IOSR-JHSS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb-2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	"Governance and Provision of Health Security: A Case Study of the Implementation of the National Rural Health Mission Programme in East Khasi Hills District of Meghalaya"
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Priyanka K. Nongkynrih
	:	10.9790/0837-0810106

Abstract: The provision of human security in terms of food and health by the Government is an important indicator of good governance. This is more so in a state which is largely rural in nature, where the poverty level is high and the basic access to healthcare facilities is negligible. The health indicators in the state of Meghalaya are not too impressive. Infant Mortality Rate is as high as 55(SRS 2011) and it is reported that one in every four children is severely underweight (NFHS 3). To add to this the health indicators of women is also far from good. The state has a high Maternal Mortality Rate as well as high Total Fertility Rate. The NRHM Vision (2005- 2012) has identified Meghalaya as one of the states having weak public health indicators and infrastructure. The weak health indicators and infrastructure bears testimony to the fact that until and unless the Government takes a more proactive role, large group of the marginalized section will not enjoy any form of health security. In this context therefore it becomes important for us to understand the role played by the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in ensuring health security to the marginalised group. Both primary and secondary sources have been used. Primary sources included government reports and document; while Secondary sources included the use of reference books and newspapers.

Keywords: East Khasi Hills, Health Security, Infant Mortality Rate, Maternal Mortality Rate, National Rural Health Mission.

[1] United Nations Millennium Summit 2000, www.un.org/millennium/summit.htm retrieved on 22nd September 2012
[2] National Rural Health Mission (2005-2012) Mission Document, www.mohfw.nic.in/NRHM/Documents/Mission_Document
retrieved on 20th September 2012
[3] SRS Bulletin, New Delhi, Volume 46, No. 1, December 2011
[4] National Family Health Survey 3 (2005-06), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India
[5] Dept. of Community and Rural Development, Government of Meghalaya www.megcnrd.nic.in/ retrieved on 20th September 2012
[6] National Rural Health Mission, Govt. of Meghalaya, www.meghealth.nic.in/nrhm/hmis.html retrieved on 30th January 2013
[7] Health Statistical Handbook 2011-12, HMIS Division, NRHM, Meghalaya
[8] Sample Registration System 2011
[9] NRHM Annual Report 2011-12, District Health Society, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya
[10] State Programme Implementation Programme 2010-11 www.pipnrhm.mohfw.nicin/.../Meghalaya retrieved on 24th September 2012

Abstract: Health insurance as a tool to finance healthcare has very recently gained popularity in India. Government has been putting serious efforts to introduce health insurance for the poor in recent years in order to improve access of poor to quality medical care and for providing financial protection against high medical expenses. There have been several attempts to introduce similar schemes in other states but Andhra Pradesh has been one of the only states to successfully roll out the scheme. The Insurance scheme covered 198.25 lack families out of total across 229.11 Lack families (87% families covered) residing in 27138 villages 1128 mandals of all districts of the State in five Phases. The scheme started with 330 procedures covered and has been gradually extended to 938 procedures. The majority of beneficiaries utilizing the scheme are illiterate and have a rural address. Since inception of the scheme (01.04.2007) till 18th January 2013- 35713 Medical camps were held by the network hospitals in rural areas. Total Surgeries/Therapies done by under this scheme is 1753466, Government is 440655 and Private is 1312811.
Key words: Health Insurance, Aarogyasri Health insurance scheme, Community Health insurance, Healthcare, Healthcare Expenditure.

[1] Aarogyasri Healthcare Trust (2010): Rajiv Aarogyasri Health Insurance Scheme Brochure.
[2] Annual Report of Aarogyasri health insurance scheme 2011-12, PP 11-13.
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urban research symposium, 9-11 December 2002, at World Bank, Washington D.C.
[4] Dror, and D.M.Jacquier(1999): Micro-insurance: Extending health insurance to the excluded , International Social Security Review,
52(1):71-97.
[5] Ellies, R.P, Monner Alam and Indrani Gupta (2000): Health insurance in India: Prognosis and Prospects, Economic and Political
Weekly, 35(4).
[6] Garg C. C and Anup A.K. (2009): Reducing out-of-pocket Expenditures to Reduce Poverty: A Disaggregate Analysis at Rural Urban
and State Level in India, Health Policy and Planning, 24: 116-128.
[7] Geoffrey D Paulin and Elizabeth M Dietz (1995): Health Insurance Coverage for Families with Children, Monthly Labour Review,
August: 13-23.
[8] Gilson, L (1998): In Defence and Pursuit of Equity, Social Science Medicine, 47(12):1891-1896.
[9] Mitchel, A, Mahal, A and Bossert, T (2011): "Healthcare Utilisation in Rural Andhra Pradesh", Economic and Political Weekly,
46(5):15-19.
[10] M. Rao. Et. Al ( 2011), "Addressing healthcare needs of people living below the poverty line: a rapid assessment of the Andhra
Pradesh health insurance scheme", The National Medical Journal of India, vol. 24, no. 6, 2011, pp. 335-341.

Abstract: In this paper an effort has been made to look in to the real problems of the new democratic political set up and compare with the past governments. Restoration of democracy in Pakistan is a good sign. However common peoples not get its crop. Supremacy of ineffectual persons at each level and violation of rule of law spoil the democratic system. The government style in Pakistan lethargic, centralized, dominating definitely bureaucratic and feudalist. It can not keep up with the new technological age, which is extremely competitive. Lack of constructive education and democratic behavior are also major problems in Pakistan. Common peoples badly effected with extremely high price daily use things and high price electricity and fuel etc. Violation of merit, unemployment and harassment are major problems. The privileged of democracy made tall promises but after voted they betrayed and the peoples have lost trust in hideous system in the name of democracy. When our top leaders disobey the superior court and violate the rule of law. How we can expect the supremacy of rule and law at lower level. It is concluded that new coalition government would be a frail judged by any average. Like the other nations Pakistan also face many problems and challenges. We can improve and save democratic system with the help of constructive education, positive think and democratic behavior. Positive education raises the benefits of civic commitment. Democracy not only brings political freedom and human rights, but that it is also a driving force behind economic growth and development. If Pakistan takes sensible steps by making use of their constructive and positive ability democratic system will be able to safe and stable

[1] Interview: "Democracy needs to be extended to all levels of governance" KDUN http:// www.kdun.org/1059/democracy-globalgovernance.
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[3] Herald, The Great Land Robbery, Kamila Hayt, The age of the vigilate, June 2008, vol. 39, No. 6, P. 27.
[4] A. Q. Khan, Pakistan‟s defective education,
[5] http://www.pakspectator.com/army-and-democracy-in-pakistan/
[6] According to Saeed Shafqat, , New Perspectives on Pakistan Vision For The Future, Oxford University Press, 2007, P. 377.
[7] Dawn, Sunday, June 17, 2007. Anwar Sayed, Wide Open to Abuse.
[8] Leadership and Human Behavior.http://www.nwlink.com/ ~ donclark/leader/leader/leadhb.htm/
[9] Shahid Javid Burki, Pakistan Fifty Years of Nationhood, Vanguard, Books Pvt, Ltd. Lahore, 1999, PP. 176-177.
[10] Concepts of Leadership, http://www.nulink.com/~ donclark/leader/leadcon.htm/

Abstract: This paper argues that the word Jihad is commonly translated into English as "the holy war‟ and for a long while now the word has been interpreted so that it has become synonymous with a mania of religion. But the word Jihad does not mean "holy war.‟ The concept of "holy war‟ does not occur in the term Jihād, which in Arabic would be al-ħarb al-muqaddasah الحرب المقدست . Thus the Arabic word "Jihad' has neither the connotation of ''holy'' nor that of ''war''. Islam simply put an end to the wars of aggression and permitted only defensive war under certain conditions after all effort to keep the peace has failed and enemy impose was on the Muslim State. Such defensive war is permitted in order to restore the condition of peace, but not to disturb the peace. Islam does not advocate "the law of the jungle and does not give Muslims any right to take life of others. Jihad is not terrorism; terrorism is under no circumstances permissible in Islam. But It is apparent that the understanding of Jihad as a concept is dismally blurred and employed by the extremists, and the only way to dispel the false notions of Jihad put forth by the extremists, who are massively funded by external sources, is an equally strong effort put forth by Muslim governments in re-education of their populations, in particular the youth, with a correct understanding of this term.

Key words: al-ħarb al-muqaddasah, Jihad, terrorism, and holy war.

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Abstract: Islamic education is as old as the religion of Islam itself. The religion of Islam encourages learning right from its advent. The fact that the Qur'ān and the Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W.) contained instructions on the quest of knowledge is a clear testimony to this fact. Therefore in every generation, from the time of the Prophet (S.A.W.), there exist Muslims scholars who are very much keen in the pursuit of learning and zealous in imparting knowledge to others. It is discovered that Makarantun allo in Nasarawa State is currently losing its relevance virtually due to the priority given to the modern secular school system. This article unveils that the structure of Makarantun allo and its organization is such that morality, social cohesion, solidarity, cooperation, discipline and communal responsibility is infused in the mind of the pupils. Therefore the paper recommend that the system should be strongly upheld and supported so that the essence of Islam could be greatly enhanced.
Key words: slate, school, Muslim, child, learning, alphabet, teacher, methodology, Qur‟ān, teaching

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessing the Academic Behavioral Confidence of the Secondary School Students
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Amirtha Mary.T., Dr. J. Florence Shalini
	:	10.9790/0837-0814145

Abstract: Introduction: This paper elucidates the Academic Behavioral Confidence (ABC) of the higher secondary school students by using the parental concepts such as self- efficacy and social cognition psychological theories. Method: The academic self - confidence of the students are being assessed by the ABC scale which portraits the variations in teaching preferences and learning behaviors of students. Samples of 106 male and female students of XII standard of a government school were undertaken for study. Result: The study reveals that a significant level (median= 64.50) of confidence prevails among these students unlike other research studies. More than half of the student's (50%) ABC score was above the median score signifying their confidence level to be high. Conclusion: The secondary school student's academic confidence reasons out their intrinsic and extrinsic motivation towards their future because they know that secondary education determine their life.

Key Words: Academic Behavioral Confidence, Higher Secondary school students, Learning Behavior, Self – Efficacy, Social Cognition..

[1] Dipane Hlalele, Academic Behavioral Confidence of First-entering Mathematics and Science University Access Program Students,
Anthropologist, 14(6): 587-592 (2012).
[2] Dipane Hlalele and Gregory Alexander, Academic Behavioral Confidence of First-entering Humanities University Access Program
Students, Journal of Social Science, 26(3): 203-209 (2011)
[3] Lalage Sanders, Paul Sander, Academic Behavioral Confidence: A comparison of medical and psychology students, Electronic Journal
of research in Educational Psychology, N-13 Vol 5(3), 2007.
[4] Niall Hegarty, Application of the Academic Motivation Scale to Graduate School Students, The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning Vol. 6, Num. 2, December 2010.
[5] Wendie A. Willis, Background Characteristics and Academic Factors associated with the Academic Behavioral Confidence of
International Graduate Students in Ohio‟s Public Institutions, doctoral dissertation, B.A. Spelman College, 1980.

Abstract: Sociolinguistic treatment of a text, big or small, holds that it is important to relate the study of language to a society because meaning is derived from both the linguistic level and extra-linguistic contexts. This essay analyses how Mbuko Lynn, a Nigerian writer of French expressions, adopts French language in its African local colour or form to display the cultural practices and social values of especially the Hausa people in the play, Chaque Chose En Son Temps, with emphasis on the use of proverbs and code-mixing as elements of literary creation. Through the theoretical framework of Hymes Ethnography of speaking which emphasizes the manipulation of major text-features such as lexical borrowing, lexical adaptation, code-mixing, code switching, transliteration, funny phonological mimicry and other useful sociolinguistic elements, the text is examined. The paper, as its purpose, explains how language usage in a text forms part of the culture of the society which produces the text and by extension, to underscore the fact that the study of a language should be connected to both the linguistic and extra-linguistic realities in an attempt to establish how certain linguistic features can serve to characterize particular social arrangements. The paper concludes that meaning is a product of linguistic factors and extra-linguistic variables.

Key words: Society, Culture, Language, Literature, Linguistics and Proverb.

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Abstract: Human rights violation has become a worldwide phenomenon and is increasing day by day in developing countries like India. Not a single day passes without papers reporting on violation of human rights in India. The vulnerable sections like dalits, adivasis, women, children, minorities and other groups are discriminated without any fault of their own. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight on the theoretical analysis of the violation of human rights of Dalits particularly in Odisha. But how the human rights of such Dalit people are being violated despite extensive constitutional and legal protections against such violations? This is the chief objective of this paper.

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Institute for social Development (UNRISD) Conference on Racism and Public Policy, Durban, South Africa
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Rights Abused?" in War Crimes, Genocide and Crime Against Humanity, Vol.-4, p. 100.
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Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to examine the present status of automation and digitization projects in university libraries and the challenges they pose to effective information delivery. It discusses the various aspects of the conversion of in-house library materials into electronic format, which leads toward the creation of digital library. The paper makes a more conscious effort on library automationation and implementation of digitization policies.

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Automation, Hyderabad, July 28-30, 1997.
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Application in Academic Libraries, edited by A.L. Moorthy and P.B. Mangla (Ahmedabad:INFLIBNET Centre, 1997) pp. 10–14.
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Abstract: This study explores the inflation dynamics after following new economic policy in Indian economy by employing Restricted Vector Autoregressive technique. Inflation variable has cointegrating relationship with other macro economic variables. Money supply turned out to be most important variable in explaining the variation in inflation overtime followed by import index variable. IIP has inflation discouraging affect. Besides, apart from the economic variables, moral suasion factor has also been proved to be important in controlling Indian inflation. Cointegrating relationship among the variables has considerable bearing on the inflation dynamics. Moreover, inflation bears stable and correcting relationship with CPI and import index variables, however such relationship is unstable and explosive with money supply and IIP.

Key Words: Inflation, Policy Shocks, Cointegration, Granger Causality, Vector Error Correction.

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(New York).
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[7] Janak Raj et. al. (2008): "Imported Inflation: The Evidence from India", Reserve Bank of India Occasional Paper, Vol. 29 (3).
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Abstract: The aim of this study was to examine factor structure and explore the psychometric properties for Urdu version of Test Anxiety Inventory. 2,145 secondary and higher secondary science students were selected as sample from the Punjab province in Pakistan appearing in 10th grade Board examinations. The value of alpha reliability for TAI was .893 in the pilot study. But in the final study, alpha reliability values for different scales of TAI (TAI-Total, TAI-Worry, and TAI-Emotionality) ranged from 0.66 to 0.81 with the individual student as the unit of analysis and from 0.71 to 0.88 with the class as the unit of analysis. Similarly, The discriminant validity of an individual student as unit of analysis ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 for three scales of TAI, while the discriminant validity for class as unit of analysis ranged from 0.27 to 0.40 for these scales of TAI. A three-factor structure consisting of TAI-Total, TAI-worry and TAI-Emotionality components showed acceptable discriminant validity and internal reliability.

Key Words: Anxiety, Test Anxiety, Psychometric properties, Factor analysis, Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI)

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Abstract: The first half of 18th century AD has been an interesting and important period in the history of Tamilnadu, especially of the Cauvery belt. It had its ramifications on the rest of India later. A study of the period in all its aspects - political, economic, social and cultural and spiritual reveals certain interesting contradiction at the surface level. While the period in general was marked by unending wars. Political instability, heavy taxes, neglect of agriculture and commerce and frequent famines, it also witnessed cultural, literary and spiritual renaissance of some sort. Several saintly persons from this region belong to this era. There had also been a renewed interest in music and literature during this period. How this has been made possible will form the subject matter for a much larger study, since poets, singers and saints generally live on the society and if economics and politics are not healthy state, their survival becomes that much difficult and to find a pattern or a purpose behind all these contradictions will be an even more interesting challenging assignment. Key words: Cauvery belt, Political instability, spiritual renaissance

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High Road, Chennai-600004.
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Tanjore Maharaja Serfoji‟s Saraswathi Mahal Library.
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Abstract: Based on ten case studies, this paper seeks for a sociological explanation of the conditions of children who are left with single parents after family disassembly. The study aimed primarily to engage with the issues and impacts of family disorganization focusing on the particular children's plight in Sana'a, the capital city of Yemen.

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83, Qatar
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Social Sciences, Riyadh, Naïf University.
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