between contraceptive behaviour and love attitudes, sex attitudes, and selfesteem. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 302-308.
[3] Altman, I., and Taylor D.A [1973]. Social penetration: The Development of Interpersonal Relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston.
[4] Besharov, D. and Gardiner, K. N. (1997). Trends in Teens Sexual Behaviour. Children and Youth Services Behaviour Review, 19,
341-368
[5] Brafford-Squires, L. (1998). Sexual Self-Esteem and its Relationship to Demographics, Sexual History, Relationship Context, and
Condom Use in College Students (Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(6-A),
19-30.
[6] Caldwell, M.A and Peplau, L.A. (1982). Sex Differences in Same-Sex Friendship. Sex Roles, 8(7), 721-732.
[7] Chiou, Wen-Bin and Wan, Chin-Sheng (2006). Sexual self disclosure among. Taiwanese adolescents: Gender differences and interplay
of cyberspace and real life. Cyber Psychology and Behaviour, 9(1) 46-53.
[8] Chug, L. C. and Vargas, G. J. (1999). Sexual Risk Taking Among Gay Men. CDC AIDS Surveillance,April,2003.
[9] Cubbin, C., Santelli, J., Brindis, C.D., & Braveman, P. (2005). Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents:
Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37, 125-134.
[10] Deaux, K., Dane, F.C., and Wrightsman, L.S. (1993). Social Psychology in the 1990s. (6th Edition). Pacific grove, CA: Brooks and
Cole.

Abstract:This is the first time that a comprehensive survey of Persian grammar evolution has been done. From the hundreds of Persian grammar books, this book was selected. this book were the pioneer to be the founder of innovative Persian grammar theories in their time and were the most influential on their addressees and till now they are still used in educational academic institutes for research and in Persian grammar research in Iran. The book by HomayounFarrokh is in 1142 pages. The research method in this study was based on descriptive and library and note taking method.The traditional grammar changes were studied and its ability to provide a scientific inclusive, comprehensive and economic theory was analyzes.The findings in this article can be used to provide a scientific, inclusive and comprehensive grammar book in which can lead to simpler and less voluminous books which are user-friendly and can reach grammar with more simplicity and in shorter period of time
Key words: Comprehensive Persian Grammar,Grammar, Descriptive Linguistics, Sentence,Traditional Grammar.

[1] AbbasiAhvazi, H. ,Confusion of Persian Grammar Language In High schools, Nasher-e Danesh Magazine,4(6),1984, 165-182.
[2] AbbasiMoghadam, A., A Research of Persian Language (1) In High school , Ketab-e Mah-e Adabiyat Magazine, 5, 2007,123-139.
[3] Anvari, H., Persian Language Grammar(Tehran, Fatemi, 1995).
[4] Farshidvar, Kh.,The Today's Joint Grammar(Tehran, Sokhan, 1993).
[5] Farshidvar, Kh., Responsible In Persian language On Historical Linguistics aspect, doctoral thesis,Tehran, Tehran University,
Iran,1973.
[6] Gharib, A. et al., Persian LanguageGrammar (Tehran, Ashrafi, 1991).
[7] Hadi, R., Persian Language Grammar Teaching Before High, school,Rosh-e Moa´llem Magazine,10(9), 1993, 57-78.
[8] Haghbin, F., Analysis And Terminology Structure In Persian Language, master thesis ,Tehran, Tehran University, Iran, 1992.
[9] Homayonfarrokh, A.,Comprehensive Persian Language grammar (Tehran, Elmi, 1958).
[10] KhatibRahbar, K., Persian Language Grammar (Tehran Mahtaab, 1992).

Abstract: Spirituality has been defined in numerous ways which include; a belief in a power operating in the universe that is greater than oneself, a sense of interconnectedness with all living creatures, and an awareness of the purpose and meaning of life and the development of personal, absolute values. It is the way a person finds meaning, hope, comfort, and inner peace in one's life. Spirituality cannot be explored using scientific methods because it involves deeply personal, subjective experiences, and in this it differs from the over-riding ambition of science: to be objective. Well being is not just the absence of diseases or illness. It is a complex combination of a person's physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. Well being is strongly linked to happiness and life-satisfaction. In short, well being could be described as how one feels about oneself and one's life. The main purpose of the paper is to find out whether Homosexuals (Gays) who are different in their sexual orientation may have different spiritual well – being as compared to hetero sexual. Being a human -spirituality of homosexuals may match with the heterosexual but because of their sexual orientation they may have different well being as compared to heterosexuals. To study this spiritual well-being scale was used. The scale was given to 60 males (30 heterosexuals and 30 homosexuals) of age between 21 to 40 years. The result shows that there is no significant difference in the spiritual well-being, religious well-being and existential well-being of homosexuals (Gays) and heterosexuals male.
Keywords: Spiritual Well-Being, Homosexual, Gays, Heterosexual

[1] A.R. Rathus, J.S. Nevid and L. Fichner-Rathus, human sexuality: in a world of diversity (Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 1993).
[2] American Psychological Association, Answers to your questions for a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality,
American Psychological Association, 2008.
[3] P.H. Bazemore, Homosexuality, Medscape, 20011.
[4] D. Hamer & P. Copeland, the science of desire: the search for the gay gene and biology of behavior (New York, Simon & Schuster,
1994).
[5] J.M.Bailey, & R.C. Pillard, A genetic study of male sexual orientation, Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1991, 1089–1096.
[6] A. C. Kinsey, A. B. Pomeroy & C. E. Martin, sexual behavior in the human male (Philadelphia: W.B, Saunders, 1948).
[7] R. D. Johnson, Homosexuality: nature or nurture, AllPsych Journal, 2003.
[8] E. Hooker, The adjustment of the male overt homosexual, Journal of Projective Techniques, 21, 1957, 18-31.
[9] J. N. Katz, the invention of heterosexuality (United States of America, The University of Chicago Press Ltd London, 2007). 83-88.
[10] K. Waaijmaan, spirituality: forms, foundation, methods (Bondgenotenlaan Leuven, Peters, 2002). 1.

Abstract: The Indian education system is presently facing several issues and challenges. Education is a continuous process. It deals with over growing man in ever growing society. The word education originated from the Latin word which means" to bring up". Education should clarify, Man's relation with man, Man's relation with the universe and Man's relation with creator or God. The importance of Education is today's need as it is the not only the development of intellectual skills and knowledge but also to effective growth and development of Indian Economy. The Education system needs to make students as learners innovators, scholars, researchers and trainers.

[1] Agrwal, (2006) : "Higher Education in India" : The need for change, Indian council for research on international relations.
[2] Bhargava (2006): "Knowledge and National Development", paper presented in the National seminar on the Education commission
organized by NUETA.
[3] Datt & Sundaram (2007) : "Indian Economy"; Gauravdatt and Ashwani Mahajan, S.Chand and Company Ltd., New-Delhi.
[4] Gupta, Asha (2005) : "International trends in Higher Education on the Indian scenario".
[5] Patel.I.G (2003) : "Higher Education and Economic Development", National and International Perspectives
[6] University Grant Commission (U.G.C) (Various years) annual reports, U.G.C, New-Delhi.

Abstract: This study uses explanative survey about ethos communicator (lecturers of Institute of Technology and Business Kalbe/ ITBK Jakarta). Data will be tested with the statistic using SPSS to find the Pearson product moment coefficient. The number of respondents 83 people. The results of the study found: professional lecturers need to be equipped with the ability to "present themselves" as well as cognitive ability. There is relationship between communication style with looks healthy in the classroom.
Keywords: Communication Style, Lecturer, Healthy, Behavior

[1] Babad, Elisha. Bernieri, Frank. Rosenthal, Robert. (1991) Students as Judges of Teachers' Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior.
American Educational Research Journal Spring, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 211-234
[2] Cooper, Harris M. (1979). Pygmalion Grows Up: A Model for Teacher Expectation Communication and Performance Influence.
Review of Educational Research. Summer. Vol 49, No. 3, Pp. 389-410
[3] Ghozali, Imam, 2006, Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan Program SPSS, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang.
[4] Goldenberg, Claude. (1992). The Limits of Expectations: A Case for Case Knowledge About Teacher Expectancy Effects.
American Educational Research Journal Fall. Vol 29, No. 3, Pp. 517-544
[5] Johnson, Kim K. P. and Workman, Jane E.(1993). Effect of Clothing, Sex, and Sex Role Stereotypes on Behavioral Expectations
of a Preschool Child. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. Vol.11: 1 Pp.1-6. DOI: 10.1177/0887302X9301100201
[6] Keaton, Shaughan A & Bodie, Graham D ( 2011). Explaining Social Constructivism. Communication Teacher. Vol. 25, No. 4.
Pp. 192-196
[7] Rakhmat, Jalaluddin. (2001). Psikologi Komunikasi. Revision Edition. Editor Tjun Surjaman. Bandung : PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
[8] Kurniati, Dewi. (2012). Hubungan Antara Gaya Komunikasi Guru dengan Prestasi Akademik Siswa. (Studi Korelasi Gaya
Komunikasi Guru Dengan Pretasi Akademik Siswa Kelas VIII Pada Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Indonesia di SMP Negeri 2 Pakem
Yogyakarta). Thesis, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta.
[9] Tubbs, L Steward dan Moss Sylvia. 2001. Human Comunicatin (terjemahan). Remaja Rosda karya. Bandung.
[10] Trujillo , Carla M. (1986). A Comparative Examination of Classroom Interactions Between Professors and Minority and Non-
Minority College Students. American Educational Research Journal Winter. Vol. 23, No. 4, Pp. 629-642

Abstract: Doctors play a great role in criminal justice system, because a medical report is very important document in most of the criminal cases, but sometimes it becomes a major obstacle in acquiring justice. Doctor's reluctance to appear in the court, false report given by doctors or corruption may hinder women's access to justice. Doctors also face different challenges in case of medical check up and forensic examination which affect victims' rights under the criminal justice framework. This article attempts to disclose the role of doctors under criminal proceedings and different obstacles as they face in Bangladesh, which may affect women victims in criminal proceedings.
Key Words: Women victims, criminal proceedings, forensic examination, doctor, medical report, perpetrators, access to justice, autopsy

[1] Hannan, M Abdul. 2009. Human Rights of the Accused in the Criminal Process', Gurgaon, India, MADHAV BOOKS, p.1; Ud-
Din, M Faiz and Hannan, M Abdul. 2000. Protection of Human Rights in Criminal Justice: Bangladesh Perspective, Research
Project 1998, Rajshahi University, Bangladesh, p.1; Munir, Shaheen Akhter. 2006. An Annual Research Report on Violence
Against Women in Bangladesh 2005, Dhaka, BNWLA, p. 77
[2] Ali, Mohammad Yusuf. 2006. 'Easy access to justice: Overcoming the Problems', The Daily Star, 4 March 2006, p.18
[3] Blessy, Jain. 1990. Constitutional Law', London, HLT Publication, p.12-13
[4] It may be worth mentioning that the researcher was not allowed to take interviews of women victims admitted in the OCC of
Rajshahi Medical College Hospital. The researcher went to the OCC for three consecutive days but the In-Charge said that a
written permission from the Project Director of Multi-Sectoral Programme on Violence Against Women of the Ministry of
Women & Children Affairs is needed to collect any data or for sit in interview of women victims admitted at OCC.
[5] Mofazzal Alias Md. Mofazzal Hossain and another v. The State, 7 BLD, HCD, 1987, 406
[6] BNWLA, 1999. A Research on Rape and Burden of Proof, Dhaka, Bangladesh National Women Lawyers Association (BNWLA),
p.87
[7] Section 32(i), The Nari O Shishu Nirjaton Damon Ain, 2000
[8] Section 29, The Acid Crime Prevention Act, 2002
[9] Naomi, Sharin Shajahan. 2009. The Legal Challenges on the way to Judicial Remedy in Rape Cases: The Role of Human Rights
and Legal Services Programme of BRAC, BRAC Research Report, Dhaka, April 2009
[10] Section 509 (i), The Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898

Abstract:Main aim of the present study has been to find out the relationship and role of School environment as under the study has been examined among Secondary and higher secondary urban and rural school students. Student study in secondary 8th, 9th and 10th and higher secondary 11th and 12th school in urban and rural area of Anand district, "School level variables that related directly to the school environment as well as followers of Student, Peon, and cleark. Who are the School environment policy maker as a school teachers, curriculum cocoordinator, principal and also reflected policies created at the school, district or community level that impact the entire school faculty, parents and students."

.........,

Abstract: La sociabilité développée au sein des clubs sport pour tous( SPT) serait commandée à l'origine par une finalité provoquée par les exigences de la vie ; on peut déduire que la sociabilité du SPT sans cesse activée par ce système d'échange généralisé double d'un temps de pratique collective, sportive et d'ambiance de gaieté, se pérennise également grâce à une mémoire partagée ; d'où on peut dire que la pratique des activités physiques libres a une influence positive sur la socialisation puisqu'elle favorise la communication inter-pratiquant et met en valeurs les relations humaines a travers l'instauration d'une bonne ambiance de pratique par le biais des compétitions organisés ainsi que l'acquisition de différentes valeurs morales comme la solidarité, la responsabilité l'autonomie et l'entre-aide ; et n'oublions pas le rôle que joue les programmes SPT dans l'acquisition des habiletés mentales et physiques chez l'individu. Aussi, l'intégration des pratiquants de SPT dans la société par la participation active au monde du travail et la persistance des liens de solidarité entretenus entre les individus en dehors de la sphère sportive, crée des réseaux d'échanges, d'informations, de biens et de services, en même temps que des obligations et une interdépendance entre les bénéficiaires.
Mots clés ׃ sport pour tous, la pratique sportive, socialisation ,activités physiques et sportives, socialisation sportive

[1] -Histoire du sport en tunisie : fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_En_Tunisie www.toutelatunisie.com/doc.php?docid=510
[2] -Définition de la socialisation : http://www.melchior.fr/2-1-Definition-de-la-socialis.3714.0.html
[3] R.Boudon (1997), dictionnaire de sociologie,
[4] http://aees.free.fr/docs%20liens/cours/l2%20semestre%202/SHS%20TATU%20UE4A%20Sport%20et%20socialisation.pdf
[5] Parlebas, Contribution à un lexique commenté en science de l'action motrice, Paris, INSEP, 1981.
[6] -Parlebas Pierre, Cyffers B. Statistique appliquée aux activités physiques et sportives INSEP, France, 1992.
[7] Le Grand Dictionnaire Larousse Encyclopédique.
[8] MATVEIEV, la base de l'entraînement, Vigot, Paris, 1980.
[9] LUSCHEN & SAGE, Handbook of social science of sport, Stipes publishing company, 1981
[10] Document du Conseil de l'Europe, Charte Européenne du Sport pour Tous, p. 3 du document.

Abstract: In the arena of language teaching, discourse analysis provides both the teachers and learners with adequate and practical knowledge, as well as, makes learners linguistically efficient. In this paper achievement of language competence is highlighted over the efficiency of communicative competence. We aim at focusing on majoring learner's level of competence in using language by showing command over four skills of target language. From the perspective of linguistic competence only achieving the communicative competence should not be the goal of SLA classroom. In this research paper it is depicted how the teachers adopt the techniques of discourse analysis to propel the students' motivation in using the target language as a conceptual whole. This paper confidently argues in favor of teaching language as a linguistic phenomenon which is the primal proof of communicative competence. Functional and notional usage of target language can guarantee a rate of success that is manageable at an optimum better to say minimum level. As language is absolutely a social and psychological phenomenon, so the ultimate reach of learning a language should be authentically justified from the point of view of gaining soul command over structural ,as well as, conceptual meaning of the target language.

Keywords: Acquisitional Device in ESL classroom, Communicative Competence, Discourse Analysis, Interactional Discourse, Linguistic Competence.

[1] Brown, G &Yule, G.(1983).Discourse Analysis. Avon: Cambridge University press.
[2] Celce-Murcia, M., & Olshtain, E. (2000). Discourse and context in language teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[3] Clancy, P., Thompson, S., Suzuki, R., & Tao, H. (1996) The conversational use of reactive tokens in English, Japanese, and
Mandarin. Journal of Pragmatics, 26, 355-387.
[4] Ekayati,R.(2007).LinguisticandCommunicativeCompetence.Retrievedfrom http://ppiindia.wordpress.com/2007/01/09/linguistic-andcommunicative- competence/
[5] Hatch, E. (1992). Discourse and language education. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Johnson, K. (1995). Understanding communication in second language classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[7] Levinson, C, Stephen.(1983).Pragmatics.UK: Cambridge University Press.
[8] Lyons, J.(1968).Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. UK: Cambridge University Press.
[9] McCarthy, M. (1992). Discourse analysis for language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
[10] McCarthy, M., & Carter, R. (1994). Language as discourse: Perspectives for language teachers. New York: Longman

Abstract: Language proficiency is neurologically and psychologically affiliated with sociological ingredients of human life. Both the process of acquisition and competence, as well as, performance is integrally intertwined within combination of human lingual production. In this paper, discussion has been laid out which is methodologically pivotal in ESL classroom in an Asian context. It has been globally accepted that an effective approach towards L2 learning or acquisition should be linguistically known and pedagogically interwoven by socio linguistic elements. A pragmatic implementation of socio learning approach can eventually contribute to a better achievement of efficiency level of neural factors that are absolutely scientifically, as well as, biologically decided. So in this paper an initiative has been launched to incorporate a relationship between neurological foundation and socio issue that can provide a teacher with authentic materials of teaching directed with the ideas of how to give feedback, motivation and reduce the stress level of the learners. It is universally true that L1 interruption that leads to fossilization of innate lingual approach of learner is logically proven to arise a high level stress in learners mind. We logically endeavoured to make the learning process convenient and achievement of minimising stress level while students use language in an authentic ESL learning atmosphere.

Keywords: Neuro-linguistics, ESL Classroom, Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Fossilization.

[1] Brumfit, C. J., & Johnson, K. (Eds.). (1979). The communicative approach to language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[2] Richards, J. C., & Sukwiwat, M. (1985). Cross-cultural aspects of conversational competence. In 1. Richards, The context of language teaching (pp. 129-143). NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
[3] Chomsky, N., Lasnik, H. 1993. " Principles and parameters theory" in Jacobs, J., Stechow, A., Sternefeld, W., Venneman, T.,editors.
Syntax: an International Handbook of Contemporary Research.Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
[4] Chomsky, N. 1975. Reflections on Language. New York: Pantheon Books.
[5] Chomsky, N. (2007). Approaching UG from Below. Interfaces + Recursion = Language? Chomsky's Minimalism and the View from
Syntax-Semantics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
[6] Ochs, E. & Schieffelin, B. (1984) Language acquisition and socialization: three developmental stories and their implications. In R.
Shweder & R. Le Vine, Culture theory. (pp. 276-320).
[7] Krashen, S. & Terrell, T. (1983). The Natural Approach. Hayward: CA. Alemany.

Abstract: The family remains an important unit in the society and in God's plan. Parents as heads of the family have been saddled with the responsibility of taking care of these young ones. The society has changed because parents have faced other issues rather than the primary duty of building their children. Apostle Paul however, focused on the duties of parents to their children in Ephesians 6:4. This article therefore focuses on Paul's prescriptions for parents in order to restore sanity to the society by building godly character in the children.

[1] Rhymes, Douglas, Prayer in the Secular City (Pennsylvania: Westminster Press, 1967) (4).
[2] Keener, Craig, The IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament (Downers Grove, Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1993). (2)
[3] Christenson, Larry, The Christian Family (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bethany Fellowship, 1970) (1)
[4] Merriam Webster‟s Dictionary and Thesaurus in Ultimate Reference Suite, Encyclopaedia Britannica 2008 (1)
[5] Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, "Kittel," Biblesoft, DVD, Cooks Communications Ministries, 2000 (2)

Abstract: Job satisfaction is the key aspect of human nature. It is assumed that teachers show less satisfaction than any other organization in developing countries like Pakistan. This study compares the level of job satisfaction between male and female secondary school teachers. Six facets of job satisfaction were developed to compare gender, age, teaching experience, and location of the school with teachers' job satisfaction. The population comprises all public sector secondary school teachers working in district Lahore, Pakistan. Three hundred and twenty two secondary school teachers were randomly selected from sixty public sector secondary schools. Data were collected personally. Job Satisfaction Scale for Teachers (JSST) was used for this purpose. One way ANOVA and t-test were applied. The results are interpreted in the context of Pakistan. Findings of the study suggested that female teachers were more satisfied with work and supervision aspects of job as compared with male teachers. No significant difference was found in the job satisfaction between science & arts and urban & rural school teachers. Age and work experience did not explore the job satisfaction difference in teachers. Further studied may be conducted to explore the impact of job satisfaction on students achievement. Based on the findings recommendations are presented.

Key Words: Public sector, Job satisfaction, secondary school level

[1] Koustelios, A. D. (2001). Personal characteristics and job satisfaction of Greek teachers. The International Journal of Educational
Management, 15(7), 354–358.
[2] Chambers, J. (1999). The job satisfaction of managerial and executive women: Revisiting the assumptions. Journal of Education
for Business, 75(2), 69–74.
[3] Mathieu, J. E. (1991). A cross-level nonrecursive model of the antecedents of organizational commitment and satisfaction. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 76, 607–618.
[4] Ostroff, C. (1992). The relationship between satisfaction, attitudes, and performance: An organizational level analysis. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 77(6), 963–974.
[5] Mueller, C., Boyer, E., Price, J., & Iverson, R. (1994). Employee attachment and noncoercive conditions of work: The case of
dental hygienists. Work and Occupations, 21, 179–212.
[6] Price, J. L. (1997). Handbook of organizational measurement. Bradford, UK: MCB University Press.
[7] Akhtar, M. S. (1994). Job satisfaction in primary teachers. Bulletin of Education and Research, 16(1/2), 87-99.
[8] Akhtar, M. S. (2000). Job satisfaction and customer focus: A survey of elementary school teachers. Unpublished master's thesis,
University of Michigan, USA.
[9] Akhtar, M. S. (2010). Job satisfaction and customer focus: A survey of elementary school teachers. Germany: VDM Verlag Dr.
Muller Aktiengesellschaft & Co.
[10] Zembylas, M., & Papanastasiou, E. (2004). Job satisfaction among school teachers in Cyprus. Journal of Educational
Administration, 42, 357–374.