iosr-JMCE   National Conference on Advances in Engineering, Technology & Management (AETM'15)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Credit Earning Model for a University Based on Replacing 1 Star with 5 Star Air-conditioner: a Case Study
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Amit Sharma || Satpal

Abstract: Controlled energy expenditure leads to saving in emission of CO2 in atmosphere. Members of society must be educated and informed about the means and ways by which our mother earth will be more livable and conserve our planet for our future generation. An academic institution can play a pivotal role in dissemination of knowledge and educating the society for accepting new energy efficient technologies and thus emission of green house gases can be checked. In this work a case study has been presented for an academic institution about achieving the CO2 mitigation on adopting the energy efficient air-conditioners. In this study, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology Murthal, Haryana, India has been considered and in university 1 star air-conditioner (A/C) has been theoretically replaced with 5 star A/C and thus net reduction achieved in a green house gas (CO2) has been presented. It has been found that 161 tCO2 / year can be saved from emitting to the atmosphere by consuming less electrical energy. Work also highlight the economic viability of the study with the revenue generation model by selling carbon credits thus earned through Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and it has been found out to be four lakh rupees per annum.

Keywords: Energy efficient air-conditioner; CO2 emission; Carbon credits.

[1] Ministry of Power, Power sectors at a glance All India-Total Installed capacity as on 31-1-2015. Available at www. powrmin.nic.in. [downloaded on 14 February,2015]
[2] P K Nag,, Power Plant Engineering, 2nd Edition ( New Delhi: Tata Mc-Graw Hill, 2004).
[3] Manoj Kumar Gupta, Power Plant Engineering (New Delhi: PHI Learning Private limited, 2012).
[4] The Montreal Protocol, Handbook for the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete Ozone layer, 9th ed, Ozone Secretariat, UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya, 2012. Available at ozone.unep.org. [Downloaded on 20 Feb 2015]
[5] Kyoto Protocol-Climate change .n.d. Available on www.unfccc.int. [Accessed on 14 February, 2015].
[6] Star rating, Gazette Notification of India, January 6, 2010. Available at www.bee.com. [Downloaded on 16 February 2015].

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Natural Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: A review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manpreet Singh Bahra || Lakshya Aggarwal || V.K.Gupta

Abstract: Natural fiber reinforced composites, nowadays, are in great demand in industries because of their advantages such as low cost, biodegradability, acceptable mechanical properties and so on. Scientists and researchers prefer thermoplastic polymer matrix (polyethylene, polypropylene etc.) compared to thermosetting polymer matrix (epoxy, polyester, Bakelite etc.), reason being the low processing cost & high repair ability. Various natural fibers such as jute, flax, ramie, hemp, sisal, pineapple, cotton and many more are widely used as reinforcements in the polypropylene (PP) matrix and their mechanical properties were investigated by many researchers. Few of them are highlighted in the present paper. Keywords: Biodegradable material, Fiber reinforced composites, Natural fiber, Polypropylene.

[1] Sam-Jung Kim, Jin- Bok Moon, Gue- Hyun Kim, Chang- Sik Ha, "Mechanical properties of polypropylene natural fiber composites: comparison of wood fiber and cotton fiber," Polymer testing 27, 2008, 801-806.
[2] Alireza Ashori, Amir Nourbaksh, "Preparation and characterization of polypropylene/wood flour/ nanoclay composites," J.Wood Prod. 69, 2010, 663-666.
[3] Yuqiu Yang, Tomoko Ota, Tohru Morii, Hiroyuki Hamada, "Mechanical property and hydrothermal aging of injection molded jute/polypropylene composites," J Mater Sci 46, 2011, 2678-2684.
[4] Silvia H.P Bettini, Marcela C. Antunes, Rodrigo Magnabosco, "Investigation on the effect of a compatibilizer on the fatigue behavior of PP/Coir fiber composites," Polymer engineering and science, 2011.
[5] Nadir Ayrilmis, Songklod Jarusombuti, Vallayuth Fueangvivat, Piyawade Bauchongkol, and Robert H. White, "Coir fiber reinforced polypropylene composite panel for automotive interior applications," Fibers and polymers ,Vol.12, No.7, 2011, 919-926.
[6] Haydar U. Zaman, Mubarak A. Khan, and Ruhul A. Khan, "Banana fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: A study of physico- mechanical properties," Fibers and polymers Vol.14, No.1, 2013, 121-126.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Fault Diagnosis of Bearing using Supervised Learning Method
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ashish Goyal || Rajeev Kumar || Mayur Rajeshwar Randive || Tarsem Singh

Abstract:Bearings faults are one of the prime reason of dissection of rotating machines. Thus detection and diagnosis of mechanical faults in bearings is very fateful for the reliable operation. Any industry want an efficient predictive maintenance techniques in order to optimize the management of resources and improve the economy of the plant by reducing unnecessary costs and increasing the level of safety. This study is centred around shortcoming determination of fault diagnosis of bearings using predictive maintenance techniques. A test bench which has a motor and a shaft attached along with two different type of bearing that are faulty bearing and healthy bearing. The vibration response are acquired and analyzed for the various defects of bearings. The particular imperfections are considered as crack in outer race or inner race with rough surface and corrosion pitting in ball element. After performing the experiment, comparison will be done between the experimental data which has a input for the omnitrend software. The result show that the when we compare all the condition than we use as a automated diagnosis of bearing. It is also observed that severe vibration occur under the bearing with the ball with corrosion pitting and when the speed is increases then all the defective bearings stop to rotate. Keywords: Predictive Maintenance Techniques.

[2] Li, Z., Wu, Z., He, Y., & Fulei, C." Shrouded hidden Markov model-based issue diagnostics strategy in speedup and speeddown process for pivoting hardware " Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 19(2), 329–333. [3] V. Sugumaran,G.R. Sabareesh, K.I. Ramachandran"By the multi support vector fault diagnosis of bearing"Expert Systems with Applications 34 (2008) 3090–3098. [4] Kankar, P. K., Harsha, S. P., Pradeep, K., & Sharma Satish, C." By using the continuous wavelet transform the fault diagnosis of ball bearing" Applied Soft Computing,2300-2314. [5] Kankar, P. K., Harsha, S. P., Pradeep, K., & Sharma Satish, C. "By the responce surface method the fault diagnosis of rotating machinery" European Journal o Mechanics A/Solids, 28, 841–857 [6] DickPetersen ,CarlHoward , NaderSawalhi , AlirezaMoazenAhmadi "Analysis of bearing contact force , stiffness and contact force in the double loaded rolling element bearing with the race way defect" Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,1-22.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Working Experience and Smoker Workers Impact on Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ahsan Moazzam || Manoj Kumar

Abstract: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome(CTS) is a symptomatic compression neuropathy of the median nerve at the level of the wrist/hand characterized physiologically by evidence of increased pressure within the carpal tunnel and decreased function of the nerve at that level. The objective of this paper is to study the probability of occurrences of Carpal tunnel syndrome of the workers engaged in smoking. The study is conducted on 98 workers comprising of all men and is focused on studying the impact of working experience and smoker workers in industries. Chi-square test is used.

Keywords: CTS, Chi-square test, median nerve, smokers, wrist

[1] Ajimotokan H. A, "The Effects Of Coupling Repetitive Motion Tasks With A Manually-Stressed Work Environment", Researcher,1(2),2009,37-40
[2] Babski-Reeves K.L., Crumpton-Young L.L. "Comparison of measures for quantifying repetition in predicting carpal tunnel syndrome" International Journal of Industrial ergonomics. 30 (2002), 1-6.
[3] Barcenilla Annica, March M. Lyn, Chen Sheng Jian and Sambrook N. Philip "Carpal tunnel syndrome and its relationship to occupation: a meta-analysis", Rheumatology (2012);51:250_261Cherniack Martin, Anthony J, Brammer, Ronnie Lundstrom, Tim F. Morse, Greg Neely, Tohr Nilsson, Donald Peterson, Esko Toppila, Nicholas Warren, Ulysses Diva,Marc Croteau, Jevrey Dussetschleger "Syndromes from segmental vibration and nerve entrapment: observations on case defenitions for carpal tunnel syndrome" Int Arch Occup Environ Health (2008) 81:661–669

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Finite Element Analysis of Automobile LPG Cylinder Using Composite Material
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Madhu Samboji || Sardar Jaspal Singh || N. Dhiraj Kumar

Abstract: As the usages of fossil fuels are increasing day by day as the numbers of automobiles on roads are increasing, this is contributing to the increasing levels of pollution in the atmosphere. Now the automotive industry is looking forward to promote the alternative fuels usage for automotive propulsion. In this sinerio LPG, CNG fuels are the immediate solutions to reduce the pollutants concentration in the atmosphere even though they are coming from fossil fuels. Composite materials can be utilized to design better storage systems at lower rates when compared to conventional metallic materials. FEA is implemented to the present problem to arrive it better solutions pertained to various geometries of pressure vessel made of E-GLASS/EPOXY composite. Providing solutions for the design of pressure vessel made of filament wound technology with Cylinder with spherical ends. Keywords: composite material, stress analysis, finite element method.

[1] Gebhardt, A. (2003). Rapid Prototyping, Carl Hanser Verlag, ISBN: 1-56990-281-X, Munich
[2] Drstvensek, I. (2004). Layered technologies, University Maribor, ISBN: 86-435-0616-8, Maribor.
[3] Bele, A., Anderl, R., Birkhofer, H., 2005. A Environmentally Friendly Product Development Method and Tools (Chapter 3), ISBN1-85233-903-9.
[4] Overcash, M., Twomey, J., Isaacs, J., 2009, Manufacturing Unit Process Life Cycle Inventories (uplci), Gaithersburg, p. 30.
[5] Kellens, K., Renaldi, Dewulf, W., Duflou, J.R., 2013, Environmental footprint modeling of selective laser sintering processes, submitted for publication in Rapid Prototyping Journal

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exergy Analysis of R134a Based Vapour Compression Refrigeration Tutor
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Pooja Yadav || Amit Sharma

Abstract: The paper presents the exergetic analysis of actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle. System discussed is R134a based vapour compression refrigeration tutor. Paper discusses the component's exergetic destruction and cycle's exergetic efficiency. Keywords: Coefficient of performance; Exergy destruction; Exergetic efficiency

[1] B. O. Bolaji, "Exergetic Performance of a Domestic refrigerator using R12 and its Alternative
Refrigerants," Eng. Sci. Technol., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 435–446, 2010.
[2] O. L. Protection, O. Science, C. I. O. Substances, C. I. Substances, T. Area, and C. Name, "Class I
Ozone-depleting Substances," 2014. [Online]. Available: Class I Ozone-depleting Substances Science
Ozone Layer Protection %. [Accessed: 11-Jul-2014].
[3] B. Tashtoush, M. Tahat, and M. A. Shudeifat, "Experimental study of new refrigerant mixtures to
replace R12 in domestic refrigerators," vol. 22, pp. 495–506, 2002.
[4] X. Xu, "Exergy Analysis on a Vapor Compression Refrigerating System Using R12 , R134a and R290
as Refrigerants," Refrig. Air Cond., 1992.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of Natural Fiber Reinforced Recycled Polyethylene Composite
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Itinder Singh || Shishir Sinha || Vinay Gupta || Lakshya Aggarwal

Abstract: Natural fibers are replacing man-made fiber in fiber-reinforced composites which have increased and opened up further industrial possibilities. Composites made from natural fiber like hemp, sisal, rice husk, bagasse, wood flour, jute, coconut etc. are economical, light weight, biodegradable, non-toxic as well as they does not leave residue or toxic byproducts on combustion. Hemp fibers are having resistance to water absorbing and have balanced ph. fiber Moreover, addition of compatiliser is necessary as they give desired mechanical and thermal properties to the composites. High density polyethylene (HDPE) was compounded with chemically treated Hemp fiber. Composite is checked for flexural and tensile properties. Both mechanical properties have approximate similar values to the virgin HDPE. With proper care in mixing and processing more progress can be made. Results show that we can use composite of hemp fiber in place of pure high density polyethylene in different places reducing the pollution to large extent.

[1] M. Faris AL-Oqla., Sapuan S.M., Natural fibre reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: feasibility of date palm fibres for sustainable automotive industry, Journal of cleaner production, 2013.
[2] Lopez J.P., Vilaseca F., Processing and properties of biodegradable composites based on mater-bi and hemp core fibres, Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2012, pages 38-42.
[3] Kabira M.M., Wanga H., Laua K.T., Cardonaa F., Effects of chemical treatments on hemp fibre structure, Applied Surface Science, volume 276, 2013, pages 13-23.
[4] Domenico Asprone, Massimo Durante, Andrea Prota, Gaetano Manfredi, Potential of structural pozzolanic matrix–hemp fibre grid composites, Construction and Building Materials, volume 25, 2011, pages 2867-2874.
[5] Marianne Le Troedec, David Sedan, Claire Peyratout, Influence of various chemical treatments on the composition and structure of hemp fibres, Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, volume 39, issue 3, 2008, pages514-522.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pressure Drop Analysis of Water and Bottom Ash Mixture Flow Through Straight Pipeline With Additive
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Subhash Malik || Naveen Saini || Jagdeep Singh

Abstract: All the available coals have some percentage of ash. When the coal is burnt about 10 to 20% of quantity of coal used results in ash. In the modern large steam power plants where huge amounts of coal are used, the amount of ash may be go up to many thousands tonnes of ash per year. A slurry transport system is used to disposal the coal ash away from coal burning unit in thermal power plant. Bottom ash slurry is pumped from the common ash slurry sump to the dyke area which is located near slurry pump house. Water and bottom ash are mixed in slurry tank, after that slurry transportation takes place in slurry pipeline with the help of slurry pump. Computational simulation is performed on the slurry flow through pipeline for the analysis of pressure drop. When fluid flows through a pipe, it is subjected to hydraulic resistances which are of viscous frictional resistance and local resistance. Viscous frictional resistance associated with the fluid flow is called major loss of energy. Pressure drop can be reduced in pipe flow by mixing the additive in slurry. Local resistances are essentially due to change of velocity either in magnitude or direction. Modelling of pipeline is developed in Gambit and Fluent is used for the numerical evaluation. Computational simulation has been performed on various concentrations and flow velocities.

Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Finite Volume Method, Slurry Transportation System

[1] C. Logos, Q.D. Nguyen [1996] "Effect of particle size on the flow properties of South Austriala coal water slurry", Power technology, Vol-88, pp. 55-58.
[2] Zeki Aktas, E.Ted Woodburn [2000] "Effect of addition of surface active agent on the viscosity of a high concentration slurry of a low-rank British coal in water", Fuel Processing Technology, Vol-62, pp. 1–15.
[3] Hiromoto Usui, Lei Li and Hiroshi Suzuki [2001] "Rheology and pipeline transportation of dense fly ash-water slurry", Korea-Australia rheology journal, Vol- 13, pp. 47-54.
[4] E. Harmadi, Suwarmin, S. Machmudah, and S. Winardi [2002] "Effect Of Particle Size Distribution On Rheology And Stability Of High Concentration Coal-Water Mixture (Cwm) With Indonesian Low Rank Coal", Jurnal teknik mesin, Vol-2, pp. 3-98.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Vibration on Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Rectangular Channel Heat Exchanger
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chatter Pal Saini || Sandeep Kumar

Abstract: Heat transfer characteristics in a horizontal rectangular heat exchanger with five triangular baffles inclined at fixed angle of 20o along the channel are investigated experimentally. The same heat exchanger is also investigated with use of vibration. The experiment is done on three different vibration intensities. Effects of different vibration intensities on heat transfer are observed and compared with different heat transfer characteristics like overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness and heat transfer rate in absence of vibrations. It is found that with increase in vibration intensities, heat transfer characteristics can be improved to some extent.

Keywords: Heat Transfer Enhancement, Rectangular Channel, Triangular Baffles, Vibration Intensity.

[1] Thundil Karuppa Raj, R., Shell side numerical analysis of a shell and tube heat exchanger, Thermal Science, vol. 16, 2012, 1165-1174. [2] P. Sriromreun, C. Thianpong and P. Promvonge, Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer enhancement in a channel with z-shaped baffles, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 39, 2012, 945-952.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Study of Improving the COP of VCRS system by using Single and Double Cellulose pad in Cooling Tower
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rahul Wandra || Taliv Hussain || Gourav Roy || Rahul Thukral

Abstract:In subtropical region where the outside climate air is humid and hot. Here water cooled condenser system is more effective as compared to air cooled condenser system. As the standard VCRS (water cooled condenser) approach practical limits, experimental modification should be performed to increase the system efficiency and capacity. One possible mean to increase the COP of VCRS (water cooled condenser) is by using cooling tower. Cooling tower consist of single or double thickness cellulose pad within the system. Related studied focus on to improve the COP of VCRS system. Here the cooling tower performance is improved due to good water wet ability of cellulose pad that cause a uniform water circulation over the entire surface of pad and a perfect contact between water and cooling air.

[1] S.S. Hu, B.J. Huang, "Study of a high efficiency residential split water-cooled air conditioner", Applied Thermal Engineering 25 (2005) 1599–1613 [2] Experimental Investigation of A Domestic Refrigerator Having water cooled condenser using various compressor oils, Sreejith K, Assistant Professor, Dept.Of Mechanical, Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science, Vol. 2, Issue 5 (February 2013), Pp 27-31 [3] S.D.White, D.J.Cleland, S.D.Cotter, R.A.Stephenson, R.D.S.Kallu, A.K.Fleming, A heat pump for simultaneous refrigeration and water heating, IPENZ Transaction, Vol.24, No.1, 1997, pp.36-43 [4] Homel Co., Ltd. Kang, K.S, inventor; Recovery System for Cooling Water at Cooling Tower.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Application and Effectiveness of Low Cost Solar Cabinet Dryer: Experimental Investigation
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rahul Wandra || , Taliv Hussain || Anugrah Soy || Sarvasindhu Mishra || Rishabh Yadav

Abstract: Now a day with the rapid development in various developing countries, all over the world there is an increase in energy demand with each passing time .The problem of food crisis in most part of the developing countries takes place due to inability to preserve food surpluses rather than low production. This article is concentrated on the solar dryer and the experimentation of different samples (food stuffs).Drying is a process of removal of liquid by evaporation from the food stuffs like apples, grapes etc and other agricultural products. Mechanical methods for separating a liquid from a solid are not generally considered drying. In the following section an attempt is made to provide an overview of the solar dryer (prototype) for agricultural products.In our experiment average dryer efficiency for one day is found to be 13% for different samples while the moisture content for various samples like chilli, grapes and apples is found 64%, 58% and 60% respectively. All the readings are on a day basis i.e. for one day.

[1] A.A. El-Sebaii; S.M. Shalaby (2012): Solar drying of agricultural products: A review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, 37– 43. [2] Fadhel; S. Kooli; A. Farhat; A. Bellghith (2005): Study of the solar drying of grapes by three different processes, Desalination 185, 535–541. [3] Atul H Patel; Prof. S A Shah; Prof. Hitesh Bhargav (2013): Review on Solar Dryer for Grains, Vegetables and Fruits, IJERT,Vol. 2 Issue 1. [4] Gutti Babagana; Kiman Silas and Mustafa B. G. (2012): Design and Construction of Forced/Natural Convection Solar Vegetable Dryer with Heat Storage, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 7, NO. 10.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Experimental Study of the Green House Effect On Solar Cooker and Water Heater Integrated with PCM Materials (Paraffin Wax, Stearic Acid And Zinc Nitrate Hexahydrate)
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Taliv Hussain || Vikash Sharma || Amit Kumar Rai || Aman Keshari

Abstract: As the environment is getting unbalanced constantly due to constant emission of green house gases and increasing prices of fuel, more and more people are turning towards renewable source of energy. Solar radiation is considered to be one of the cleanest and readily available sources of energy and because of the same, experimental study should be done on enhancing the effect of solar radiation directly on a solar cooker. In this experiment we are using Aluminum containers because of the good conductive property of aluminum. A glass case is used to produce the Green house effect.

[1] Buddhi, D., Sahoo, L.K. . Solar cooker with latent heat storage: Design and experimental testing. Energy Conversion and Management 38 (5), 493–498. [2] Buddhi, D., Sharma, S.D., Sharma, A. Thermal performance evaluation of a latent heat storage unit for late evening cooking in a solar cooker having three reflectors. Energy Conversion and Management 44, 809–817. [3] Domanski, R., El-Sebaii, A.A., Jaworski.Cooking during off-sunshine hours using PCMs as storage media. Energy 20 (7), 607–616.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Measuring Material Removal Rate of Marble by Using Abrasive Water Jet Machining
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Preeti || Dr. Rajesh Khanna || Rahul Dev Gupta || Vishal Gupta

Abstract: This paper details measuring the material removal rate of marble by abrasive water jet machining. The effect of the three process parameters, i.e., water pressure, abrasive flow rate and standoff distance on material removal rate is investigated. In this investigation, we are using L16 orthogonal array and the analysis of variance that was helped to find the highly significant, significant and non significant parameters. Material removal rate increased when water pressure and abrasive flow rate increased. Keywords – MRR, Abrasive water jet machining, Taguchi, ANOVA, Garnet abrasive.

[1] Azmira,M.A., and Ahsan,A.K. (2009), "A study of abrasive water jet machining process on glass/epoxy composite laminate", Journal of Materials Processing Technology,209,6168-6173
[2] Kanthababu&M.Chetty Krishnaiah O.V.(2006)," A study on the use of single mesh size abrasives in abrasive waterjet machining", Manuf Technol, 29, 532-540
[3] Kolahan Farhad & Khajavi A.Hamid (2009), "A statistical approach for predicting and optimizing depth of cut in AWJ machining for 6063-T6 Al alloy",World Academy of Science,Engineeringand Technology, 59,441-45
[4] Selvan M.Chithirai Pon & Dr.Raju.N.Mohana Sundara (2012),"A machinability study of stainless steel using abrasive water jet cutting technology", International Conference on Mechanical Automobile & Robotics Engineering,208-212.
[5] Wang. J & WongW.C.K (1999)," A study of abrasive waterjet cutting of metallic coated sheet steels", Internationainel Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacturing 39,855-870.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Unleashing the Challenges before PVC Pipe Extrusion SMEs through D-Phase of Six Sigma
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sachin Mahendru || Dr. Bikramjit Singh || Dr. S.S. Jolly

Abstract: This paper divulges the role of Define phase in effective implementation of six sigma. A notional idea behind six sigma embarks with defining the problem, to recognise the correct problem. If this is ignored, rest of the activities are almost futile. The Define in the DMAIC process focuses on understanding which underlying metric(s) will reflect project success & to identify the right issue that need to be addressed. Define phase insinuate researcher with the existing environment of the process thereby command the research in a direction to improve the process by attacking the critical parameters. So far the studies conducted in PVC pipe manufacturing field are broad brush, Japanese techniques provides unsustainable improvement. Well defined lucid research problem enable the researcher be on track in conducting research in a holistic manner. Successfully implemented six sigma technique begins with clearly defined problems using powerful qualitative tools such as process mapping, Cpk studies, process metrics, Cost of Poor Quality to lay the foundation of research, i.e. Defining the problem. This paper demonstrates the define phase tools in to formulate the research problem that will help the researchers, students, academicians to define the problem with relevant tools.

Keywords - Critical process metrics, COPQ, Define phase, project charter PVC pipe extrusion, Six Sigma

[1] Snee RD, Hoerl RW. Leading Six Sigma: A Step Step Guide Based on Experience at GE and Other Six Sigma Companies. Prentice-Hall: New Jersey, 2003

[2] Watson, G.H. and deYong, C.F. (2010), "Design for Six Sigma: caveat emptor", International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 66-84.

[3] Green, F.B. (2006), "Six-Sigma and the revival of TQM", Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, Vol. 17 No. 10, pp. 1281-6.

[4] Kwak, Y.H. and Anbari, F.T. (2006), "Benefits, obstacles and future of Six Sigma approach", echnovation, Vol. 26 Nos 5-6, pp. 708-15.

[5] Antony, J. and Banuelas, R. (2002) "Key ingredients for the effective implementation of a Six Sigma program‟, Measuring Business Excellence, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp.20–27.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An Experimental and CFD Analysis of CuO-H2O (DI) Nanofluid Based Parabolic Solar Collector
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ketan Ajay || Kundan Lal

Abstract: Parabolic solar collectors have been used for producing power in solar thermal power plants. Nanofluids in solar energy, when used as a working fluid in parabolic collector enhances its efficiency due to its improved thermo-physical properties like thermal conductivity, heat capacity , density and viscosity. Nnaofluids is a suspension of nanoparticles in a base fluid like water, ethylene glycol. In this paper both experimental and computational fluid dynamics study has been presented. Nanofluid used is 0.01% CuO- H2O (DI). System performance is conducted under mass flow rate of 20 Litres/hr In ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 based computational fluid dynamics tool, the absorber tube is modeled as metallic copper tube with working fluid flowing in it. Solar load model has been used for modeling solar fluxes. S2S radiation model has been used for modeling heat transfer comprising of conduction, convection and radiation. It has been reported from both experimental and CFD analysis that system performance is enhanced by using nanofluid as working fluid as compared with conventional fluid like water. Also both experimental and CFD simulated results are in good agreement. Keywords:– Computational fluid dynamics, efficiency, nanofluid, parabolic solar collector, performance.

[1] Sani E., Mercatelli L., Barison S, Pagura C., Agresti Colla L., Sansoni P., Potential of carbon
nanohorn-based suspensionf for solar thermal collectors, Solar Energy Materilas & Solar Cells vol,
95,issue11, pp. 2994-3000.
[2] Roman A., simulation analysis of thermal storage for concentrating solar power, Applied Thermal
Engineering, vol, 31, 2011, pp. 3588- 3594.
[3] Reddy S., Vankataramaniah P., Sairam P., Optimization of process parametrs of solar parabolic trough
in winter using Grey-Taguchi approach, International ournal of Enineering Research and Applications,
vol. 2 Issue 1, 2012, pp. 816-821.
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[5] Chow T.T., A review on photovoltaic/ thermal hybrid solar technology, Applied Energy", vol. 87,
issue 2, 2009, pp.365-379