IOSR-JHSS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: Analysis of the spatial patterns of natural and human phenomena makes the core of geographical researches possess both academic and practical values. Research in the pattern of settlement distribution is one such study analysing the point distribution patterns. In this paper, an effort has been made to study the settlement distribution pattern and the factors influencing and controlling such distribution and growth of settlement on the CHEJ interfluve in general, and on the Active Flood Plains (AFP) in particular.

Key Words: Settlement Distribution Pattern, CHEJinterfluve, Active Flood Plains

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[3]. Ackerman Edward A.1958."Geography as a fundamental research discipline". University of Chicago.
[4]. Gupta S. 1993. " Research methodology and Statistical Techniques". Deep & Deep Publications F-159, Rajouri Garden New Delhi, P. 70-72
[5]. http://www.census.gov.pk/AreaDensity.htm
[6]. Burn, R. (1908). THE IMPERIAL GAZETTEER OF INDIA. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. P. 30, Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cbdv.200490137/abstract
[7]. Fraser, I. S. (1958), "Landforms, Soils and Land Use of Indus Plains West Pakistan". A Colombo Plan Co-Operative Project Report Published by Government of Canada for the Government of Pakistan. (P. 247, table: 34)
[8]. Fraser, I. S. (1958), "Landforms, Soils and Land Use of Indus Plains West Pakistan". A Colombo Plan Co-Operative Project Report Published by Government of Canada for the Government of Pakistan. (P. 247, table: 34)
[9]. Afzal M. (1994). "Pakistan Flood Management Procedures Including 1992 Super Flood and its Damage Restoration". Water Resource Management Directorate WAPDA, Lahore, W.R.M Publication No. 294. December 1994. P. 3.
[10]. Awan, S. A. 2003. "Pakistan: Flood Management - River Chenab From Marala ToKhanki-Integrated Flood Management Case Study".WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management 2003. P. 4. Retrieved from http://www.apfm.info/pdf/case_studies/cs_ pakistan _chenab.pdf

Abstract: This paper examines the growing rate of unequal access to tertiary education among Nigerian youths and its implication for national security. Although bias has existed during the colonial era, recent events reveal high waves of access-inequality and prejudice. Following the trend of violence, terrorism and insecurity in Nigeria today, this paper contends that youth education, reorientation and empowerment organized through unbiased processes are fundamental requisites for socio-economic, political and national security. The paper argues further that the number of youths who enjoy unrestricted access to tertiary education is unequal to the number of those who find it as privilege rather than rights. A significant number of Nigerian youths are illiterate and resultantly gullible to anti-social cajoles courtesy of rapacious and nefarious political leaders who use them as tools for disrupting the nation‟s political and democratic stability. This is done through rigging, thuggery, and religious violence which are detrimental to national peace and security. The paper therefore, concludes that there is urgent need for government, educational policy makers and stakeholders to repackage educational priorities in such a way to removing all biases preventing youths, especially the poor, from enjoying educational opportunities. This will help, a great deal, in curbing youth‟s involvement in activities that are inimical to national security.

Key words; Access, Crime, Education, Inequality, Security, Youth

[1] Igbuzor, O (2006) The State Of Education In Nigeria; a keynote address delivered at a roundtable organized by Civil Society Action Coalition On Education For All (csacefa) on 3rd July, 2006, Garki, Abuja

[2] Subrahmanian, R. (2002), "Citizenship and the Right to Education" in IDS Bulletin Vol. 33 No. 2

[3] Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) National policy on education Abuja: Federal Ministry of Information. 4th Edition

[4] Moti U. G. (2010) The Challenges of Access to University Education in Nigeria, DSM Business Review v Vol. 2, No. 2 (December, 2010)

[5] UNDP (2005), International Cooperation at a Crossroads: Aid, Trade & Security in an unequal World. Human Development Report 2005

[6] Ofoha D (2011) Equalizing Educational Opportunity in Nigeria through Open and Distance Learning, Scaling up Quality Education for All National Open University of Nigeria
[7] UNESCO (2003) Education Webmaster World Conference on Higher Education Framework and Action, www.jyu.fi/unesco2003/conference.html Accessed 24th August 2011

[8] Ene, A.C. (2005), Access and Equity in University Education in Nigeria: Issues and Trends., in Akpa, G.O., Udoh, S.U., and Fagbamiye, E.O. (eds), Deregulating the Provision and Management of Education in Nigeria, Nigerian Association of Educational Administration and Planning (NAEAP), pp.55-62.

[9] Salawu, K.A., (1995) Education, social mobilization and the myth of equal education opportunity in Nigeria, Paper presented at the first National Conference, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Federal College of Education, Abeokuta, 22-27

[10] Ilusanya, R. (2008), Politics and Development of Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria, International Journal of Educational Management (IJEM), Vols. 5 & 6, pp.166-178

Abstract: Ethics and accountability remains the major challenges confronting the Nigerian Civil Service. It can be observed that rules and regulations are no longer observed in the civil and public service. This may perhaps be as a result of the kind of people recruited into the civil and public service and also the human personality that brought them for employment. The Nigerian civil and public service has lost its image and productivity as many staff come to work late and close early not minding whether government losses or not but to get their salary at the end of the month. These attitudes have seriously affected the Nigerian civil service system. The system no longer works as it was before as a result of nonchalant attitude of staffs towards work and Government policies. It is in the light of the above that, this paper is poised to examine the problems confronting the civil service and the counseling interventions that could help to build a strong and viable civil service.

[1]. Agishi,T. (2007). Unpublished Lecture Notes on Public Administration in Nigeria, Department of Political Science, Benue State University, Makurdi.
[2]. Ake, C. (1981). A Political Economy of Africa. Nigeria Longman.
[3]. Anger, B. (2002). "Ethical problems in Nigeria's Democratic Experiment: A Critical Analysis" in African Journal of Economy and Society. Vol. 4 No. 1 & 2.
[4]. Anyaele, J. (1994). Comprehensive Government. Lagos: Johnson Publishers Ltd.
[5]. Balewa, B.A.T. (1994). Governing Nigeria: History, Problems and Prospects. Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited.
[6]. Beetseh, K (2010) Civil ServiceRreforms in Nigeria and Challenges of National Development in Journal of Arts and Contemporary Society, vol. 2 Dec. 2010, P 104-113.
[7]. Boss, J.A. (1998). Ethics for Life: An Interdisciplinary and Multicultural Introduction. California: May Field Publishing Company.
[8]. Boyrd, D.,Wood,E. G & Wood,S.E(2005).The word of Psychology,Huston community college system,USA.

Abstract: Of the different violatory practices women are confronted with, domestic violence happens to be one of the few that occurs across societies. It transcends social and cultural boundaries and can be found in practically every human society, possibly because of the universality of the family institution, where the mayhem is perpetrated. This form of violence has been a major reason why many women have been, and continue to be brutalized, maimed, traumatized and even killed. Unfortunately, the problem, though widespread, has remained largely hidden, again due to its familial nature. A major concern relating to domestic violence, that has occupied the attention of scholars has been that of unearthing the cause of the persistence of this monstrous phenomenon. In response, Sociologists, Feminists and other scholars have attempted several explanations. One of such is the argument that domestic violence is biologically motivated. But is biology enough explanation for the countless attacks women suffer in the hands of their partners?

Key Words: Domestic Violence, Biology, Society, Culture, Women.

[1]. Barnett, O. W. and Laviolette, A. D. (1993).It Could Happen to Anyone: Why Battered Women Stay. London: Sage Publication.
[2]. Bleier, R. (1984). Science and Gender.New York: Pergamon Press.
[3]. Brown, L., Dubau, F, and Mckeon, M. Y.D. (1997) Stop Domestic Violence: An Action Plan For Saving Lives. New York: St Martin‟s Griffin.
[4]. Browne, A. (1987) When Battered Women Kill. New York: Free Press.
[5]. Cherlin, A. (1999) Public and Private Families: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill
[6]. Cherlin, A. J. (2002) Public and Private Families: An Introduction. New York: McGraw Hill.
[7]. Davis, M. (1994).Women and Violence: Realities And Responses Worldwide.New York: Zed Books.
[8]. Dwyer, D. C., Smokowsk, P. R., Bricout, Y. C, and Wodarski, Y. S. (1996)."Domestic Violence and Women Battering: Theories and Practice Implications". In A. R. Roberts, (Ed).Helping Battered Women: New Perspectives and Remedies. (pp 67-82) New York: Oxford University Press.
[9]. Franzoi, S. L. (1996) Social Psychology. Brown and Benchmark, Madison.
[10]. Firestone, S (1872) Dialectic of Sex. London: Paladin.

Abstract: The Bamon (Manipuri Brahman) form a part of Manipuri society. Manipuri Brahmans are somehow different from Brahmans in other parts of the country. One possible reason for such a difference is that when they started inhabiting in this tiny State they imbibed many of the traditions and culture of the local dominant community, the Meeteis, on the other they are the offspring of Brahman migrants and local women of Manipur valley. This article counters the arguments that great expansion of Muslim in India and stability of Manipur valley facilitated the people of neighbouring countries to enter into Manipur, so number of migrants especially the Brahmans in Manipur grew substantially. It is also found that the requirements of the state endorse the Brahmans migration in Manipur. Key Words: Migration, Assimilation, Brahman, Caste, Hinduism, Vaishnava, Sanskritization/ Hinduization.

[1]. Bamon Khunthoklon (MS) Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, Imphal.
[2]. Bamon Meihoubarol (MS) Manipur State Archive, Imphal.
[3]. Bamon Khunthoklon, Keisampat Meitei Thougal marup, Imphal.
[4]. Chaterjee, S.K. (1950) Kirata Jana Kriti, Contribution of the Indo-Mongoloid People to Indian Culture, Asiatic Society, Calcutta.
[5]. Eaton, M. Rechard (2001) Essays on Islam and Indian History, Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
[6]. Singha, Ibochouba; Sharma, Chitreswor; and Sharma, B. Kulachandra (1995) Meetei Bamon Hourakpham, Aribam Sanahanbi Devi, Imphal.
[7]. Singh, R.K. Jhalajit (1992) A Short History of Manipur, R.K. Jhalajit Singha, Imphal.
[8]. Singh, R.K. Jhalajit (1982) The migration of Brahmans and its impact on the culture of Manipur, Proceedings of NEIHA, 3rd Session, Imphal.
[9]. Kabui, Gangmei (1991) History of Manipur, Pre Colonial Period, vol. 1, National Publishing House, New Delhi.
[10]. Singh, M. Kirti (1980) Religious Developments in Manipur in the 18th and 19th Century, Manipur State Kala Academy, Imphal.

Abstract: This study focuses on ritual symbols among the Isiokpo, a people who occupy the north-eastern fringes of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. The study reveals that symbol in Isiokpo religious thought is a kind of representation, but it is also more than that. When it occurs spontaneously, it can foretell the occurrence of that which it represents. Thus, symbols for the Isiokpo, are not just mere representations or labels. They are seen as capable of affecting the objects they symbolize. In sum, they are seen as having representative, predictive and causal powers.

[1]. Abraham, W.E. (2005), The Mind of Africa, Chicago: University of Chicago press.
[2]. Ejizu, C.I. (1986), Ofor: Igbo Ritual Symbol. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers.
[3]. Fernandez, J. (1974), "Mission of Metaphor in Expressive Culture" in Current Anthropology No. 15, vol. 2.
[4]. Firth, (1973), Symbols: Public and Private. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
[5]. Geertz C. (1973), The Interpretation of Culture.s New York: Basic Books Publishers.
[6]. Idowu, E.B. (1973), African Traditional Religion; A Definition. London: SCM press.
[7]. Jacob, P. (2009), Symbols: Meaning and Uses. Pretoria: Jack and Johnson.
[8]. Tasie G.I.K. (2005) "Between the Farm and the Market: A Study of the Impact of Belief System on Occupational Choice among the Isiokpo on Afe: Journal of Minorities Studies Vol. 7 No. 1
[9]. Leach E.R (1978), "Ritualization in Man in Relation to Conceptual and Social Development" in W. Lessa and E. Vogt (eds.), Reader in Comparative Religion. New York: Harper and Row.
[10]. Ortner S.B. (1973), "On Key Symbols" in American Anthropologist Vol. 75, 1973.

Abstract: The present paper primarily deals with "empowerment of women" in India and throws light on particularly" agency approach"to measure women empowerment. Divided into three sections, this paper presents the illustration of modern approach to empowerment in Section-I; an overview of the efforts put in India for empowering women in Section-II and analyses the degree of achievement of empowerment by adopting some of the modern indicators in Section-III. This paper hinges fundamentally on secondary sources of data related to India, published by National Family Health Survey, National Sample Survey Organization and some of the research papers.

Key words: Empowerment, Agency, Gender Gap, Access to Resources, Control over Resources, Economic participation and opportunity.

[1]. Jill Williams (2005) Measuring Gender and Women‟s Empowerment Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, IBS Working Paper,PACS-2005-01
[2]. Malhotra Anju, Sidney Ruth Schuler and Carol B‟oender (2002) Measuring Women‟s Empowerment as a variable in International Development., World Bank Social Development Group.
[3]. World Economic Forum (2012) The Global Gender Gap Report-2012.
[4]. Human Rights Watch (2012) World Report-2012 ( Events of 2011)
[5]. Government of India (2011) Human Development Report -2011: Towards Social Inclusion, Oxford
[6]. Sunita Kishor and Kamla Gupta (2009) Gender Equality and Women Empowerment in India, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) India – 2005-06
[7]. Femida Handy and Meenaz Kassam (2004) "Women‟s Empowerment in Rural India", Paper presented at the ISTR conference, Toronto, Canada, July 2004.
[8]. Marten Van Klaveren, Kea Tijdens, Melanie Hughie-Nilliams and Nuria Ramos Martin (2010) "An Overview of Women‟s work and employment in India", Working Paper 10-90, May 2010, AIAS.
[9]. Government of India (2010) Annual Report To The People on Employment, Ministry of Labour and Employment, New Delhi.
[10]. England Paula (2000) "Computing Women‟s Empowerment in Coutries of the North", pp.17-65, in Women‟s Empowerment and Demographic Processes: Moving Beyond Cairo, (Ed.) H.B. Presser and G.Sen, Oxford.

Abstract: During the early 19th century, a religious movement called Babism flourished in Persia though for a short period, i:e., 1844-1852. Its founder Mirza Ali Mohammad Shirazi proclaimed his station as that of the Mehdi to the Muslims. Afterwards Bab claimed Prophetic status. He abrogated Islamic law and instead promulgated a system of Babi law in his (Persian) Bayan. Although the Babi movement successfully established its network both in rural and urban settlements of Iran, and after the execution of Bab he became a prominent figure among Babis. Most of the Babis were exiled by the Qachar government to the Sunni Ottoman area in Iraq. It was in Iraq that Baha‟u‟llah proclaimed himself the Prophet Promised by Bab. Majority of the Babis believed him and entered into the new faith and became Baha‟is. This happened in 1863 after a decade of Bab‟s execution. He stated his own dispensation and wrote letters to many kings instigating them to establish peace. He tried a lot to make his laws compatible with the modern globalized world. To him "World is but one country and humankind its citizens". So far as the relevance of the present study is concerned, its pros and cons need to be analyzed and evaluated objectively. Study of religion usually influences common people in so far as the legitimate force that operates behind the principles and ideals of religion are concerned. The objective of this article is to give the reader a sense of Baha‟i history and also the Iranian response. It is in this context the present paper has been analyzed.

Keywords- Babi, Baha‟i, Mehdi, Bah‟u‟llah, Bayan

[1]. John A.Boyle, Persia History and Heritage, Henry Melland Limited, London, 1978, p.17
[2]. Alessandro Baussani, Religion in Iran, Bibiliotheca Persica, New York, 2000, p.382
[3]. J.E.Esslemont, Baha'u'llah and the New Era, Baha'i Publishing Trust, London, 1937, p.13
[4]. Alessandro Baussani, Religion in Iran, Bibiliotheca Persica, New York, 2000, p.381
[5]. John Ferraby, All Things Made New, Baha'i Publishing Trust, New Delhi, 2007, p.205
[6]. Alessandro Baussani, Religion in Iran, Bibiliotheca Persica, New York, 2000, p.382
[7]. John Ferraby, All Things Made New, Baha'i Publishing Trust, New Delhi, 2007, pp.209-10
[8]. J.E.Esslemont, Baha'u'llah and the New Era, Baha'i Publishing Trust, London, 1937, p.17
[9]. Ibid.p.18
[10]. Alessandro Baussani, Religion in Iran, Bibiliotheca Persica, New York, 2000, p.383

Abstract: Religion is a collection of systems like values, principals, beliefs, etc. which makes human beings focus on their spiritual and moral life. Numerous religions have their individual sanctified places and divine books. The eventual motives behind all these faiths are to make human beings as holy beings and prepare them for the everlasting life after death. An adolescent, in the open-minded period, is a product of enhancement and culture in all magnitudes. A huge change around the sphere due to modernization has fetched in number of hitches for the adolescents of new generation to get along the religious life. In this case, many children turn out to be an atheist or losing interest to get along with the religion and its practices. This gentle fabrication of religious life is outlined in this current study among the adolescents existing in Velarikombai of Western Ghats, India.

Keywords- Religion, Adolescents, Kurumbas, Western Ghats

[1]. ArabindaPoddar (1970) Man, Science & Society, N.K. Gossain& Co. Pvt. Ltd. Calcutta, India.
[2]. Ronald L. Johnstone (1975) Religion & Society in Interaction- Sociology of Religion, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey, USA.
[3]. SC Dube (1977) Tribal heritage of India, Vikas Publishing house Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India.
[4]. Pareek R.N. (1977) Tribal Culture in Flux, B.R. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi, India.
[5]. Peter Jackson, Susan J. Smith(1984) Exploring Social Geography, George Allen &Unwin Publishers Ltd, United Kingdom.
[6]. T.N. Madan (2004) India's Religions- Perspective from Sociology & History, Oxford University Press, India.
[7]. Dr. JakkaParthasarathy, (2007) TRIBES & Inter-ethnic relationship in the Nilgiri District, Tamil Nadu, Published by Hill Area Development Programe, Nilgris, India.

Abstract: Beginning from the 1980s, the public sector in Nigeria was faced with ethical crisis. There were severe economic problems resulting from poor performance of public institutions, poor social services delivery, dwindling cash base and financial sustainability crisis orchestrated by bureaucratic corruption. In the pension subsector, huge pension liability, lack of transparency and accountability and the absence of regulatory and supervisory framework were the characteristic phenomenon. The result was institutional failure and the consequent alienation and dehumanisation of pensioners whose post retirement life became associated with socio-economic slavery. In 2004, the Nigerian government took significant step to transform the pension industry into a viable industry with guaranteed social returns for pensioners via the Pension Reform Act 2004. New regime of pension fund managers was licensed to operate within the regulatory framework provided by the National Pension Commission. In its analysis, the paper appreciates the significant achievement recorded in the pension industry with the introduction of the Pension Reform Act 2004 which set ethical standard for the management of the pension scheme and integrated the private sector in the management of pension funds. The paper in its analysis acknowledged the efficient result achieved so far and called for the strict enforcement of regulatory provisions in the pension industry and civil society activism to strengthen the culture of financial accountability and the sector's performance in alleviating old age poverty among retirees. Key Words: Pension, Social Security, Retirement, transparency, Corporate Governance

[1]. Abari, T.T.T. (2003), "Briefs on the Computation of Harmonised Pension Scheme Revealed" Interview with Yilma,J.M. in Establishment and Pension Bulletin, March. P.9
[2]. African Peer Review Mechanism (2008), Comments of the Government and People of Nigeria on APRM Country Review Report, No.8 June Agblobi, A.D. (2011), Pension: The New Investment Perspective for Retirement Planning,Accra. Mork Impression. P.1
[3]. Azu, C.J. and Mutum, R. (2013), "Pension Scam: Accountant Who Stole N1.4bn Freed on N750, 000 Fine" Daily Trust, January, 29
[4]. Berle, A. and Means, G. (1932), The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York. Commerce Clearing House.
[5]. Blair, M. (1995), Ownership and Control: Rethinking Corporate Governance for the Twenty First Century, Washington D.C. Brooking Institutions.
[6]. Baysinger, B. & Hoskisson, R. E. (2008), The Composition of Boards of Directors and Strategic Control: Effect on Corporate Strategy, in Clarke, T. and dela Rama, M. (eds) (2008) The Fundamentals of Corporate Governance, London. SAGE Publications. Pp. 66-83
[7]. Cadbury, A (1992), Corporate Social Responsibility, in Clarke, T. and dela Rama (eds) (2008a) The Fundamentals of Corporate Governance, London. SAGE Publications. Pp.24-39
[8]. Cadbury, A. (2008), The Chairman and the Chief Executive, pp.111-128 in Clarke, T. and dela Rama, M. (eds) (2008b) The Fundamentals of Corporate Governance, Volume 2: Boards and Directors, SAGE Publications, London
[9]. Charkham, J. (1994), Keeping Good Company: A study of Corporate Governance in Five Countries, Oxford. Oxford University Press.
[10]. ECA (2005), Economic Commission for Africa and Corporate Governance, Lusaka, ECA. December

Abstract: The potential for internal conflicts to escalate can be very low or high depending on the forces aiding and abetting it. This is particularly true of the Arabian Spring Uprisings in general and the Syrian Crisis in particular which has degenerated into a new cold war. As was the case in the first cold war (1945-1989), vested imperial interest in the Arab World in particular and the Third World in general is the harbinger of the new cold war. The center for flexing of international muzzles is now Syria, whose crisis began like an internal uprising aimed at toppling the regime of Assad, based on the pattern of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Qatar. It is part of the tussle for hegemonic control as manifest in proxy wars of the first cold war, in third world countries like Greece, Korea, Congo, Vietnam, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Angola, Mozambique, Cuba, El Salvador and Nicaragua. The article concludes that the world in general in now plunged into second cold war because of interferences in the affairs of Third World countries. It recommends that freehand and enough time should be giving to sovereign states to manage their internal affairs. It also recommends that human rights of a minority group should not dictate the pace or trend for an overwhelming majority of the population.

[1]. Abdel Bari Atwan (Jun 2012), Civil war in Syria can become proxy war for big powers, in Gulf News, @ http://gulfnews.com/ opinions/columnists/ civil-war-in-syria-can-become-proxy-war-for-big-powers-1.1034593
[2]. Ake Claude (1992), The New World Order: A View From the South, Malthouse Press for Centre for Advanced Social Science, Lagos
[3]. Ayoob Mohammed (1995), The Security Predicament of the Third World State: Reflections on State Making in a Comparative Perspective, in Brian L. Job (ed), The Insecurity Dilemma – National Security of Third World States, Lynee Rienner Publishers, London
[4]. Ayoob Mohammed (Jan 16, 2013), The New Cold War in the Middle East, published by "The National Interest Journal" http://nationalinterest.org/ commentary/the-new-cold-war-the-middle-east-7974
[5]. Barry Anya (Feb 9, 2012), Adding Fuel to Syria‟s Fire, cited in Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia
[6]. Donati Jessica and Julia Payne (26 Apr 2012), How Russia, Iran keep fuel flowing to Syria, published by "Reuters"
[7]. Farmanfarmaian Roxane (Nov 13, 2012), Redrawing the Middle East map: Iran, Syria and the new Cold War, published by "Aljazeera" http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/11/2012111311424048459.html
[8]. Gauba O. P. (2007), An Introduction to Political Theory, Macmillan India Ltd, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002, Fourth Edition
[9]. Hamilton Douglas (Jun 13, 2012), Russia-America tussle over Syria evokes Cold War, published by "Tel Aviv" @ http://www.reuters.com/ article /2012/06/13/us-syria-coldwar-israel-idUSBRE85C10W20120613
[10]. Julian Borger (Sep 2012), Syria crisis widens faultlines at divided UN, published in The Guardian, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/sep/24/syria-widens-faultlines-divided-un

Abstract: Objective: This study, investigated whether high self-efficacy and high self-esteem could predict Batswana males and females intention to practice safe sex. Safe sex behaviors investigated included, consistent use of condoms, abstinence from sex and sticking to one partner. Method: A self reported anonymous questionnaire was used to collect data from 286 young people aged between 13 and 19 (M = 15.02, SD = 1.02) of which 283 were native citizens of Botswana. Results: Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Prior to using multiple regression analysis to predict safe sex practices, Pearson's correlations were conducted on the two independent variables (self-efficacy, self-esteem) and the outcome variable (safe sex behaviors). The findings suggested that intention to limit partners, intention to abstain and intention to use condoms correlated positively with high self-efficacy. High self-esteem exhibited low correlations with the afore-mentioned sexual behaviors. Multiple regression analysis also showed that self-efficacy had a stronger predictive power on the safe sex behaviors under study in comparison to high self-esteem. Conclusion: There has been contradicting evidence on some of the literature on whether high self-esteem is better predictor of safe sex practices. In the current study there were no strong positive correlations exhibited on high self-esteem and safe sex behaviors, rather, high self-efficacy was a better predictor of safe sex practices. The country of Botswana has been battling the fight against HIV/Aids for decades and with the current focus being on behavior change, studies like the current will better inform intervention measures used in curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; safe sex; Self-efficacy; self-esteem;

[1]. Abel, E., & Adam, E. (1994). Self-esteem, problem solving, and sexual risk behaviour among women with and without Chlamydia. Clinical Nursing Research 3(4) p353. 18p

[2]. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice hall.

[3]. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review 84(2) 191-216. Doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191

[4]. Basen-Engquist, K. & Parcel, G.S (1992). Attitudes, norms, and self-efficacy: A model of adolescent's HIV-related sexual risk behaviour. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 263-277

[5]. Bryan, A., Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (2004). HIV/STD risk among incarcerated adolescents: Optimism about the future and self-esteem as predictors of condom use self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(5), 912-936. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02577.x

[6]. Brown, J., Sorrel, J. & Raffaeli, M. (2005). An exploratory study of construction of masculinity, sexuality and HIV/AIDS in Namibia, Southern Africa. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 7(6), 585-598. DOI:0.1080/13691050500250198

[7]. Buhi, E.R. & Goodson, P. (2007). Predictors of adolescent sexual behaviour and intention. Journal of Adolescent Behavior, 40(2007) 4-2. Doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.09.027

[8]. Çetinkalp, Z., & Turksoy, A. (2011). Goal orientation and self-efficacy as predictors of male adolescent soccer players' motivation to participate. Social Behavior &Personality: An International Journal, 39(7), 925-934. doi:10.2224/sbp.2011.39.7.925

[9]. Czuchry, M. M., Timpson, S. S., Williams, M. L., Bowen, A. M., & Ratliff, E. A. (2009). Improving condom self-efficacy and use among individuals living with HIV: The positive choices mapping intervention. Journal of Substance Use, 14(3/4), 230-239. doi:10.1080/14659890902874212.

[10]. De Bruijin, G.J., Kremers, S.P.J., Van Mechelen, W., & Brug, J. (2005). Is personality related to fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity in adolescents? Health Education Research, 20, 635-644

Abstract: This article explores the romantic ideas of Tagore from his major works and its impact on individual lives. Though the development of science and technology has benefited us a lot but it has led man astray from nature. Modern world is devoid of peace, harmony and people lead a self-centred existence by conducting nuclear wars unaware of their identity. Moreover, global terrorism and mental stress especially in European nations are common phenomena. This paper discusses on how Tagore draws values from western romantic poets and eastern ideals to develop his concept of romanticism that calls for human solidarity, spiritual unity, individual freedom and urges to offer vent for passion, imagination and perception. Attempt has also been made to elucidate Tagore‟s Romanticism by citing his poems, essays, lectures and a collection of other Bengali writing‟s that focuses on returning men back to their original residence i.e. nature, evoking the spirit of love among individuals, glorification of beauty ,restoring peace and harmony and recognition of truth that an Universal soul exists in each one of us thereby aiming to create equality among mankind, curb violence and hatred and construct unity amidst diversity by breaking demarcations and thwarting discrimination.

Keywords: Humanism, Mysticism, Nature, Romanticism, Tagore, Vaishnavism

[1]. Tagore, Rabindra Rachanavali ed. Probodh Chandra Sen, Pramathanath Bisi, Bijanbehari Bhattacharya, Hirendranath Dutta, and Amiya Kumar Sen, 15 volumes, Calcutta: West Bengal Govertment, 1961, 31, p94,.
[2]. E. Thompson Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist, Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 1948, p vii.
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Abstract: Productivity acts as a parameter to measure the efficiency of an industry. Productivity studies help to estimate the measure of protection to be granted to an industry. An increase in the level of productivity reflects an increase in the efficiency of inputs. In this study DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)- Malmquist Index was used to identify the sources of Total Factor Productivity growth which will help the policy makers to know the performance of industry and take steps to increase productivity and efficiency in selected oil refineries in India. The inference made in the analysis reveals that all the companies recorded productivity improvement and a similar trend was noticed in the technical change also. In efficiency change, there are four companies that reported negative efficiency change during the study period. On the whole the impact of economic reforms on the Total Factor Productivity at the aggregate level was impressive as the TFP change was estimated at 8.6 per cent for all the companies. It is evident from the results that the free economic environment has benefited only in technology not in efficiency of Indian manufacturing industry.

Key words: Productivity, Indian Oil Refinery, Malmquist Index, Data Envelopment Analysis, Total Factor Productivity and Efficiency Change and Technical Change

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Abstract: Geopolitical significance is important aspect of relation between states which have common borders. In case of India and Pakistan, geopolitical deliberations owe their significance to the very act of partition of India into two independent states and Kashmir as a disputed and divided territory between them. In this context, this paper will analyse the geo-political significance of Kashmir for India and Pakistan. There are strong evidences in the scholarly literature that the two states are creating an atmosphere of chaos, hostility and their citizens are battling with insecurities of poverty, illiteracy and underdevelopment. The duo states are acting as oppressor in Kashmir where thousands of people has been died and left their homes due to Indo-Pak hostility. The panorama of peace and human rights from last 24 years is in murky. Therefore, the geo-political, significance of Kashmir has put India and Pakistan on formidable wars from the last 65 years. The root cause of instability and hostility revolves around Kashmir, a landlocked territory, a bone of confrontation and a contributory cause of Indo- Pak hostility from the day one of their independence.

Keywords Geopolitics, Kashmir, Pre-Divide, Post-Divide, Militancy, India and Pakistan

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Abstract: Suicide has emerged as one of the most important social concerns in the world today. It is one of the worst humanitarian crises facing the world today. It is estimated that every year over 100,000 people commit suicide in India. India alone contributes more than 10 percent of suicides in the world. The suicide rate in India has been increasing steadily and has reached 10.5. Every four minutes, one person takes their life in the country, and one in three victims is a youth below the age of 30 years. 'Accidental Deaths and Suicides, National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Government of India 2009 in India, it is reported that about 1,27,151 people committed suicide in 2009. 68.7.......

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