IOSR-JHSS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ Mar-Apr-2013

Abstract: The study is a survey research carried out among Liberian refugees in Oru refugee camp to assess the prevalence of PTSD among the Liberia refugees in Nigeria and the impact of some pre-trauma factors on the experience of PTSD. Purposive random sampling was employed to select participants which consisted of 94 males and 73 females. Post traumatic disorder Checklist (PCL Civilian version) developed by Frank Weathers was used to measure their level of PTSD. The result shows that 74% of the refugees scored above the norm χ=60.18. there is a significant main effect of marital status and also significant interaction effect of gender and age.

Key Words: Post-traumatic stress, Pre-traumatic factors, Refugee,

[1]. J. Benson, Third culture personalities and the integration of refugees into the community: some reflection from general practice. (2006)
[2]. E Bolton. Shame and guilt, misconception and controversies. A critical review of the literature. htt://www.sagepublication.com. (2008)
[3]. N. Breslau, G.C. Davis, M.A. Andreski, and E. Peterson, Traumatic events and urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48; (1991) 216-222
[4]. C.R Brewin, B. Andrews, and J.D. Valentine, Meta analysis of risk factors for PTSD in Trauma exposed adults. Journal of Counselling and Clinical Psychology, 68 (5), (2000)748-766.
[5]. C. Colorado. How to support refugee students in the ELL classroom. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/summary. (2008)
[6]. J. H. Ehrenreich, Coping with disasters: Guide book to psychological intervention. http://www.mnwwa.on (2001)
[7]. P. Gilbert, M.W. Balwin, I.B. Chris, R. Jodene and P. Michelle, Self-criticism and self-warmth: an imaginary study exploring their relation to depression. Jounal of Clinical Psychotherapy. 20 (2006).
[8]. R. Haigin, and S.K. Whitbourne, Abnormal psychology : A clinical perspective on psychological disorders. New York. McGraw Hill. (2007)
[9]. R. Janoff-Bulman, Scattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Maxwell Macmillan International. (1992)
[10]. Kalayjaian, R.L. Kanazi, C.L. Aberson, L. Faygi, A cross-cultural study of the psychosocial and spiritual impact of natural disaster. International Journal of Group tensions. 31 (2002) 175-186

Abstract: The increase in the rate of violent crimesisno longer news in Nigeria, especially the current state of bomb explosion, and robbery and murder. No society exists without some norms and these have translated in many societies as guiding laws which emanated from different socio-cultural experiences. In Nigeria, punishment of such violent crimes as armed robbery and murder by capital punishment or death sentence is still very much in place. This study was intended to appraise the state of capital punishment in Nigeria, looking at its effectiveness in curbing violent crimes. The study used a group of Nigerian youths as a sample, accidentally drawn to appraise the perception of the people on capital punishment, and this study was guided by the abolitionist and retentionist schools whose views and positions were within the tents of retributivism and utilitarianism and control theory respectively. While using simple percentage for data analysis, it was found out that though capital punishment has not produced the expected effect, but was believed to have produced some deterrent value for the offender and the would-be offender. It has therefore been recommended that Nigerian governments at all levels should expedite actions in the area of employment generation and also make policies for community policing and include in the school curriculum security education.

Key words: capital punishment, crime, violent crime, utilitarianism, retributivism, control theory.

[1]. Achilike , J.C.(1999)Two theories of punishment: A reconciliation in Balogun .O.et al Philosophy of law, Ibadan: Bennel Books.
[2]. Alli,A.S.(2001) Philosophical problems of punishment in OduwoleE. et al fundamentaltheories and issues in ethics, Ibadan Bennel Books.
[3]. Denisoff R.S et al (1975) An introduction to sociology, New York, Macmillian publishing Co Inc.
[4]. Egbara, G. sharia: another woman faces death by stoning in Bauchi, Daily Independent Wednesday, October 13,2004 pg1.
[5]. Ehusani, G. Revisiting the death penalty The justice vanguard, June7,2004,pg12.
[6]. Flew, A. (no date) The justification of punishment inactionAB(ed).The philosophy of punishment. New York.
[7]. Giddens,A.(2001)Sociology 4thed UK,blackwell publishers.
[8]. Ilechukwu,L. C.(no date)Capital punishment and the rest of us, Justice vanguard, Monday July 26, 2004pg 13-14
[9]. Longman dictionary of contemporary English, 3rd edition, English research education Ltd.
[10]. Obioha,E.N. (2002) Punishment in society in Isiugo- AbanihereU.C. et al currents and perspectives in sociology, Lagos, Malthouse Ltd.

Abstract: The research study is an attempt to analyze the various aspects of Naga art. Why and how such practices like the feasts of merit and headhunting exist and visual forms such as the colorful textiles, woodcarving, body tattooing, weapons and ornaments produced. Among the Nagas, art and rituals are interdependent; none of them complete without the other. Everyday activities like work in the fields, hunting, fishing, birth and dead, followed minute taboos and observances. Among the Nagas adherence to the prescribed rituals and taboos was strictly observed in their art, any deviations from the technical tradition were believed to bring ill-fortune such as death, famine, sickness or defeat in war. With very limited tools at their disposal, the Naga artisan skillfully reproduced traditional styles by simply visualizing the forms and lines mentally.

Keywords – feasts of merit, headhunting, morung (men's ceremonial house), rituals, taboos

[1]. Lotha, Abraham, History of Naga Anthropology (1832-1947) Chumpo Museum Publication. History of Naga Anthropology 1832-1947 (2007)
[2]. Pemperon, Robert Boileau, the Eastern Frontier of Nagaland. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press, 1835
[3]. Hodson, Thomas Callan, the Naga Tribes of Manipur. London: Macmillan & Co. Ltd, 1911
[4]. Hutton, John Henry, the Meaning and Method of the Erection of Monoliths by the Naga Tribes. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 52:55-70. 1922
[5]. Hutton, John Henry, the Significance of Head-Hunting in Assam. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 58 (2): 399-408. 1928
[6]. Balfour. Henry, the Evolution of Decorative Art: An Essay upon Its Origin and Development as Illustrated by the Art of Modern Races of Mankind. London: Rivington, Percival and Co. 1893a
[7]. Fürer, Haimendorf, C. Von, the Morung System of the Konyak Nagas. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 68: 349-378. 1938
[8]. Fürer, Haimendorf, C. Von, Social and Cultural Change among the Konyak Nagas. The Highlander, 1 (1):3-12. Kohima: Department of Art and Culture. 1973
[9]. Hodson, T.C, Head-hunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam. Folklore, 20 (2):132-143. 1909
[10]. Lotha, Abraham, Naga Warfare (unpublished manuscripts) 1998

Abstract: The Indian economy is set to grow at a rapid pace recovering swiftly from the downturn. While services is expected to retain its position as the top contributor to GDP, manufacturing and agriculture are also experiencing brisk growth. Physical infrastructure augmentation would be essential to maintain and enhance this pace of growth moving forward. There is a strong interest in the Indian infrastructure story, with transportation being the key lever in the same. The investment in roads, rail, ports and aviation, often in the form of public-private partnerships, has provided a fillip to infrastructure creation in the country. But as far as Tamil Nadu is concerned, roadways is a well developed basic infrastructure. This sector makes large scale production possible by ensuring an adequate flow of raw materials and manpower and enlarging the potential market for such production. It extends the frontiers of employment for labour, capital and enterprise and helps in bringing about economic and social integration. A World Bank report says : "The major lag in Indian transport development is on roads, where the effects of the revolution in the means of transport, which have drastically changed the transport picture in other countries, have been so muted as to seriously impede the progress of the country towards economic development

key words :Economic Development, Bus Services, Road and Agriculture

[1]. Infrastructure for Agriculture and Rural Development, An Impact Assessment of Investments in Rural Roads and Bridges under RIDF, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Mumbai, 2004, p. 53.
[2]. Report on Road Infrastructure and Efficiency of Use in Tamil Nadu, Confederation of Indian Industry, p. 14.
[3]. Narendra Singru, Asian Development Bank, "Socioeconomic effects of Road Improvements‟, August 2007, p. 37.
[4]. Rostow, W.W., The Stages of Economic Growth, Cambridge, 1960, p. 55.
[5]. Report on the Impact of Roads in Salem District, Highways and Rural Works Department, Madras, 1996, p. 11.
[6]. Report of the Task Force on Transportation 1972-1984, p. 13.
[7]. Economic Benefits of the Ramnad-Mandapam Road 59-60, p. 12.
[8]. Tamil Nadu An Economic Appraisal 1972 – 1973, Madras, 1975, p. 35.
[9]. Report of Chief Engineers on Road Development Plans for India 1961-81, Ministry of Transport and Communication, Department of Transport, Government of India, 1983, p. 101.
[10]. Ashok V.Bhuleshkar, Towards Socialist Transformation of Indian Economy, Bombay, 1972, p. 265.

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to see the impact of intervention program on stress ofwomen employees. Stress can have a serious effect on the work output of women employees and on their physical and mental health. The data were collected from women employees of a private university of Lucknowusing the Perceived Stress Scale and a stress check list. After this an intervention programme was organised which includedstress inoculation training and hardiness training. The results revealed that after the intervention programmes there was significant change in the amount of stress among woman and it was confirmed by the post-test by using the same scale.Theresults also revealed that out of the list of 11 possible stressors, women employees in this sample identified an average of 6.3aspects of their job (SD=2.7) as being stressful. The working hours, workload, lack of resources to carry out their job,and the low level ofreward were most frequently identified as stressors.

Keywords: stress, women employees, intervention programmes, SIT and Hardiness training, mental Health

[1]. Blix, A.G. (1999). Occupational stress among teachers.Educational Research 42(3), 162-170.
[2]. Bureau of LaborStatistics(2001). [Table R67] Number and percent distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work by nature of injury or illness and number of days away from work, 2001.
[3]. Carlson, J.G., McGuigan, F. and SheppardJ.L. (Eds.), Stress and Health. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic (pp. 37-62).
[4]. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., &Mermelstein, R. (1983).A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior,24, 385–396.
[5]. Cohen S.,&Williamson G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In: Spacapan S, Oskamps, editors.
[6]. Devi, A. S., 2007, Occupational stress: A comparative study of women indifferent occupations. Prajnan, 35(1), 61-7
[7]. Freudenberger,H.J.(1992), Understanding the caregiver. Psychotherapy in private practice,11,75-79 http:/www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osh/case/ostb1222.pdf
[8]. Jarvis, M. (2002).Teacher Stress. A Critical Review of recent Findings and Suggestions for future Research Direction. Stress News, 14(1), 52 – 56.
[9]. Kobasa,S.C.(1979): Stressful life events,Personslity and health: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of personslity and social psychology,37,1-11
[10]. Meichenbaum, D. (1994):A clinical handbook/practical therapist manual for assessing and treating adults with post traumatic stress disorder. Waterloo, Ontario: Institute Press.

Abstract: The Khasi language as we all know is an oral language. The Khasis had no written literature of their own in the past but they had many wise sayings, proverbs, incantations, fables and folk songs which were in oral form. These forms are transmitted from father to son so as to have the great vision and thought; it is also kept in the memory of the listener. Though the society has changed and become advanced and modern, yet folk literature can still be applied to such developed societies. The paper will also focus on folk life and society. It will explore the possibility of the myth of U Thlen or the man-eating serpent and its relevance to the modern society. The images of fear and snakes as expressed by Golding remind us of what our forefathers have said about human society.

Keywords - Folk Literature, Folk Life, Oral Tradition, Khasi Society, Oral History

[1] Vansina, Jane, Oral Tradition as History ( United Kingdom ,James Currey Publications, 1985). 27.
[2] Ki-Zerbo, Joseph, ed., Oral Tradition and its methodology, Methodology and African Prehistory, 7 (United Kingdom: James Currey Publishers,1990). 54.
[3] Devantine, Flora, Written Tradition, Oral Tradition, Oral Literature, Fiuriture, International Journal of Research into island Cultures, 3(2), 200, n.pag.
[4] Berry Singh, Radhon, Ka Jingsneng Tymmen: Shaphang Ka Akor Khasi ha ka Rukom Rwai Phawar Part I(Shillong, Ri Khasi Press, 2007). 1.
[5] Sawian, Bijoya, Trans in Kharwanlang Berry Singh, Radhon, Ka Jingsneng Tymmen: The Teachings of the EldersPart I and II ( Shillong, Ri Khasi Press, 1997). 1
[6] Berry Singh, Radhon, Ka Jingsneng Tymmen: Shaphang Ka Akor Khasi ha ka Rukom Rwai Phawar Part II (Shillong, Ri Khasi publications, 1997). 17.
[7] Sawian, Bijoya, Trans in Kharwanlang Berry Singh, Radhon, Ka Jingsneng Tymmen: The Teachings of the EldersPart I and II ( Shillong, Ri Khasi Press, 1997). 17.
[8] Bacchiarello J, Ki Dienjat jong ki Longshuwa (Shillong, Don Bosco Publications, Shillong, 1990). 24.
[9] Ibid. 24
[10] Elias,H, Na Mihngi Sepngi (Shillong, St. Anthony‟s College ,1973). 203.

Abstract: Pangal is a tiny Muslim community in Manipur, a border state of India's northeast. Its women folk are deprived of education as against the women of other ethnic communities. The women of this community are in a deplorable state in its societal milieu. They are engaged in various daily household chores rather than educating themselves. Older women folk engage themselves in petty economic activities. The institution of family and marriages played a great role in determining their livelihood. They also suffer from every violence and intolerance in the society. The paper examines the institutions of the family marriages and other social systems of the community. It further scrutinizes the government initiatives, social challenges, level of education and factors affecting education of women in the community.

Keywords- education, ethnic, family, institution, marriages, Pangal

[1]. Waheed, Abdul Dowry among Indian Muslims; Ideals and Practices Indian Journal of Gender Studies February 2009 16; 47-75
[2]. Ahmed, Syed Manipuri Muslimsingi Mamangeigi Luhongbagi chatnabi, Sangei Express Imphal February 10, 2006
[3]. Shah, Riyaz Ahmed The Manipuri Muslim (Pangal) Family and its Problem (Past and Present) Riyaz Publication Imphal p39-40
[4]. Report on Socio-Economic Survey of Meitei-Pangals (Manipuri Muslims) 2004 Directorate of Economics and Statistics & Directorate of Minorities and Other Backward Classes Government of Manipur. p33-34
[5]. Ibid p103
[6]. Ibid p30
[7]. Ibid p32
[8]. Haralambos, M.& Heald R. Sociology Themes and Perspectives Oxford University Press 1980 p 173
[9]. Kheiruddin, Khulakpam Turko-Afgan Chada Naoda, CIRCLES Lilong Manipur p219
[10]. Salam Irene, Catholic Mission in Manipur, PhD Thesis MU, 1987 p102-03

Abstract:In this paper, an attempt has been made to discuss the impact of the large scale expansion of tea cultivation started by the European Entrepreneurs during the colonial period in Cachar, which affected the neighboring tribes, especially like the Kukis and Lushais, their social and economic conditions. This resulted in the constant raids of the neighboring tribes on the tea gardens of plains area of Cachar Valley. The nature of their raiding was burning villages, kidnapping and killing people. The name of the tea gardens of Cachar that the tribes were attacked, were – Rupcherra (1849), Adampore (1862), Chandraipur (1863), Loharbond (1868), Monierkhal (1869), Ainakhal (1871), Alexandrapur (1871), Katlicherra (1871), Dharmikhal (1871), Nagdirgram (1871), Jhallancherra (1871), Baruncherra (1892) and Baladan Tea Estate (1893). These raids executed by the Lushais ultimately led to the British Government to take severe measures with regards to them which ultimately brought the Lushai tribes under British regime on 27th January, 1898. Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Kukis, Lushais, raids, tea cultivation.

1. PRIMARY SOURCES A. UNPUBLISHED i. District Record Room, Silchar

(1834-1900) These includes volumes and files of letters received and written

by the Superintendent and Deputy Commissioner of Cachar.

ii. State Archives and Record Room, Guwahati Pre 1874

Files:- Bengal Government Files. Bengal Board of Revenue Files. Dacca Commissioners

File. Assam Commissioners File.

Abstract: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) an ambitious mass employment guarantee scheme implemented since the five years intends to sustain income and consumption in Indian rural outback. The large programme backed by budgetary allocation promises 100 days of manual work to households who register and apply. The objective of the paper is to examine the extent to which the intended programme has reached the tribals people in terms of employment generation, asset creation and wage accruals through involving MGNREGA works for the last five years of the programme at the village level in Parvathipuram Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA), Parvathipuram Mandal, Budurvada village. This is located in Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh. This is a higher tribal participating village in Parvathipuram Mandal under the MGNREGA. The reference period for the analysis is from 2006-07 to 2010-11. The data is collected from secondary sources for this study it includes the information available on the official websites of MGNREGA and APNREGA. Simple averages, ratios, and percentages have been used to carry out my objective. The major findings of the study are no household in tribal of the village completed 100 days employment in first three years of the programme, above 50 % employment sharing by the tribal women in every year in this village.

Key words: Employment, ITDA, MGNREGA, Tribals

[1]. Aiyar, Yamini and Salimah Samji (2006), "Improving the Effectiveness of Rural Employment Guarantee Act", Economic and Political Weekly, January, 28, 2006.
[2]. Ambasta, P (2008) et al, "Two Years of NREGA: The Road 1 lead", Economic and Political Weekly, February, 23, 2008.
[3]. Ashok Pankaj, Rukmini Tankha., ―Empowerment effects of NREGS on Women Workers: A study in four states ―, Economic & Political Weekly, July 24, 2010 Vol XLV No 30.
[4]. Subhasish Dey, Arjun S. Bedi., ―The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in Birbhum‖, Economic & Political Weekly, October 9, 2010 Vol XLV No 41
[5]. Census of India (2001): ―Provisional Population Totals: Paper 1 of 2001‖, Andhra Pradesh, Director of Census Operations
[6]. CESS (2007a): ―Andhra Pradesh Human Development Report‖, Begumpet, Hyderabad-16
[7]. Dreze, J (2004), "Financial Implications of an Employment Guarantee Act Preliminary Estimates", by the National Advisory Council.
[8]. Dreze, J and Christian Oldiges (2008), "How is NREGA doing", www.righttoloodindia.org
[9]. Kannan, K P (2005), "Linking Guarantee to Human Development", Economic and Political Weekly, October 15, 2005.
[10]. Kaustav Benerjee, Partha Saha, ―The NREGA, the Maoists and the Developmental Woes of the Indian state, Economic & Political Weekly, July 10, 2010 Vol XLV No 28

Abstract: Social status is a standing or a scrupulousness which is given to personages in the society. Social status can be seen in two dimensions namely through achieved status and ascribed status. Achieved status can be earned through the triumphs, success, achievements of each individual. Whereas ascribed status is earned from the birth of an individual. Wealth, family status, popularity of the family, etc. are few influences which add credits to it. Social status in India varies from individuals to individuals, place to place, male to female, etc. In earlier day women were considered as a weaker sex in all aspects. The status of women in India has taken a different shape in the contemporary era. There are many women playing an important role in different sectors like politics, business, education, bank, IT, etc. However women in India continue to face many problems and social challenges. So this study throws light to bring out the level of social status among conjugal womanhood of Irula tribe.

Key words- Status, Married Women

 HaratioBIckerstatteRowney(1882) The Ild Tribes of India, B.R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India
 C.P. Bhatnagar (1971) The Crisis in Indian Society, National Publishing house, New Delhi, India.
 N.S. Krishna Kumari (1987), Status of Women in India Uppal Publishing house, New Delhi, India.
 B.Bhandari (1989) Tribal marriages & Sex relations, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, India.
 Uma Shankar Jha, Arati Mehta, LatikaMenon (1998), Status of Indian Women, Kaninhka Publishers, New Delhi, India.
 Laura Kramer (2001) The Sociology of Gender- A Brief Introduction, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, India
 Shweta Prasad (2011) Women in India- Trails &Trimphs, VinodVasishtha for Viva Books Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India.

Abstract: The vitality of technology utilisation by banks in establishing competitiveness in rural areas is unarguable. This paper provides primary information to guide banks in structuring their marketing strategies, quality improvements and business processes on the backdrop of rural milieus in order to achieve financial inclusion. The sample comprised of respondents drawn from various banks, agents of mobile operators, rural residents including farmers from irrigation schemes in Gwanda District. The hypothesis of study was that mobile money is reducing rural financial exclusion faster than traditional rural banking, microfinance and financial development aid. The majority of small scale rural business people were influenced to bank with banks which use advanced modern banking technologies and are partnering with mobile network operators because of convenient service and the reduction of trips made to urban centres for banking purposes. A lot of credit was given by rural dwellers to the Ecocash product of ECONET which enables small scale rural business people to undertake many low value money transfers as well as payments for their business activities. The study concludes that mobile banking has potential in reducing poverty by bringing into mainstream economic activity the previously excluded rural communities.

Key Words: mobile banking, financial inclusion, microfinance, poverty, mobile network operators

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