IOSR-JHSS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The paper seeks to analyse the trend, pattern and process of urbanization in China based on secondary data from 1975 to 2011 ( 37 years) collected from Chinese Statistical Year book(CSY), World Development Indicators(WDI), Asian Development Bank (ADB ) Reports and research reports. The study has used least square regression model, regression between growth of urbanization and growth of per capita GDP, Augmented Dicky-fuller test for stationarity & stability of time series data, ganger causality test and vector auto regression models & graphs. The paper focuses on pattern of urbanization in following three phases.

Key Words- Causality, Growth, Urbanisation, , Linkage, Trend

[1] Cartier, C. (2001), Zone fever, the arable land debate, and real estate speculation: China's evolving land use regime and its geographical contradictions, Journal of Contemporary China, Vol 10, No 28, p- 445–469.
[2] Chan, K.W. (1994), Urbanization and rural–urban migration in China since 1982: a new base line, Modern China, Vol 20, No 3, p- 243–281.
[3] Chan, K.W. (2009), The Chinese Hukou system at 50, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol 50, No 2, p- 197–221.
[4] Chan, K.W. and Y. Hu (2003), Urbanization in China in the 1990s: new definition, different series, and revised trends, The China Review, Vol 3, No 2, p-49–71.
[5] Chan, K.W. and X. Xu (1985), Urban population growth and urbanization in China since 1949: reconstructing a base line, The China Quarterly, 104, p- 583–613.
[6] Chan, K.W. and L. Zhang (1999), The Hukou system and rural–urban migration in China: processes and changes, The China Quarterly, 160, p- 818–855.
[7] Chang, C., B.P. McCall et al. (2003), Incentive contracting versus ownership reforms: evidence from China's township and village enterprises, Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol 31, No 3, p-414–428.
[8] Ding, C. (2003), Land policy reform in China: assessment and prospects, Land Use Policy, Vol 20, No 2, p- 109–120.
[9] Dowall, D.E. (1993), Establising urban land markets in the People‟s Republic of China, Journal of The American Planning Association, Vol 59, No 2, p- 182–192.
[10] Friedmann, J. (2004), China's Urban Transition. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

Abstract: In India, urban development in hilly and tribal regions of the country is of recent origin. Most of these regions with subsistence mode of production and egalitarian social setup, being in the geographical and economic periphery of the country have remained stagnated till recently. The North-Eastern part of India is one such example where the process of urbanization began late and started growing mainly in the post independence era, more as an after effect of the plan and policies of the government. Consequently the associated features of getting urban started manifesting its impact in the form of migration, Poverty and its associated features which are now obvious in most towns located or emerging in the tribal areas. Witnessing a transformation of the earlier tribal social ethos towards modernization, these societies are thereby breaking the age old traditions, getting reshaped as result of being suddenly exposed to the new culture and the waves of change in them. The impact is mostly felt in the catchment rural areas by the migrant laborers a majority of whom are children and the young people who constitute a sizable section of the tribal society in the form of residential domestic help and even commercial workers. Families of these teenagers migrant are forced to use their children as a source of economic sustenance by sending them out to the expanding towns and cities where there is high demand for children aged 14 and above, particularly among the Neo-rich and the nuclear families mostly as residential domestic help. This paper examines the mobility and space given to these rural migrant children who become the bread earners for their families and contribute to the urban economy through their unrecognized labour.

Key words; egalitarian, ethos, stagnated, subsistence, transformation, waves of change

[1] Soja, Edward, The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (1989) Verso, London.
[2] Mcgee, T.G. and Bells, G., The Urbanisation Process In The Third World (1979) Macmillan, London
[3] Barpujari, H. K., Problems of Hill Tribes North East Frontier(1998) ,NERC Shillong
[4] Choudhury.S Gazet6er of India 1980, Gazettier report Arunachal Pradesh
[5] Barpujari.H.K.,The American Missionaries and North-East India1986,Easstern Publications ,Guwahati

Abstract: Problem solving skill is one of the major quality parameters of a person living in the modern society, which is highly technical, scientific, as well as complex. Problem solving, in the context of learning science has been selected as focal theme of the present investigation.

Keywords: Problem solving, Creativity, Science learning, Role of a science teacher.

[1] Abd-el Khalick, F. & Lederman, N.G.(2000).The influence of history of science courses on students views of nature of science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(10), 1057-1095.
[2] Abell, S.K. & Lederman, N.G.(2007). Handbook of Research on Science Education, Lawrence Erlbaum Asssociates:N.Jercy.
[3] Aktamis, H. & Ergin, O. (2008). The effect of scientific process skill education on students scientific creativity, scientific attitude and academic achievement, Asia Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 9(1), Article – 4.
[4] Amabile, T.M. (1987). The motivation to be creative. In S. G. Isaken (Ed.), Frontiers of Creativity research: Beyond the basics (pp: 223-254) Buffalo, NY: Bearly.
[5] Baer, J. & Kaufman, J. C. (2005). Whence creativity? Overlapping and dual aspect skills and traits. In J. C. Kaufman & J. Baer (Eds.), Creativity across domains: Faces of the muse (pp. 313-320).Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[6] Barron, E. (1988). Putting Creativity to work. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.). The Nature of creativity: Contemporary Physiological Perspectives (PP – 76–98) N.York: Cambridge University Press.
[7] Dass, P.M. (2004). New science coaches: preperation in the new rules of science education. In J, Weld. (Eds).Game of Science Education, Pearson Education, Inc. Allyn and Bacon : Boston.
[8] Diakidoy, N. & Constantinou, P. (2001). Creativity in Physics: response fluency and task specificity.Creativity Research Journal,13(3), 401-410.
[9] Erdner, N. (2003), Egitimade yaratici....... gelistirilmesi, [online], Retrieved from http://www.kho.edu.tr/Yayinlar/Btym/Bilgibonkasi/Genelkon/114/Nustreterdener.htm.visited on 7/09/2011.
[10] Feldhusen, J.F. (1995). Creativity: A knowledge base, metacognitive skill, and personality factor. Journal of Creativity Behaviour, 29, 255-268.

Abstract: This article is an effort to bring in light the theme of alienation and rootlessness generated by colonial conflicts in Achebe's No Longer at Ease. Achebe through his writing shows that how colonial rule and English education reject native values and try to install Christianity as the only true faith and consider themselves racially superior to the natives. The whites colonize the natives to dominate over them and impost their own ideas and religious beliefs on them. Colonizer induced the colonized natives to abandon the way of life and culture and imitate the colonial's. As a result native began to practice European thinking and started to alienate from their culture and society For Achebe the worst consequences of colonization is that one is currently alienated from his own community. It seems that Achebe has conceived the story in the light of his own experience during the colonization of Africa by the whites. The purpose of this paper is to show how colonial conflicts bring changes in the life of natives and how they began to alienate from their own roots. Keywords – Achebe, Alienation, Colonial Conflicts, Community and Education.

[1] Joseph, S. Johnpeter. "Alienation and Rootlessness in the Novels of Kamla Markandaya".ed.Nandani, Sahu. The Post Colonial Space: Writing the self and the nation. (New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers and distributers, 2007.)
[2] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)
[3] Ghosh, Anuradha. " The Notion of Identity Formation and the Paradigm of Cultural Resistance, in the Novels of Chinua Achebe". ed. Mala Pandurand. Chinua Achebe:Anthology of Recent Criticism. (Delhi: Pencraft Internation, 2006)
[4] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)
[5] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)
[6] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. London : Heinemann, 1960.
[7] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)
[8] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)
[9] Carroll, David. Chinua Achebe. (Macmillan, 1980.)
[10] Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease. (London : Heinemann, 1960.)

Abstract: To explore the influencing situations for prosocial behavior in men and women (both married and unmarried) between the age groups of 20-40 years. For this purpose a sample of 240 participants was presented with 4 different situations: 1) Accident Victim 2) Neighbor fighting 3) Molestation and 4) Shoplifting, then the participants were to decide from the options provided as to how they would intervene with the situation. Out of the 240 participants, 120 were males & 120 females, of which 60 were married & 60 were not married. Chi square and t-test were used for calculation. Following results were shown: more people would help indirectly than directly & only few would not help in all the situations. It was also indicated that helping behavior would differ from situation to situation. Whereas there was no difference found between men and women (married or unmarried) that would help directly or indirectly.

Key words: Prosocial Behavior, Married, Unmarried, four situations, directly and indirectly helping.

[1] Baron, R. (1997). The sweet smell of…helping: Effects of pleasant ambient fragrance on pro-social behavior in shopping malls. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(5), 498-503.
[2] Batson, C. Daniel (1998). Altruism and Pro-social Behavior. Ch. 23 in Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd Edition, New York; Random House. pg. 282-316.
[3] Batson, D., & Schoenrade, P., & Ventis, L. (1993). Religion and the Individual. New York: Oxford University Press.
[4] Batson, Daniel C (1991). "The Altruism Question" Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers New Jersey.
[5] Benson, P.L., Karabenick, S.A., & Lerner, R.M. (1976). Pretty pleases: The effect of physical attractiveness, race and sex on receiving help. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 409-415.
[6] Bihm, E., Gaudet, I., & Sale, O. (1979). Altruistic responses under conditions of anonymity. Journal of Social Psychology, 109, 25-30.
[7] Boice, K., & Goldman, M. (1981) Helping Behavior as affect by type of request and identity of caller. The Journal of Social Psychology. 115, 95-101.
[8] Chou, K. (1998). Effects of age, gender, and participation in volunteer activities on the altruistic behavior of Chinese adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 159, 195-201
[9] Clary, E.Gil & Miller, Jude (1986). Socialization and Situational Influences on Sustained Altruism. Child Development, 57: 1358-1369.
[10] Cohen, R. (1972) "Altruism: Human Control or What? Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 28, pg. 28.

Abstract: This paper examines two key issues central to the analysis of labour markets in Nigeria and other multi-ethnic and multi-cultural developing countries: women's labour force participation and the hours they work. Using a sample survey based on the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria, the study estimates labour participation rates using a logit model and hours worked using Heckman two-stage procedure. The results of the analysis show that women's labour force participation rates depend on age, education, ethnic origin, respondent's income, religion and relationship to the household head. The results confirm the impact of cultural and spatial heterogeneity on the responses of women to employment opportunities in the labour market.

Keywords: Women labour, geopolitical zones, formal sector, informal sector, Nigeria JEL classification: J16; J21; J29

[1] World Bank, World Development Indicators database, 2002

[2] Olusoji, M.O. Determinants of women labour force participation in Nigeria: Empirical evidence from the geopolitical zone. Doctoral thesis, Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2004

[3] Okojie, C.E.E. An economic analysis of women labour supply in Nigeria: A case study of Benin city. Doctoral thesis, Department of Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 1981

[4] Urama, K.C. and O.E Obinna, The economics of female labour supply: Theory and evidence from Nigeria. Final report. AERC Biannual Research Workshop. Nairobi, Kenya. 29th November - 5th December 2003.

[5] Singh, I; L Squire & J. Strauss,. Agricultural Household Models: Extensions, Applications, and Policy. Baltimore, Md: John Hopkins University Press. 1986

[6] Haddad, L; J. Hoddinott and H. Alderman (ed), Intra Household Resource Allocation in developing Countries: Models, Methods and Policy. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.. (1997)

[7] Joll, C., R. McNabb and J. Shorey. Developments in Labour Market Analysis. Georges Allen and Unwin. 1993.

[8] Lachaud, J .P ,Poverty and the urban labour market in sub- Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis, Discussion Paper No. 55.IILS Geneva. 1993.

[9] Federal Office of Statistics, Socio-Economic Profile of Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria.1996

[10] Greene, W.H, Econometric Analysis, Fourth Edition. New York: Prentice Hall. 2000

Abstract: Paper analyses five case studies of school children with epilepsy. Contents of the case studies reveal the Voice of the children and their concerns. Case studies focus on the problem of these children in school, as well as in the family, family and kinship care, and who cares for the epilepsy in family?

Keywords : School Children, Epilepsy, Family & Kinship care.

[1] Saillant, Francine and Serge Genset (2007). Medical Anthropology-Regional Perspective and shared Concerns, ed. Blackwell Publishing,USA.

[2] Borneman, John(1997). "Caring and Being Cared for: Displacing the Marriage, Kinship, Gender and Sexuality." International Social Sciences Journal, 154:573-584
[3] Singh, Ravinder; Vibha Sharma and Upmesh Kumar Talwar (2013). Patients with Epilepsy and Dementia: Does Family and Kinship Care Matter? Advances in Anthropology, 2013(in press)

[4] Gourie-Devi,M, G.Gururaj, P Satishchandra and D K Subbhakrishna(2004a).Prevalence of Neurological Disorders in Bangalore, India: A Community- Based Study witrh a comparison between Urban and rural Area. Neuroepidemiology 2004; 23:261- 268

[5] Gourie-Devi,M, G.Gururaj and P Satishchandra (2004b). Delivery of Epilepsy Care to the Community: Towards the national Epilepsy control Programme. In Mental Health-An Indian perspective(1946-2003)Edited by S P Aggarwal, DGHS, Ministry of H & FW, New Delhi.

[6] Chandra,V., R. Pandav, R. Laxminarayan,C.Tanner, B.Manyam, S. Rajkumar, D. Silberberg, C. Brayne, J.Chow, S.Herman,F. Hourihan, S. Kasner, L. Morillo, A. Ogunniyi, W.Theodore, and Z. Zhang( 2006). Neurological Disorders. Chapter-32 in Mental health Disorders. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2006

[7] Rani, Ajita and Ravinder Singh (2012). People Living with Epilepsy: Exploring psychosocial aspects of the Epilepsy patients in Bareilly. Abstract. Proceeding of Argentinean Congress on Neuropsychiatry and Cognitive Neuroscience. 29-31 August, 2012, Buenos Aires - Argentina.

[8] Sharma, Vibha; Ravinder Singh, Upmesh K Talwar and Mahesh Bhargava (2011). Ethical and Legal Issues related to Dementia and Epilepsy, Chapter-25 in Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment and Rehabilitation: A Practical Approach, ed. Vibha Sharma and Shazadi Malhotra. Published by Harprasad Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Agra, UP.

[9] Khurana, Sarbjeet; Kiran Bala, Ravinder Singh and Vibha Shrama(2012). Childhood Epilepsy: Knowledge, Attitude and perception of the School teachers of Delhi. Abstract. Proceeding of 56th Annual Conference of Indian Public Health Association(IPHA) for Public Health Priorities for the 12th Plan. 10-12 Feb, 2012, Kochi. Abst No. 486, Page 28.

[10] Singh, Nidhi; Vibha Sharma and Ravinder Singh (2012a). Spiritual psychotherapy of Caregivers of patients with epilepsy: An Indian perspective for Care givers. Abstract. Proceeding of International Conference on Recent Advances in Cognition and Health, January, 23-24, 2012, pp 40-41, Organised by Deptt. of Psychology, SAP(DRS1), BHU, Varansai, India

Abstract: The United States of America‟s Declaration of Independence proclaims that "life‟, "liberty‟ and "pursuit‟ of happiness are rights of individuals irrespective of their personal background. Most Americans believe that success can be achieved through hard work. Unfortunately, the American Dream was also distorted by certain people in the sense they aim at pursuing their individual happiness at the cost of harming the interests of others involved.

[1] Fitzgerald, Scott F. The Great Gatsby. 1925. New York: Charles Scribner‟s, 1953.
[2] Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. 1958. New York: Random, 1966.
[3] Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. 1948. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1980.
[4] Williams, Tennessee. The Glass Menagerie. 1945. New York: Dramatists Play Service, 1975. [5] - - -. Sweet bird of youth: A streetcar named Desire ; The glass menagerie. New York: Penguin, 1962. [6] http://ww.tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/archives/2002/1panel_lateplays.pdf, 01st Jan., 2013.
[7] http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tennessee+Williams's+Sweet+Bird+of+Youth+and+ William+Inge's+Bus...-a0141995707 11th Jan., 2013
[8] http://www.questia.com/library/1G1-141995707/tennessee-williams-s-sweet-bird-of-youth-and-william, 7th Jan., 2013.
[9] http://www.angelfire.com/home/qaf/sweetbird.html, 11th Jan., 2013.
[10] http://www.tennesseewilliamsstudies.org/archives/2007/08panel_inge.html, 12th Jan., 2013.

Abstract: Perception of risk of contracting HIV from spouses was assessed among 390 married women selected from workplaces and households in Omi-Adio, a peri-urban Nigerian community. A pre-tested questionnaire containing a 14-point knowledge scale and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and ANOVA while the qualitative data analysis was by themes. Mean age of respondents was 30.2±2.9 years, 67.2% were in monogamous unions. Mean knowledge score was 7.3±2.9 and was significantly influenced by age and level of education (p<0.05). Unprotected sex was perceived as the major route of infection (96.9%), 95.0% believed that women could get HIV from their spouses and 10.0% of these perceived themselves to be at personal risk. Perceived risk factors for HIV infection from spouses included polygyny (77.2%) and infidelity (51.5%). Main preventive measures identified were mutual faithfulness (82.0%), use of condom (8.5%) and traditional methods (6.7%). FGD respondents proffered satisfying one's spouse sexually so he doesn't indulge in extra-marital affairs and providing one's spouse with condoms as strategies for preventing HIV infection. Culturally sensitive health promotion programmes targeting couples aimed at increasing knowledge and uptake of effective preventive measures to reduce women's vulnerability are advocated. Keywords - HIV/AIDS, HIV/AIDS knowledge, married women, preventive measures, risk perception

[1] UNAIDS (The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) Regional Facts sheets 2012. Retrieved on February 14, 2013 from http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/2012_FS_regional_ssa_en.pdf
[2] C Underwood, A. Kapunigio, R. Tembo, P. Chabwela, W. Glass & B. Howard. Understanding the dynamics of HIV/AIDS and family planning at the community level in Zambia, 2006. Retrieved on February 14, 2013 from www.nac.org.zm/index.php/research/coc_view/07-understanding-dynmics-of-hivaids-and-family-planning-at-the-community-level-in-zambia?tmpl=format=raw.
[3] K.L. Dunkle, R.K. Jewkes, H.C. Brown, G.E.Gray, J.A. Mclntryre & S.D. Harlow. "Gender-based violence, relationship, power and risk of HIV infection in women attending antenatal clinics in South Africa." Lancet, 2004, 363(9419): 1415-21.
[4] UNFPA. The New York Call to Commitment: Linking HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive Health 2004. Retrieved on February 14, 2013 from: UNFPA website: www.unfpa.org/icpd/10/docs/hiv-aids-rh-call-commitment.doc
[5] S. Sippel. The fidelity fallacy: The Link between HIV Infection and Marriage, 2007. Retrieved on February 12, 2013 from www.americanprogress.org/issues/women/news/2007/08/09/3400/the-fidelity-fallacy-the-link-between-hiv-infection-and-marriage/
[6] UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS) 2004. 2004 Report on Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS
[7] USAID. Family Planning and HIV integration: Technical Guidance for USAID-Supported Field Programs 2003. Retrieved on February 7, 2013 from www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/pop/publication/docs/fphiv.pdf [8] NACA (National Agency for Control of AIDS) 2011 Factsheet 2011: Women, Girls and HIV in Nigeria. Retrieved on February 10, 2013 from http://naca.gov.ng/content/view/419/lang,en/
[9] International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Population Council, 2007. Youth in India: Situation and Needs, 2006-2007, Facts Sheet: Maharashtra, Mumbai: IIPS
[10] V. Mishra, B.A. Simona, H. Ruthavuth & V. Martin . "Why Do So Many HIV-Discordant Couples in Sub-Saharan Africa Have Female Partners Infected, Not Male Partners?" 2007Paper presented at the HIV/AIDS Implementers' Meeting, Kigali, 20-22 June.

Abstract: The decrease in physical activities plays an important role in the increased prevalence of obesity. Obese adolescents appear to experience greater dissatisfaction with their body image and be more likely to have psychological disorders. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a training program on anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents obese and non obese. Thus, two groups of children (obese and non obese) have followed a training program for 12 weeks. Levels of anxiety and self-esteem were evaluated before and after the training program by a questionnaire of self-esteem and state anxiety inventory. Our results showed that obese subjects are characterized by low self-esteem (p <0.001) and high anxiety (p <0.001) compared to non-obese subjects. However, after the training program, there is no significant difference between obese and non-obese for the self-esteem (p = 0.103), but for the anxiety, the obese are more anxious than the non-obese (p <0.001). Our results also showed an improvement in self-esteem (+17.9% ; p <0.001) and decreased anxiety (-16.3% ; p <0.001) after the training program in obese subjects. Our study shows the importance of physical activities for obese adolescents in their identity development and emotional control. In addition, adequate nutrition associated with a moderate intensity sport is necessary for weight control.

Keywords: Adolescents, Anxiety, Obesity, Self-esteem

[1] Rolland-Cachera MF, Spyckerelle Y, Deschamps JP, 1991. Evolution of pediatric obesity in France. Int J Obesity; 156 (Suppl 1): 5. [2] Kuczmarski RJ, Flega KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL, 1994. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA ; 272: 205-11.

[3] Ziegler O and Derby O, 1998. Épidémiologie des obésités de l'adulte. Encycl Méd Chir (Elsevier, Paris), Endocrinologie-Nutrition, 10-506-B-20, 7p.

[4] Singh AS, Mulder C, Twisk JWR, van Mechelen W, Chinapaw MJM. 2008. Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev 9:474–488.

[5] Ruiz JR, Castro-Pinero J, Artero EG, 2009. Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med; 43(12):909 – 23.

[6] Dietz WH. 1994. Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 59:955–959.

[7] Jasik CB, Lustig RH. 2008. Adolescent obesity and puberty: the "perfect storm". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1135:265–279.

[8] Nader PR, Bradley RH, Hout DS, McRitchie SL, O'Brien M. 2008. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity from ages 9 to 15 years. JAMA 300:295–305.

[9] Alberga AS, Sigal RJ, Goldfield G, Prud'homme D, Kenny. 2012. Overweight and obese teenagers: why is adolescence a critical period?, Pediatr Obes doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2011.00046.x..

Abstract: Attribution includes the process that is used by people to link the underlying causes of the events. Social psychologists in analyzing attribution case, as with many other issues, do not have full consensus and they analysis and study it from different perspectives. That is different theories have been imposed in this case. In this article we will cover some of the most convincing attribution theory.

Keywords: Attribution, Social, Psychology, Theory

[1] Anderson ;(2001), Symbolic Psychologic: A model of attiludinal Cognition. Behavioral Science;3,1-13
[2] Arkin, R.M, Gleason, J.M, and Johnston, S, (1976), Effects of perceived choice, expected outcome, and observed outcome of an action on the causal attribution of actors. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology, 12, 151-158.
[3] Bechara; (2000), A relational obligations approach to the foot-in-the- mouth effect. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,24,546-556
[4] Barown, J. (2000), An introduction to motivation, New York, vonnostrand, vol, 31.
[5] Baker, H, (2003), Introduction to Mental Health in the Exceptional Children. NewYork: The Macmillan Company.
[6] Bar-On, R. (2000). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i): Technical Manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems, Inc.

Abstract: Sexual harassment at workplace is neither new nor rare, yet it is not reported or even talked about enough. Most working women face sexual harassment at workplace in some form or the other. It is there, yet never acknowledged. Actually, it is an extension of the patriarchal violence, at home and in society, at large, but it is not enough. At the basic level, it is a show of male dominance and the inherent inability to deal with women at par with men. Patriarchy reigns control by ensuring that women do not have equal access to available resources in the society and that they have restricted mobility and reduced efficiency, leading low or poor employability. Since the whole edifice of the economy rests on the society, economic empowerment can never be a meaningful reality without rooting out existing gender inequalities situated in the social structure. Sexual harassment is one of the chief ways that men resist gender equality in the workplace. It creates a hostile environment for working women. In India, the legal directive for addressing issues of sexual harassment came from Supreme Court verdict in the Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan in 1997. The Supreme Court stated that every instance of sexual harassment is a violation of Fundamental Right. Guwahati, the capital of Assam and the main entry-point to the whole North-East India plays a dominant role in the economy of the whole region. The job opportunities, both in the public and private spheres are ever-expanding. So, in order to understand and analyze the extent of sexual harassment at workplace and the effect of Vishakha Guidelines in Assam, in general and Guwahati, in particular the present study has been conducted.

Keywords — Patriarchy, Gender disparity, Economic independence, Sexual harassment.

[1] Chaudhuri, Paramita.Sexual Harassment at the Workplace:Experiences with Complaints Committees. Economic and Political Weekly. Vol-XLIII No.-17, 99-106

[2] Crawford, Susan. Sexual Harassment at Work cuts Profits, Poisons Morale. Wall Street Journal 19th April 1993 Books:

[3] Dutta, A.R. (Ed.) Human Security in North East India : Issue and Policies Anwesha, India 2009.

[4] Mackimon, Cathorine. Sexual Harassment of Working Women Harvard University Press, 1977.

[5] Singh, Subhash Chandra. (Ed.)Gender Justice Serials Publications, New Delhi,2009. [

6] Kolaskar, A.S. and Dash, M.(Ed.) Women and Society: A Road to Change Oxford University Press, New Delhi,2012.

[7] Redfern, C. and Aune, K. Reclaiming the F Word: The New Feminist Movement Zed Books, London and New York ,2010.

8] Economic-Survey-Assam-2011-2012.pdf, retrieved on 05.02.2013.

Abstract: A literary work used to be looked at and received as the product of the writer's own horizon, imagination and aesthetic creativity. This conception of the text focused on and tried to understand a single meaning allocated to the text and that fixed and final meaning is nothing but the intention of the author of the text. It was claimed that responses to the same text would necessarily have to be the same albeit at different times and by different readers. The text was doomed to a pregiven and single meaning and unchangeable reality prior to it. Yet, twentieth century criticism has drawn a considerable attention and critical importance to the possibility that responses and interpretations to a given text evolve and develop from time to time and from reader to another reader. The approach of this theory which is called reader response theory in the phenomenology of reading revolves around the text and the reader and argues that the relationship between them is ontological in its nature. Ontological in the sense that a written text must have a reader and that the reader lends genuine value to the text. This paper is going to explore how, according to this theory, a text is open to meanings and is capable of producing different responses.

Keywords: Phenomenology of reading, reader response theory, reader and the text

[1] Booth C. Wayne, The Rhetoric of Fiction, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
[2] Brownell Philip, A guide to Contemporary Practice, Gestalt Therapy, Springer Publishing Company, New York.
[3] Eagleton Terry, Literary Theory- An Introduction, Blackwell Publishing, 350 Main Street, Malden, USA, 1996.
[4] Farber Marvin, The Foundation of Phenomenology, State University of New York Press, Albany, New York, 1943.
[5] Iser Wolfgang, The Act of Reading.
[6] Iser Wolfgang, The Range of Interpretation, Colombia University Press, New York.
[7] M.A.R Habib, Modern Literary Criticism and History, Blackwell Publishing Limt, USA, 2005.
[8] Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism, Norton and Company Inc. New York , 2001.
[9] Selden Raman, A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, Great Britain, 2005.
[10] Tyson Lois, Critical Theory Today, Taylor and Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, 1950.

Abstract: This paper examines existing education literature that discusses existentialism, and existential pedagogy, promotes individual freedom, identity, and search for meaning. Through effective pedagogical strategies and by acknowledging the role of teacher, existential pedagogy will engage learners and will illuminate for them the existential motivations for learning. Existentialists say that every technique, every tool, every gesture is a way that opens upon the world. They say that teacher should present the subject matter with all the possible views on it. The findings of this study offer individual learners opportunity to live more purposefully in complex and rapidly changing conditions. This attribute obviously has implications for learners even beyond schools. It also has applicability for adults who especially are experiencing personal existential crisis in their lives.The educational implications drawn from existentialism enables an individual's to understand how their lives can be made more meaningful.For conducting this study, philosophical and historical methods were employed. The primary and secondary sources related to educational philosophy of existentialism were evaluated after detailed analysis. The general philosophical tools used for the study are induction, deduction, dialectical analysis and synthesis.

Key Words: Existentialism, pedagogy, classroom, crises, philosophy, personal meaning

[1] Marino, G. (2004). Basic Writings of Existentialism, p. ix, 3.Modern Library, USA.
[2] Lowrie, W. (1968). Kierkegaard's Attack Upon Christendon, p. 37-40. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
[3] Corrigan, J. (2008). Oxford Hand Book of Religion and Emotion, p. 387-388 Oxford University Press.
[4] Livingstone James et al. (2006). Modern Christian Thought: The Twentieth Century, First Forester Press, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Chapter 5
[5] Martin, C. (2006). Religious Existentialism in Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism, p. 188-205, Blackwell Publishing Company, Cambridge.
[6] Robert, S. (1974). Existentialism, p. 102. McGraw-Hill, Company.
[7] Cooper, D. (1999). Existentialism: A Reconstruction, p.8 Basil,Blackwell, Combridge.
[8] Ernst, B, (1962). Introduction to Modern Existentialism, p.5.Grove press, New York.
[9] Walter, K. (1956). Existentialism: From Dostoevsky to Sartre, p. 1. World Publishing Company, New York.
[10] Guignon. C and Derk, P. (2001). Existentialism: Basic Writings, p. xiii. Hackett Publishing Company. Inc. Cambridge.