IOSR-JHSS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The paper seeks to analyse the trend, pattern and process of urbanization in China based on secondary data from 1975 to 2011 ( 37 years) collected from Chinese Statistical Year book(CSY), World Development Indicators(WDI), Asian Development Bank (ADB ) Reports and research reports. The study has used least square regression model, regression between growth of urbanization and growth of per capita GDP, Augmented Dicky-fuller test for stationarity & stability of time series data, ganger causality test and vector auto regression models & graphs. The paper focuses on pattern of urbanization in following three phases.

Key Words- Causality, Growth, Urbanisation, , Linkage, Trend

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Abstract: In India, urban development in hilly and tribal regions of the country is of recent origin. Most of these regions with subsistence mode of production and egalitarian social setup, being in the geographical and economic periphery of the country have remained stagnated till recently. The North-Eastern part of India is one such example where the process of urbanization began late and started growing mainly in the post independence era, more as an after effect of the plan and policies of the government. Consequently the associated features of getting urban started manifesting its impact in the form of migration, Poverty and its associated features which are now obvious in most towns located or emerging in the tribal areas. Witnessing a transformation of the earlier tribal social ethos towards modernization, these societies are thereby breaking the age old traditions, getting reshaped as result of being suddenly exposed to the new culture and the waves of change in them. The impact is mostly felt in the catchment rural areas by the migrant laborers a majority of whom are children and the young people who constitute a sizable section of the tribal society in the form of residential domestic help and even commercial workers. Families of these teenagers migrant are forced to use their children as a source of economic sustenance by sending them out to the expanding towns and cities where there is high demand for children aged 14 and above, particularly among the Neo-rich and the nuclear families mostly as residential domestic help. This paper examines the mobility and space given to these rural migrant children who become the bread earners for their families and contribute to the urban economy through their unrecognized labour.

Key words; egalitarian, ethos, stagnated, subsistence, transformation, waves of change

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Abstract: Problem solving skill is one of the major quality parameters of a person living in the modern society, which is highly technical, scientific, as well as complex. Problem solving, in the context of learning science has been selected as focal theme of the present investigation.

Keywords: Problem solving, Creativity, Science learning, Role of a science teacher.

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