IOSR-JHSS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The tribals of India constitute about 8.2% of the total population. Even though, tribals are not perceived as untouchable 'lower caste Hindu' population by the mainstream upper-caste Hindus, they are marginalized and considered as backward and primitive 'jati' or caste with a pariah status (Mitra, 2008). This perception however, did not help the tribals. Whereas, lower caste Hindus enjoyed minimal opportunities to integrate with mainstream society and to share few common custom and traditions, the tribals have been excluded and isolated from the mainstream society (Mitra, 2008). The Koragas are one of the primitive tribes perhaps the poorest among the scheduled tribes in Karnataka and Kerala faced serious problems such as povertyillhealth ,malnutrition, morbidity leading to mortality together with deforestation, exploitation result in depopulation of the particular primitive tribe.

Keywords –Ajal,Bhuta worship,Demons- holy,Koragas, Primitive Tribes,

[1] A PUCL InvestigationA Preliminary Report Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh's speech at the Inaugural Session of the
Conference of State Ministers of Welfare and Social Jus tice, 16th June,2011
[2] Kila survey report 2011
[3] Informative and research article based on kasargode district kerala 2008 India Net Zone
[4] C,S, Bhatt and G,K, Bharagava 2005. "Land and People of India States and Union Territories in 36 volumes, Karnataka – Volume 13
[5] PurushothamaBilimale, 1993. "KoragaraSunkrithi -A cultural study, Deemed College, Pone.

Abstract: Religion did play a major role in the way the map of India and Pakistan was drawn then. It is believed that the seed of the birth of Bangladesh was sown then. As Bangladesh had witnessed the outcome of religion based statehood, therefore, religious secularism was one of the fundamentals of the constitution of Bangladesh. This however, changed with an amendment in 1977 where the term 'absolute trust and faith in the Almighty Allah' was incorporated instead of the principle of secularism. It may have seemed that secularism was a logical outcome of the Bengali nationalist movement but the new nation-state had within its construction the quest for homogenization. Finally, through the Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act, 2011 the Preamble of the Constitution included the fundamental principles of democracy, socialism, secularism and nationalism, earlier adopted by the Constituent Assembly in 1972, have been revived. Equal status and equal right in practice of the followers of the Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, Christian and other religions have been ensured. Over the last two decades of the formation of democratic regime we are still struggling to epitomize our identity as a nation and the duty lies upon the society more than on politicians to rejuvenate our basic ideologies by way of eschewing pseudo-religious vendetta for a better democracy.

Keywords: Democracy, Fundamentalism, Incorporation, Independence, Politics, Religion & Secularism

[1] Abdul Hamid Siddiqui, Inheritance in Islam, (IslamOnline.net-Shariah and Humanity 2005).
[2] A. H. Siddiqui, The System of Inheritance in Islam ( www.reading islam.com 2007) assessed 02/10/2013.
[3] Y. Sodiq, An Analysis of Yoruba and Islamic Laws of Inheritance, (Muslim World Hartford, Conn. 1996) v86, p313-33 JI/ o '96.
(aiu Library).
[4] Islamic Inheritance Jurisprudence. (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia 2013).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence assessed 09/02/2013/
[5] S. Sapp, Religious Views on Legacy and Intergenerational Transfers, Generations, (San Francisco, Calif. 1996) v20 p31-6 Fall '96.
(aiu library).
[6] Inheritance Critical Thoughts, Inheritance in Islam, (Madrasah Arabia Islamia-Azaadville 2009),
www.islamsa.org.za/library/pamphlets/inheritance-in-islam.htm assessed 25/01/2013.
[7] Muhammad The Prophet of Islam- The System of Inheritance in Islam, (Position Paper on Islamic Inheritance 2009)
www.islamicity.com
[8] Y. Sodiq, An Analysis of Yoruba and Islamic Laws of Inheritance, (Muslim World Hartford, Conn. 1996) v86, p313-33 JI/ o '96.
(aiu Library).
[9] Islam's Viewpoint on Wills, Bequests and Inheritance, (Wikipedia, the free enciclopedia 2013)..
[10] M. A.Rauf, Inheritance in Islam, (Al- Saadawi Publications 1999).V.A.

Abstract: This article reveals about the participation of elected women in social organisations before becoming a Grama Panchayat member and the different types of community based organisations used by women as a basic foundation for their first step.

Keywords: Community Organisaion, Grama Panchayat Membership, Participation, Women.

[1] World Bank: The World Bank Participation Source Book, Environmentally Sustainable Development, World Bank, Washington
DC, 1996.
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Development Monograph, Center for International Studies, Cornell University, NY:No.2. Ithaca, 1977.
[3] Khwaja, AI: Is Increasing Community Participation Always a Good Thing?, Journal of the European Economic Association, 2004,
Vol. 2, Nos. 2&3, pp. 427-436.
[4] Locke, Edwin: Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1968, 3,
pp. 257-289.
[5] Heller, Frank, Eugene Pusic, George Strauss, and Bernhard Wilpert: Organizational Participation: Myth and Reality, Oxford
University Press, London, 1998.
[6] Robbins, S.P.: Organizational Behavior, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi .2002.
[7] Cornwall: 'Introduction: New Democratic Spaces? The Politics and Dynamics of Institutionalised Participation', IDS Bulletin, 2004,
Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.1-10.
[8] Lawson, S. & Gleeson, B.: 'Shifting Urban Governance in Australia' in P. Smyth, T. Reddel & A. Jones (Ed.), Community and
Local Governance in Australia, University of New South Wales Press Ltd, Sydney, 2005.
[9] Pimbert, M.P. & Wakeford, T.: Deliberative Democracy and Citizen Empowerment: an Overview, International Institute for
Environment and Development (IIED), PLA Notes 40, London, 2001.
[10] Panda, Snehalata: 'Political Empowerment of Women: The Case of Orissa, Journal of Rural Development, 1987 November 21, Vol.
22, No.7, pp 33-39.

Abstract: Africa depends on western technology without developing their own indigenous knowledge. This dependency status has enormous challenges since some of these western technologies are not congenial with African environment. This study was designed to ascertain the Effects of Western technology on African cultural values. Postmodernism was employed as a theoretical model in analyzing the study. The findings showed that western technology exposed young people to adult issues, hideous violence, indecent dressing, immorality and build negative attitude that are contrary to African cultural values. It is recommended that Government should regulate the influx of western technology and promote the indigenous technology in order to protect African society from the adverse effects of the western technology.

Key words: technology, Africa, cultural values, postmodernism, effect.

[1] Abanyam, N. L, (2012) "The Realistic of Technological Transfer in Africa and the Challenges for Development" Published in Africa
Journal of Economy and Society, Vol 11, No. 2. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers.
[2] Ahule, B. G. (2012). "The Crisis of Moral Values and the Dilemma of Development" Published in Benue Journal of Sociology, Vol .
3. No. 1 Makurdi: Selters Academic Press.
[3] Awake Magazine (January, 2008) "Should I Play Electronic Games?
[4] Brannigan, A. (1992) "Postmodernism" Pp. 1522-1525 in Encyclopedia of Sociology, Vol. 3, Edited by Edgar .F. and Marie .L. New
York: Macmillan.
[5] Denga, D. I, (1983) " De-Juvenilizing Secondary Schools in Nigeria through Behavioural Counseling Techniques" the Counselor
Journal of the Counseling Association of Nigeria, 5 (1) pp 29.
[6] Etobe, I. E, (2002). Sociology of Health and Rehabilitation. Calabar: Baye Communications Ltd.
[7] Haralambos, M and Holborn, M ( 2008). Themes and Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[8] Nnachi, R. O. (2003) The Behavioural Problems Among Nigerian Children. Awka: the Nigerian Society for Educational
Psycholoigist ( NISEP).
[9] Nolan, P and Lenski, G. (2006) Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. Boulder: Co Paradigm.
[10] Ritzer, G. (2008) Sociological Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill

Abstract: The global experiences and recent studies reveal that the HIV/AIDS is a life-threatening disease, irrespective of age, gender, cast, creed, colour and race and therefore people react to it in strong ways. Many innocent people have been victimising for this devilish disease without their knowledge. This is very pathetic condition where women have been scapegoats for this disease especially. Instead of getting sympathy and care to these victims from their houses and community, they have been stigmatizing and discriminating by their families and society. Its infection is associated with behaviours (such as homosexuality, drug addiction, prostitution or promiscuity) that are already stigmatized in many societies. Most people become infected with HIV through sex, which often carries a moral baggage. AIDS-related stigma and discrimination refers to prejudice, negative attitudes, ill treatment abuse and maltreatment directed at persons, especially women living with HIV and AIDS. Consequently the stigma and discrimination are being shunned by family, peers and the wider community, poor treatment in healthcare and education settings, an erosion of human rights, psychological pressures, depression and a negative effect on humanity and society as a whole with respect to inter and intra family responses. The effects of antiretroviral therapy on people's physical appearance can result in forced disclosure and discrimination based on appearance in the society in general and in a closed family in particular. So it is essential and crucial to focus on these areas for appropriate approach to bring down the discrimination and empower the victims of HIV/AIDS to lead social life without social stigma. Hence there is at most necessity to study and analyse for an appropriate solution to empower the victims from psychosocial problems posed by their families and society.

Key words: discrimination, stigma, psycho-social behaviour, empowerment, victim's family and society.

[1] Ahmad, Shekh Belal., 'HIV/AIDS Patients and their Rehabilitation' , Serials Publications, 115 p, (ISBN: 9788183875479), 2012.
[2] Beyrer C et al. Modeling men who have sex with men: populations, HIV transmission, and intervention impact. In: Policy and human rights: the global HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men, 2011. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2011.
[3] Cook C,(2010), 'The global state of harm reduction 2010: key issues for broadening the response'., London, Harm Reduction
International,2010.
[4] 'Global HIV/AIDS Response: Epidemic update and health sector progress towards Universal Access 2011'.
[5] Gulalia, Akash., Rao, G.V.L.N & Bhatt, S ., 'Patterns of Mobility, Migration and HIV Risk in India' , Mohit Publications,
2010, viii, 338 p, (ISBN : 9788174455062),2010.
[6] Hingar, Asha., Sharma, P L. & Paliwal, Vismita. 'HIV/AIDS : Health Family and Community' Ritu Publications, 188 p,
tables,, (ISBN : 9789381422724),2013.
[7] Human Rights Watch (2011) 'World Report 2011: Events of 2010'
[8] India.gov.in, 'Spotlight: National Portal of India National AIDS Control Programme', accessed 13.07.2010
[9] Indrani Gupta, Mayur Trivedi and Subodh Kandamuthan, 'Adoption of Health Technologies in India : Implications for the
AIDS Vaccine' : Sage, 2007, pbk, 236 p, tables, figs, ISBN : 8178297392,2007
[10] Jai P Narain, Jai P., 'Three Decades of HIV/AIDS in Asia' , Sage, 2012, 468 p, (ISBN : 9788132109075),2012.

Abstract: Charging high interest rates is important for any microfinance institution's financial independence and sustainability. Optimal allocation of micro credits is when various amounts of loans are disbursed to those households that are willing and able to pay much needed high interest rate. This study attempts to measure the maximum amount microfinance recipients are willing to pay for purchasing a microloan. Using binary logit regression model for the most popular loan amounts, we observed that willingness to pay increased significantly if the recipient belonged to a female headed household. For higher loan levels, however, households with 'joint' household heads and additional factors such as higher income and lower expenditure became more important in raising the willingness to pay higher interest rate. Secondly, loan takers were willing to pay high if they invested in services/retail sector. Fixed effects model showed that for charging high interest rates, loans should be directed towards individual females, or those who have already purchased a loan and have strong savings pattern. Analysis also showed recipients were not interest-elastic.

Keywords: Interest rates, Microfinance Institutions, Microloans, Willingness to pay

[1] S. A. Rauf and T. Mahmood, Growth and Performance of Microfinance in Pakistan, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, Volume
47, No. 1, 2009, pp. 99-122
[2] A. N. Fernando, Understanding and Dealing with High Interest Rates on Microcredit, A Note to Policy Makers in the Asia and Pa cific Regions, 2006, Asian Development Bank
[3] R. Sengupta and P. C. Aubuchon, The Microfinance Revolution: An Overview, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, 90(1),
2008, , pp. 9-30.
[4] A. G. Ayayi, and M. Sene, What Drives Microfinance Institution‟s Financial Sustainability, The Journal of Developing Areas,
Nashville, Vol. 44, Issue 1, (2010), pg. 303, 22 pgs
[5] A. Khan, Tackling the failure of microfinance efforts through amalgamating microfinance with charity: two viable alternatives in the
context of Pakistan, Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, Volume 2, Issue 2, 2008
[6] D. Karlan and J. Zinman, Elasticities of Demand for Consumer Credit, Yale University Economic Growth Center, Center Discussion
Paper No. 926, 2006
[7] E. Duflo, A. Banerjee, R. Glennester and C. Kinnan, C, The miracle of microfinance? Evidence from a randomized evaluation,
Working Paper, 2009
[8] J. Morduch, R. Cull and A. Demirguc-Kunt, Microfinance meets the Market, Journal of Economic Prospectives, 23 (1), Winter, 2009, 167-192
[9] X. Giné and D. Karlan, Group versus Individual Liability: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Philippines, Yale University
Economic Growth Center working paper 940, 2008
[10] E. Field and R. Pande, Repayment Frequency and Default in Micro-Finance: Evidence from India. Journal of European Economic
Association 6:2-3, 2008, pp. 501-509

Abstract: SME or small scale business is described as the engine for rapid growth due to its numerous benefits such as employment generation and contribution to the GDP. In Nigeria, SMEs defined as any enterprise with a maximum assets of N500 million ($4.2 million) excluding land and working capital with the number of staff not less than 10 or more than 300 (IFC, 2001). Some 98% of businesses in Nigeria are small- medium – size enterprise. SMEs are the engines of economic growth worldwide. The impact of SMEs on the economy cannot be underestimated, SMEs generate employment, promote the use of local raw materials that require simple technology, promotes innovation and technology development. Promotes intermediate goods for longer firms and job creation, poverty reduction, wealth creation, income distribution and reduction in income disparities (Aremu 2011) Sadly, this sector with all the benefits is faced with numerous and endless challenges such as poor management practices, lack of information and knowledge of the market, high cost of over head, infrastructural inadequacy etc. For the purpose of this study, we summarized the challenges facing SMEs into ten; we do not intend to conclusive say they are limited to ten, but just trying to educate, sensitize and encourage SMEs operators to discover various problems facing businesses.

Keywords – Small Scale Business, Unemployment, Economic Growth, Marketing Knowledge gap

[1] Aremu, M. A. (2004). Small Scale Enterprises: Panacea to poverty problem in Nigeria, Journal of Enterprises Development,
International Research and Development Institute, Uyo, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.pg (1-5)
[2] Acharya, S.N. (1981) "Perspectives and problems of development in Sub- Saharan Africa", World Development, 9.
[3] Aftab, K. and E. Rahim (1989) "Barriers to the growth of informal sector firms: a case study", Journal of Development Studies,
25(4).
[4] Akamiokhor, G.A. (1983) "Financing small-scale enterprises", Central Bank of Nigeria Bulletin, 8(2). Box, R. de la (1983) "Policies
for financing of small-scale industries: Kenyan experience", in N. Molenaar, M.S. El-Namaki and M.P. Van Dijk (eds) Small-Scale
Industries Promotion in Developing Countries, The Netherlands.
[5] Chenery, H. et al. (1974) Redistribution with Growth, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[6] Daniel, P., R.H. Green and M. Lipton (1985) "A strategy for the rural poor", Journal of Development Planning, 15, New York:
United Nations.
[7] Ekpenyong, D.B. (1982) "Problems of small businesses and why they fail", Journal of General Studies, Bayero University, Jos, 3(1).
International Labour Organization (1973) "Sharing in development: a programme of employment, equity and growth in the
Philippines", Geneva: ILO.
[8] Kilby, P. (1969) Industrialization in an Open Economy: Nigeria 1945-66, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. (1975)
"Manufacturing in colonial Africa", in Colonialism in Africa 1969- 78, Vol. 4, London: Cambridge University Press.
[9] Miller, L. (1977) Agricultural Credit and Finance in Africa, New York: Rockefeller Foundation.
[10] Ojo, A.T. (1976) The Nigerian Financial System, Ibadan. (1984) Banking in Nigeria, Graham Burn.

Abstract: The contribution of the agricultural sector of the economy cannot be over emphasized when considering its role in building grounds for development, its employment potentials and impacts on the economy. This study is set forth to explore the average contribution of the agricultural sector to the national earning of Nigeria over the years, using a time series data from 1981 to 2010 sourced from the Central bank of Nigeria. The empirical perspective of this paper applied the unit root test and co integration, relying on the theoretical backing posited by Solow. It was found that a significant relationship exist between government expenditure in the agricultural sector and the economic growth of Nigeria.

Keywords – Economic Growth, Government Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product, Agricultural Sector

[1] Devarajan, Shantayanan, Vinaya Swaroop, Heng-fu Zou (April,1996). The Composition of Public Expenditures and Economic
Growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37, 313344.
[2] Barro, R. (1988). Economic Growth in a Cross-section of Countries.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106 (2), 407–43.
[3] Musgrave, R.A., Musgrave, P. B. (1984). Public Finance inTheory and Practice (4th edition) (pp. 7-12), McGraw-Hill,New York.
[4] Alao R.O., 2006. Fundamentals of Monetary Economics, Muhasmael Ventures, Lagos
[5] Udah, Enang B, (2010): Industrial Development,Electricity Crisis and Economic Performance inNigeria; European Journal of
Economics, Finance andAdministrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2887 issue 18 (2010).
[6] Mankiw, G., D. Romer and D. Weil (1992). "A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth": Quarterly Journal of Economics
107, pp 407-37
[7] Onayemi, T. Nigeria Oil: Prices, politics and the people, published in Nigeria Today 2003.
[8] Adenikinju, A. Nigeria‟s imperative in the new World trade order, workshop report. African economic research consortium (AERC ). Nairobi, Kenya and trade policy research and training (TPRTP). Department of economics, University of Ibadan; 2003
[9] Ojowu, N. Speech at Nigeria‟s imperative in the new World trade Order, workshop report. African economic research consortium
(AERC). Nairobi, Kenya and trade policy research and traning (TPRTP). Department of economics, University of Ibadan: 2003
[10] Akinbobola, Ayo (2001) Globalization and its Impact on the Emergent States: An Analysis of itsProblems and Prospects in Brazil and Nigeria Lagos: Concept Publications.Alkali, R.A. (1997) The World Bank and Nigeria: Cornucopia or Pandora Box?

Abstract: Facets like geography and history have always imprinted the demographical mosaic of a civilisation. Vast and rocky Balochistan with Its coastal belt heralds the marches by Alexander's army in 300 BC and its NE rocky ranges yielded of the 'GandamakTreaty ' tabled in 1879. Being a gateway to the strategically important 'Strait Of Hurmoz' , Central Asia and bordering two Islamic Republics Balochistan has always been prominent for Regional Politics. Geography and courses of invaders have kept it a distant demography. Despite being sparsely dwelled, the religion and culture have kept the social bond in strength. Makran Coast adds to cultural diversity. Demography and absence of much needed awareness carved the roots of feudalism. With diminishing authority, the feudal and politicians are exploiting the Balochi youth by installing a politically motivated sense of deprivation. The emergence of Gwadar Port as a vibrant regional economic hub has caused many regional and extra regional powers in conjunction with the sham nawabs and politicians to exploit Balochies. The media blitz is further compounding the precarious situation. The infra structural development to link with energy rich Central Asian Republics have added to cultural diversity of Balochistan. Indian involvement is to offset Kashmir.

Keywords:Carnage, deprivation, key players, media blitz and Port.

[1] www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/baloch.html.(accessed on 30 Oct 2011).
[2] http://www.hmibf.org/balochistan.htm. (accessed on 4 Nov 2011).
[3] http://www.hmibf.org/balochistan.htm. ( accessed on 4 Nov 2011).
[4] Sikander Hayat‟s World, "Balochistan Trouble of a Demographic Nature", www.real-politique.blogspot.com/…/Balochistan-trouble-of-demographic minority. (accessed on 30, Oct, 2011). [5] Chas.E. Yate, Colonel and Mir Muhmud Khan, the gazetteer of Balochistan (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab Printers,1906, 1st Published, 2nd Edition 1986) 23. [6] Chas.E. Yate, Colonel and Mir Muhmud Khan, the gazetteer of Balochistan (Quetta: Gosha-e-Adab Printers, 1906, 1st Published, 2nd Edition 1986) 201.
[7] http://www.tethyan.com/TheRekoDiqProject.aspx. (accessed on 28 Oct 2011). [8] Yaser Hasan, Strategic Significance of Gwadar Deep Sea Port; Regional and Extra Regional Dimensions, University of Karachi, Karachi, Ph.D., 2011. (43). [9] Lieutenant Colonel Syed Iqbal Ahmad, Balochistan – its strategic importance (Pakistan: Royal Book Company, 1999) 27. [10] Christine Fair, "Analysts say India Fanning unrest in Balochistan"Daily Times (Islamabad) Aug 18, 2011

Abstract: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between self-esteem and aggressive dispositions of athletes by gender and types of sports. Thus, two questionnaires of aggression and the inventory of the physical self-esteem were completed by 440 subjects (mean age 21.49 ± 1.96) practicing team and individual sports. Our results showed a negative correlation between self-esteem and aggression (r = -0.46 ; p <0.001). Practitioners of team sports are characterized by low self-esteem and high aggression and conversely for individual sports. Males show more physical (p <0.001) and verbal aggression than females (p <0.01). In contrast, females express more acts of anger (p <0.001) and hostility (p <0.001) than males. However, it seems worthwhile to give more importance to the self-esteem of players and try to improve to minimize aggression in sport.

Keywords: aggression, gender, individual sports, self-esteem, team sports.

[1] Tesser, L.M. & Campbell, R.N (1983). Self-definition and self-evaluation maintenance. In J.Suls et A.Greenwald (Eds).
Psychological perspectives on the Self, 2 (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum) 1-31.
[2] Harter, S. (1998). Comprendre l'estime de soi de l'enfant et de l'adolescent. Considérations historiques, théoriques et
méthodologiques. In M.Bolognini et Y.Prêteur (Eds.), Estime de soi: Perspectives développementales. Delachaux et Niestlé, (Paris) 57-81.
[3] Coleman, D. & Iso-Ahola, S.E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure
Research, 25, 111-128.
[4] Harter, S., Waters, P., & Whitsell, N. R. (1998). The development of self-representations. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) and N.
Eisenberg, Handbook of child psychology, 3 (New York: Macmillan) pp. 553-557.
[5] Crocker, J. & Wolfe, C.T. (2001). Contingencies of Self-Worth, Psychological Review 108: 593–623.
[6] Overholser, J.C., Adams, D.M., Lehnert, K.L., & Brinkman, D. (1995). Self-esteem deficits in adolescent psychiatric inpatients.
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 919-928.
[7] Santschi, A.(1985). Ritualisierter Kampf in Sport ein Mittel zur Aggressions beherrschung Magglingen no. 2, s.11.
[8] Tandy, R.E. & Laflin, J. (1973). Aggression and sport: two theories. Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 44, 19- 20.
[9] Durand, M. (1987). L'enfant et le sport (Paris : PUF).
[10] Pfister, R. (1987). L'agression sportive entre raison et passion. In Recherche en Psychologie du Sport. Actes du 3ème congrès
international de psychologie du sport. Etablissement d'application psychotechnique, Issy-les-Moulineaux, pp. 346-352.

Abstract: This paper is on levels of motivation as correlates of librarians' task performance in university libraries in South – East, Nigeria. It is a co- relational study. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Pearson Product Moment correlation Co-efficient and t-test of correlation were used for data analysis. The librarians in the university libraries studied are poorly motivated but greater majority of them perform moderately on their tasks in the libraries because of their interest and love in librarianship. The very low positive or no relationship existing between the librarians' levels of motivation and their task performance is not significant. To get the best task performance out of all the librarians as some still need to be motivated, the university management should give all the librarians adequate motivation.

Key Words: Motivation, Librarians, Task Performance, University Libraries.

[1] Akor, Philip U. (2010) Motivation as acorrelate to job performance of profession librarians in the university libraries in Markudi, Benue state. Unizik journal of research in library and information science.2 (1):54-64
[2] Ike, Adedimpe (2007) Whither Nigerian Librarianship: an invited paper to the Anambra State chapter of the Nigerian Library Association. Anambra state Library And Information Science Digest.1 (1): 5-18
[3] Mullins, L (1996) Management and organization-4th ed. London: Pitman Nigeria: Federal Government (2004). National Policy on Education. Abuja: Government Press
[4] Nwamefor, Ralph (2007). Sensitizing the South-East zone librarians of the Nigerian Library Association. Anambra State library and Information Science Digest. 1 (1): 25-30
[5] Nwosu, Obiora Chukwuma (2008) Apathy in the Library and Information Science Profession in Anambra state, Nigeria. Anambra State Library and Information Science Digest. 1(2):8-15
[6] Ogbunadike, J.C (2008). Effective Motivation of teachers for the attainment of Millennium development goals. In B.G. Nworgu-ed (2008) Education in the age of Global challenge and enhancement strategies. Nsukka: University of Nigeria: UTP 468-469
[7] Robert, D.B (2003). Why measure performance? Different purposes require different measures. American society for Public Administration. 63(5):586-606
[8] Ugwoegbu, F (2007) Strategies for minimizing theft in academic libraries. Journal of Adult Education studies. 2(2):67-69
[9] Durand, M. (1987). L'enfant et le sport (Paris : PUF).
[10] Pfister, R. (1987). L'agression sportive entre raison et passion. In Recherche en Psychologie du Sport. Actes du 3ème congrès
international de psychologie du sport. Etablissement d'application psychotechnique, Issy-les-Moulineaux, pp. 346-352.

Abstract: conservative and sluggish to adopt new innovations. This research work is mainly based on primary data collected through interview schedules from 365 married women respondents on stratified random basis from Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh. The present paper also highlights the position of spouse on the practice of family planning methods. This study was undertaken to know the extent of awareness among married women towards the various aspects of family planning. It was found that majority of the respondents had knowledge and awareness about various aspects of family planning but its adoption is of low magnitude. Women were the major users of permanently contraceptives (tubectomy) as contrary to men. Some women were found with the use of oral pills but the use of loops, condom and copper-T was almost slugest utilization in the study area.

Keywords: Rural community, socio-economic profile, education level, age group, and contraceptive methods, Sonbhadra district.

[1] Banerjee, Bratati., 2004. Socio-economic and Cultural Determinants on Acceptance of Permanent Methods of Contraception, The Journal of Family Welfare, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 54-58.
[2] Bulatao, R.A., Levin, A., Boser., Green, C., 1993. Effective family planning programs. Washington D.C., World Bank, 110.
[3] Bulatao, R.A., Levin, A., Boser., Green, C., 1993. Effective family planning programs. Washington D.C., World Bank, 110.
[4] Devi, D.R., Rastogi, S.R., Retherford, R.D., 1996. Unmet need for family planning in Uttar Pradesh. 46 unpublished.
[5] Khan, M.E., Dastidar, S.K., and Bainathi, S., 1985. Not wanting children yet not practicing family planning. The journal of family welfare XXXII No. 3(12): 8.
[6] Lakshmi, G.R., and Bandopadhyay, S.S., 1986. Effect of education, economic status and occupation on fertility, Health and population - Perspectives and issues; 9(1): 42-51.
[7] Lloyd, C.B., 1991. The contribution of world fertility surveys to an understanding of the relationship between women's work and fertility. Studies in Family Planning; 22(3): 144-161.
[8] Nag, M., 1984. Some cultural factors affecting costs of fertility regulation. Population Bulletin of the United Nations, 17: 17-38.
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Abstract: This research is focused on political stability in Malaysia through civilian's perception. To identify a structural stabilized political system, it depended on several important factors. Those particular factors contain manpower development, economic development and growth, governance, political culture, technology development, security environment and social development. In addition, our political system also influenced and balanced by certain moderate factors such as control of inflation and leader, invention and innovation and civilian support. The relationship between the factor of economic development and growth and stabilized political system is controlled and balanced by an external factor called control of inflation and leader consisting politician & economist. Moreover, national governance and our stabilized political system are balanced and controlled by an important factor called control of corruption and leaders consisting national politicians. Technology development is one of the mentioned factors too that influences national political system but it controls and balances by the factor of invention and innovation. In addition, without social development, our political system would not be stable due to least civilian's support force. The manpower development factor and economy development and growth factor are significantly related to influence our political system. Meanwhile, economy development and growth factor and governance factor also significant related to stabilize political system in Malaysia. Our stabilized political system also depending on both governance factor and political culture factor significantly. To develop Malaysia, social development factor and national governance factor are significantly related to influence national politic system.

Key words: Control of Inflation, Economy Development and Growth, Governance, Manpower development, Political Stability

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