iosr-JMCE   Volume-17 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. - Aug. 2020

Abstract: Soil treatment is an essential concern for geotechnical engineers. The aim soil treatment is to improve the properties of problematic soil such as stability, strength and erosion resistance. Conventional soil treatment materials have several shortcomings, especially from environmental stand point. Therefore various biological approaches recently have been explored as environmental friendly alternatives in geotechnical engineering. This study investigate the potential of two biopolymers xanthan gum and chitosan(environmental friendly)in strengthening of clayey soil. Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide which is commonly used in food industry as an additive and chitosan which is synthesized from shrimp shell waste. These two biopolymers are added in the soil separately to evaluate its potential on mechanical properties of clay soil at different concentration, mixing conditions and curing periods.....

Keywords: Stabilization, Xanthan gum, Chitosan, SEM, UCS

[1]. Nader Hataf, Pooria Ghadir, Navid Ranjbar, Investigation of soil stabilization using chitosan biopolymer, Journal of Cleaner Production 170 (2018) 1493- 1500
[2]. Ilhan Chang, Jooyoung Im, Awlia Kharis Prasidhi, Gye-Chun Cho, Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening, Construction and Building Materials 74 (2015) 65–72
[3]. D.V.S.Sankara Reddy, K.Kowshik, M.Jugal Kishor, Investigation of Chitosan Bio- Polymer Effect on the Geotechnical Properties of an Expansive Soil, Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering, Materials, Management and Sciences ICRTEMMS-2018
[4]. Ashwin Balaji P, Ananthan S, Rakesh K, Bharath Kumar P, Ms. M. Padmapriya, potential of natural bio-polymers in stabilization of soil, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) , Volume: 06 Issue: 04 (2019) e- ISSN: 2395-0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[5]. Lekshmi P. Nair, K. Kannan, Assessment of Kuttanad Soil Stabilized with Biopolymers, International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management Volume-2, Issue-2 (2019).

Abstract: Background: One of the emerging trends in achieving sustainable construction is through the application of green materials in construction. Green materials are materials which are environmentally friendly, use less natural resource and energy, and generate less CO2 during production. This study evaluated the effect of Dracaena Arborea (DA) and Carica Papaya (CP) leaves extracts as potential bio-based admixture in cement mortar. Materials and Methods: Dracaena Arborea (DA) and Carica Papaya (CP) leaves extracts were characterized in terms of their phytochemicals and added to ordinary Portland cement/sand mix of 1:3 ratio in dosage of 1, 2, 3 and 4%. Setting time of the cement paste samples were evaluated using a standard vicat apparatus. A total of one hundred and twenty......

Key Word: Dracaena Arborea (DA), Carica papaya (CP), Setting Time, Portland cement, mortar.

[1]. Neville, A. M. Properties of Concrete, Fourth Edition, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2003.
[2]. Umoh, A., Ekop E. The Role of Admixtures in Sustainable Concrete Technology. Proceedings of the First International Conference of the Faculty of Environmental Studies (FESIC) on the Built Environment: Achieving Environmental Sustainability, including Growth and Competitiveness in the Twenty-First Century. 7th – 8th June, 2016, pp 80-88.
[3]. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, CIRIA News, Issue 3, 1997.
[4]. Fadele, O. and Ata, O. Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Palm Kernel Shell Ash. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER), Volume 5, Issue 12, 2016, pp. 32-36.
[5]. Karade, S. R. Cement-Bonded Composites from Lignocellulosic Wastes. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 1323-1330.

Abstract: Design of heat exchanger for refrigeration system, involves improving the performance. The high performance of refrigeration system can be achieved by some of the factors such as enhanced heat exchanger, using appropriate cross section of the heat exchanger and using the high-performance refrigerants. This review paper :- 1) provides an overview on two phase flow condensation of a R1234yf and R134a refrigerants, 2) address the condensation in heat exchanger which is, influenced by various factors, 3) provides information about the correlations of Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) which is influenced by various factors. Finally from the literature it is concluded that, HTC increases with increasing in vapor quality. And also pressure drop increases with increasing....

Key Word: Heat Transfer coefficient (HTC), Roughness, Pressure drop, Reynolds number (Re) and Nusselt number (Nu).

[1]. A.S. Dalkilic et al, Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficient of R134a during condensation in vertical downward flow at high mass flux in a smooth tube, International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 36 (2009) 1036–1043program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of highblood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment panel III) finalreport. Circulation. 2002;106(25, article 3143).
[2]. Tadeusz BHODAL et al, An investigation of heat transfer coefficient during refrigerants condensation in vertical pipe micro channel Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Vol. 1(41), No. 2, 2017, pp. 163-170
[3]. G. Arslan & N. Eskin, Heat Transfer Characteristics for Condensation of R134a in a Vertical Smooth Tube, Experimental Heat Transfer,2015 28:5, 430-445
[4]. Cavallini, Alberto; Bortolin, Stefano; Col, Davide Del; Matkovic, Marko; and Rossetto, Luisa, "Condensation and Vaporization of Halogenated Refrigerants Inside a Circular Minichannel" (2008). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 886.
[5]. Andrea Diani, R1234yf condensation inside a 3.4 mm ID horizontal microfin tube, international journal of refrigeration 75 (2017)178-189

Abstract: Soil is one of the important materials in a variety of construction projects including pavements, earth canals and earth dams. Most of the failures of soil have been due to its poor strength. Usage of chemical admixtures such as cement, lime, bitumen etc. in soil stabilization is highly expensive. Therefore it's preferable to replace these by another kind of soil addictive to make them economical and eco-friendly. In our study we will do an experimental study on stabilization of Cochin clay using eggshell powder and plastic waste in varying proportions. Three various proportions of eggshell powder (2%, 5%, 8%) plastic wastes (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%) were added to obtain optimum percentage of each additive. The analysis was done by compaction, unconfined compression.....

Key Word: Eggshell powder; Plastic waste; Optimum percentage; Compaction; Unconfined compression strength; Mathematical modelling

[1]. Asst. Lech. Maha Hatem Nsaif: "behaviour off soils strengthened by plastic waste materials" JED October 2013/vol. 17/no. 4.
[2]. J. Bindu, Aswathi Ramabhadran, "Study on Cement Stabilized Kuttanad Clay" Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference December 15-17, 2011,Kochi
[3]. Mercy Joseph Poweth, Solly George and Jessy Paul (2013): "Study on use of plastic waste in road construction" IJIRSET march 2013/vol. 3/issue 3.
[4]. D. Kalumba,F.C.Chebet (2013):"utilization of polyethylene (plastic) shopping bags waste for soil improvement in sandy soils" 18th international conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering 2013.
[5]. Muthu Kumar M, Tamilarasan V S, Effect of Eggshell Powder in the Index and Engineering Properties of Soil, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) –Volume 11 Number 7 - May 2014

Abstract: Background: The effluent from the textile industry is an important source of dye pollution. Many dyes and their break down products may be toxic for living organism. Therefore, decolourisation of dyes is an important aspect of wastewater treatment before discharge. The various colour removal methods being adopted commonly are coagulation, ultrafiltration, electrochemical adsorption and photo oxidation. Among these methods, adsorption is a widely used for removal of dyes from wastewater. A number of non-conventional low cost adsorbents used for dye removal, include fruit waste of Prosopisn juliflora, wood, waste orange peel, banana stem, maze cobs, barley husk, coffee husk, bagasse pith etc. This study explores the feasibility of banana stem and coffee husk as a natural adsorbent with respect to various parameters such as colour adsorbent capacity of material with initial concentration at different doses and contact time, and to optimize these parameters affecting the adsorption process.....

Key Word: Adsorption, banana stem, colour removal, coffee husk.

[1]. Wenxuan Zhang, Haijiang Li, XiaoweiKan, Lei Dong, Han Yan, Ziwen Jiang, Hu Yang, Aimin Li, Rongshi Cheng, Adsorption of anionic dyes from aqueous solutions using chemically modified straw, Bioresource Technology (2012),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.064.
[2]. Li Wang, Jian Zhang, Ran Zhao, Cong Li, Ye Li, Chenglu Zhang Adsorption of basic dyes on activated carbon prepared from Polygonumorientale Linn: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies, Desalination (2009), doi:10.1016/j.desal.2009.12.012.
[3]. Venkata Subbaiah Munagapatia, Vijaya Yarramuthib, Yeji Kima, Kwon Min Leea, Dong-Su Kim, Removal of anionic dyes (Reactive Black 5 and Congo Red) from aqueous solutions using Banana Peel Powder as an adsorbent, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.075 .

Abstract: Background: The durability and affordability of buildings could be attained in a more environmentally friendly way if Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB) are used. These bricks when appropriately dosed with the right amount of stabilizer and pressure, they could be more sustainable. The aim of this study was to examine the behaviour of CSEB subjected to elevated temperatures. Materials and Methods: Soil samples were taken from Menjung-Nkwen, Bamenda III in the North West Region of Cameroon and analyzed using standard methods. The bricks were stabilized with cement CPJ 35 with an Initial setting time of 2hrs 50 mins, Final setting time of 3 hrs 40 mins, Standard consistency of 35% and subjected to elevated temperatures. The bricks were.....

Key Word:Temperature, Resistance, Dosage, CSEB, Menjung-Nkwen

[1]. Kerali AG. Durability of compressed and cement-stabilised building blocks., School of Eengineering, PhD thesis 336p, University of Warwick, University of Warwick institutional repository. 2001; pp. 360.
[2]. Reddy B and Walker P. Stabilised mud blocks: problems, prospects. In: Proceeding of international earth building conference 2005, Sydney, Australia, 2005; pp 63–75.
[3]. Harikuma M, Sankar N and Chandrakaran S. Behaviour of Model Footing Resting on Sand Bed Reinforced with Multi-Directional Reinforcing Elements. Geotextiles and Geomembranes. 2016; 44(4).
[4]. Manefouet BE. Caractérisation altérologique et géotechniquedes argiles et graveleux latéritiques de la zone basse du versant sud des monts Bambouto (Ouest – Cameroun) - traitements aux liants hydrauliques. Thèse Doctorat/Ph.D., Univerité de Yaoundé 1, 2016; pp. 234..

Abstract: Background: Dairy industries have grown in most of countries of the world due to the steady rise in demand of milk and milk products and India is one of the major milk producer in the world. The dairy industry generates strong wastewater characterized by high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and by high concentrations of nutrients, organic contents and pathogens along with considerable variation in pH (4.2– 9.4), relatively large load of suspended solids (0.4–2 g/l). It is estimated that about 2% of total milk processed is wasted into drains .The effluent waste water contain high COD concentration due to cleaning of floors and washing processin the day-to-day operation of the plant.Some of the process for the treatment of diary effluent includes osmosis treatment.....

Key Word: Adsorption ,Dairy waste water,rubber seed shell,chemical oxygen demand

[1]. LekshmisreeA.S,Prof.N. Vijayan "Treatment of dairy waste water using fungal consortium",2016.
[2]. UttariniPathak , Papita das , Prasanta Banerjee, Siddhartha data "Treatment of wastewater from a dairy industry using rice husk as adsorbent:Treatment efficiency , isotherm Thermodynamics and kinetics modeling",2015
[3]. Mokhlesur M Rahman, Mohamed Awang,MohosanaBintyShajahan,MohosanaBintyShajahan,KamaruzzamanYunus,FuadMiskon and MdRezulKarim,"Preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation and it's In Vitro adsorption efficiency tests for paraquat"
[4]. Ami cobb ,Mikell warms , Dr. Edwin P. Maurer"low – Tech coconut shell activated charcoal production"2012.
[5]. JainprakashKushwaha, Vimal Chandra Srivastava, IndraDeoMall"Treatment of dairy wastewater by commercial activated carbon and bagasse fly ash: parametric , kinetic and equilibrium modeling , disposal studies"2010..

Abstract: The term Concrete Mix Design is the methodology of selecting suitable materials of concrete and finding out their relative amounts with an objective of generating a concrete of the required characteristics such as strength, durability, and workability in an economical manner. The required concrete proportioning of ingredient is directed by the performance of concrete in 2 stages i,e the plastic and hardened stage. The plastic concrete cannot be properly placed and compacted if it is not workable. Therefore workability as a property of concrete has a vital importance. In hardened concrete, the compressive strength is generally considered to be an basis of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. quality and quantity of cement , water and aggregates; batching and mixing; placing ,.......

[1]. N.Shireesha et. al" Experimental studies on steel fiber reinforced concrete " International journal of science and research(IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-1764
[2]. Yoon-Keun, Kwak, Marc O. Eberhard, Woo-Suk Kim. And Jubum kim [August 2002]" steel fiber reinforced concrete beam without stirrups. "International journal of science and research(IJSR)"
[3]. Bimal Babu Adhikary[March 2004] "Prediction of shear strength of steel fiber RC beams using neural networks" March 2004 PP 801-811. "International journal of science and research(IJSR)"
[4]. Pant Avinash S. , Parekar suresh R[May 2009]. "Steel fiber reinforced concrete beams under Bending Shear And Torsion without Web reinforcement" "International journal of science and research(IJSR)"
[5]. Alshehri, Dhafer Saad,[ December 2010] The shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete beam "International journal of science and research(IJSR)"

Abstract: Electrochemical machining is a non-traditional machining process that is used to machine hardened materials such as super alloys, Ti-alloys, stainless steel, etc. The basic working principle is based on the Faraday law of electrolysis due to which the material is removed. The process of electrolysis occurs from atom to atom. It is intended to incorporate the reciprocal and higher-order effects of various machining parameters on the development of an important mathematical model, including material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR) and over craft (OC) through critical machining criteria. The present work has been done to find the material removal rate, surface roughness, and overcut by electrical dissolution of anodically polarized work pieces (AISI 304 stainless steel) with copper electrodes of hexagonal cross section. Experiments were performed to analyze the effect of machining parameters such as feed rate, voltage and electrolyte concentration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA).......

Key Word: Electrochemical machining, feed rate, voltage, electrolyte concentration, material removal rate and surface roughness, overcut.

[1]. M. G. Fortana , Corrosion Engineering (McGraw-Hill, New York,1986).
[2]. Jo ao Cirilo da Silva Neto, EvaldoMalaquias da Silva , MarcioBacci da Silva Intervening variables in electrochemical machining Journal of Materials Processing Technology 179 (2006)92–96.
[3]. .S KMukherjee, S Kumar, and P K Srivastava Effect of electrolyte on the current- carrying process in electrochemical machining Proc. I Mech E Vol. 221 Part C: J. Mechanical EngineeringScience.
[4]. .K. P. Rajurkar, B. Wei, .c. L. Schnacker Monitoring and Control of Electrochemical Machining (ECM)Journal of Engineering for Industry May 1993, Vol.115/217.
[5]. S.K. Mukherjee, S. Kumar, P.K. Srivastava, Arbind Kumar Effect of valance on material removal rate in electrochemical machining of aluminum journal of materials processing technology 2 0 2 ( 2 00 8 )398–401.

Abstract: In a reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure building, partition wall has very low compressive strength. To replace traditional fired brick, environment friendly Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) may be used as partition wall. This study experiment the probability of using CSEB as interior and exterior partition wall. CSEB made of dredged sand and stabilized by Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The aim of this experiment is to find out the optimum percentage of cement stabilizer. Different ratio of cement mix with dredged sand proved to be viable options for economical and durable blocks. Different ratios of cement-sand (1:4, 1:5 and 1:6) are tested for three days, seven days and twenty eight days. The observations on different ratios of cement-sand and change of strength with maturity age showed that each composition has its own quality on particular area. It is found that 1:6 cement-sand block gives satisfactory result in terms of durability and strength.

Keywords: Brick,block,CSEB,eco-friendly,strength.

[1]. Morton T. Earth Masonry Design and Construction Guidelines. Berkshire: Construction Research Communications Limited, 2008.
[2]. Morel JC, MesbahA,Oggero M, et al. Building houses with local material: means to drastically reduce the environmental impact of construction. Building and Environment,2001, 36: p. 1119-1126.
[3]. Guettala A, Abibsi A, Houari H. Durability study of stabilized earth concrete under both laboratory and climatic conditions exposure. Construction and Building Materials, , 2006, 20(3): p. 119-127.
[4]. Heathcote KA. Durability of earthwall buildings. Construction and Building Materials. 9(3): p. 185-189, 1995
[5]. Walker PJ.Strength, durability and shrinkage characteristics of cement stabilised soil blocks. Cement and Concrete Composites, 1995, 17(4): p. 301-310..

Abstract: Time performance is essential to all parties who are involved in construction project that is owner, contractor and subcontractor. The delivery time of a construction project is a key factor to the owner as much as is for the contractor. A field survey research designed with forty variable factors affecting time control is the Nigerian construction industry was used to extract information from the respondents. Respondents, mainly construction project professionals tricked for both the awareness level and the application using the five point likert scale. The analysis showed a high level of correlation between the awareness factors and the application factors of time control. A level of preponderance was also established for both the awareness level and the application factors of time control in the Nigerian construction industry. The inaccuracy of material estimate was top in the list of awareness level while mistake during construction toped the list with a mean of 1.60 in the application level..

Key Word: Construction, Time, Control, Application, Awareness

[1]. Chan, D. and Kumaraswamy (1997) A comparative study of causes of time overruns in Hong Kong construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 15,(1), 55-63.
[2]. Kaming, P. Olomolaiye, P., Holt, G., Harris, F. (1997) Factors influencing construction time and cost overruns on high rise projects in Indonesia. Construction Management and Economics 15(1) 83-94
[3]. Mansfield, N., Ugwu, O., Doran, T. (1994) Causes of delay and cost overruns in Nigeria construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 12(4) 254-260.
[4]. Opara, H.E. (2019) Index of preponderance on the factors affecting labour productivity in the Nigeria construction industry. American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) Volume 8, Issue 1, pp. 209-217.
[5]. Opara, H.E. (2018) Application of cost control to construction projects. Quest Journal of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp 12-19..

Abstract: The objective of the present paper is to characterize the compression behavior of masonry prisms. This method is used for the prediction of behavior based on properties of masonry is proposed and typical values of the properties are given for different cases. With regards to laboratory test, compression tests were performed on clay bricks and fly ash brick prisms with different mix proportions of 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6 for finding the compression strength hence, modulus of elasticity. The test has been conducted on 7 days and 28 days with the cured specimens of the all three mix ratio and result were obtained however the result of fly ash with masonry have higher compressive strength and Modulus of elasticity than those obtained from that of clay masonry prisms..

Key Word: Brick, Flyash, Prism, Mortar, Strength, Stress

[1]. Deepankar Kumar Ashish, Surender Kumar Verma, Joginder Singh and Namesh Sharma, "Strength and durability characteristics of
bricks made using coal bottom and coal fly ash", Advances in Concrete Construction, Vol. 6, No. 4 , 2018, 407-422
[2]. Gourav. K. and Venkatarama Reddy B. V. , " Characteristics of compacted fly ash bricks and fly ash brick masonry", Journal of
Structural Engineering, Vol. 41, No. 2, June - July 2014, pp. 144-157.
[3]. Hmant B. Kaushik; Durgesh C. Rai; and Sudhir K. Jain, " Stress-Strain Characteristics of Clay Brick Masonry under Uniaxial
Compression, ", ACI Materials Journal, Vol.19, No.9, 2007, pp.728 -739.
[4]. Khan, I.K. , "Strength Characteristics of Low Cost Fly Ash Brick Masonry", International Journal of Science, Environment and
Technology, Vol. 3, No 3, 2014, 976 – 980.
[5]. Sivagnanaprakash Balaraju, Murthi P and Alan Sekaran, "A Study on Structural Applicability of Flyash Bricks with Quarry Dust –
an Ecofriendly Alternative for Clay Bricks", Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 24, No. 2 , 2015, 695-699.

Abstract: In this study, a buckling analysis of a square safety ladder has been conducted by SolidWorks simulation software. In a previous study, a similar buckling analysis was conducted for a circular safety ladder. To analyze the effect of cross-section, the cross-sectional area, load, fixtures, and materials were kept the same in both studies, but the cross section types were different; the previous one was circular and the current one is square. The ladder was created with four steps. The frames on the two sides of the ladder were connected with the steps by pins. After creating the step, frame, and pin as SolidWorks part files, they were assembled to create the 3D square safety ladder model. The material assigned for the two side frames and sixteen pins was Aluminum Alloy and that for the......

Key Word: Column; Buckling; Safety Ladder, Cross-section, Stress; Strain; Factor of Safety (FS).

[1]. https://www.osha.gov/Publications/portable_ladder_qc.html (March 12, 2020)
[2]. Hibbler, R. C., Mechanics of Materials (9th edition), Pearson Higher Education, 2013.
[3]. Hayder, M., Virgo, U., and Gordon, C. Static and Buckling Studies of a Safety Ladder by SolidWorks Simulation, European International Journal of Science and Technology (EIJST) 2019. Vol 8, No. 9, pp. 1-7.
[4]. DassaultSystèmes SolidWorks Corporation.SolidWorks Simulation Professional Training Booklet. 2013.
[5]. https://www.3ds.com/products-services/solidworks/ (March 23,2020)

Abstract: Container flow and the number of loading and unloading equipment affect the integration of container handling facilities which are important factors in the smooth running of container loading and unloading activities. Increased container flow in Makassar New Port which occurs every year, will affect the need for loading and unloading equipment at Makassar New Port. This study aims to determine the level of productivity and integration of container handling facilities in Makassar New Port long-term (20 years) by analyzing the needs of container handling facilities covering from ships to docks (Container Crane), docks to stacking fields (Truck Head), in the field buildup (Rubber Tiret Gantry). The method used to determine the integration of loading and unloading tools is linear regression and optimization methods. The results of this study indicate that in 2019 the productivity level of the facility is 25 B / C / H and the integration of the facility for the long term (20 years) required the addition of loading and unloading types of equipment such as 8 units of Container Crane (CC), 7 units Rubber Tiret Gantry (RTG) ) and 5 units of Truck Heads (HT) to ensure that the loading and unloading activities run smoothly and on time.

Key Word: Equipment loading-unloading, container, productivity, utilities

[1]. Ashury, Taufiqurrachman, Rachman S. 2018. Optimizing the development of Makassar Container Terminal Facilities and Infrastructure. Journal of Siartek Volume 4, Department of Maritime Engineering, Hasanuddin University, South Sulawesi
[2]. Syamsiah, S., Sanudi, S., et al, 2020. The Comparison of Export-Import Flow in Makassar and Surabaya Container Terminals,IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME), Volume 10, Issue 2 Ser. VI (Mar. - Apr. 2020), PP 27-30
[3]. Putri, I.A., Jinca, M.Y., et al, 2019. Container Transportation System in Makassar, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Volume 16, Issue 4 Ser. II (Jul. - Aug. 2019), PP 16-20
[4]. Indonesian Port IV (PT. Pelindo IV). 2018. Port master plan. Makassar Port
[5]. Indonesian Port IV (PT. Pelindo IV). 2012. System and Procedure of Container Service, Makassar Container Terminal

Abstract: In heat treatment, carbonization is essential to improve the charactrcts of materials. In this work, Polyimide(PI) and polyimide –metal(PI-Fe) films have been carbonized under different degrees of temperature.Polyimide-metal composite films were carried out by mixing a Ferrum complex with polyimide in solution having been prepared by poly amic acid (PAA). The aim was to investigate the effect of the adding metal on the electrical conductivity and growth of the metal particles in Polyamide-metal films after carbonization.The properties of the synthesized polyimide heat-treated film containing 0.6 % of metal(Fe) were completely investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the four-point-probe device (FPP) and vibrating samplemagnetometer....

Key Word: polyimide film; carbonization; Polyimide-metal composite; electric; magnetic.

[1]. Silcox R. Development of polyimide foam for aircraft sidewall applications. 51st AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2013.
[2]. Weiser E S, Johnson T F, Clair T L S, et al. Polyimide foams for aerospace vehicles. Highperformance polymers, 2000, 12(1): 1-12.
[3]. Tang Q Y, Chan Y C, Wong N B. Investigation of polyimide/carbon nanotube nanocomposites for high temperature electronic packaging applications. Proceedings-2009 IMAPS International Conference on High Temperature Electronics Network, 2009: 110-115.
[4]. An H Y, Zhan M S, Wang K. Synthesis and properties of fluorene-based polyimide adhesives. Polymer Engineering & Science, 2011, 51(8): 1533-1540.
[5]. Li Y, Fu S Y, Li Y Q, et al. Improvements in transmittance, mechanical properties and thermal stability of silica-polyimide composite films by a novel sol-gel route. Composites Science & Technology, 2007, 67(11): 2408-2416

Abstract: The main aim of this comparative study is to determine the effects of unsymmetrical lateral loaded braced diaphragm wall in Chao river formation, on lateral displacement of diaphragm wall and forces in struts. In this study a symmetric 2-D finite element analysis model for the case under study was carried out using Plaxis finite element computer program using Mohr-Coulomb and Hardening Soil constitutive models. The study showed that the unbalanced loading condition resulting from the existence of river slopes in one side of the excavation cause a different horizontal displacements values for both diaphragm walls. Also, the predicted values of horizontal displacement of the diaphragm wall using MC model were more near to the field measured values than those extracted from HS model.....

Keywords: Asymmetric loading;Basement; Diaphragm wall; Finite element method; Retaining structure.

[1]. Williams, B. P and Waite D. (1993). The design and construction of sheet-piled cofferdams. CIRIA Special Publication 98, Thomas Telford Publications.
[2]. Padfield, C. J. and Mair, R. J. (1991). Design of retaining walls embedded in stiff clay. CIRIA Report 106. Construction Industry research and Information Association. Lon-don, UK.
[3]. Thasnanipan, N., Maung A. W., Tanseng P. and Wei S. H. (1998). Performance of a braced excavation in Bangkok clay, diaphragm wall subject to unbalanced loading conditions. Thirteenth Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 16-20 November, 1998, Taipei, Taiwan. Pp. 655-660.
[4]. De Rezende Lopes, F. (1985). The problem of asymmetricsurcharges in strutted excavations. Ground Engineering, vol. 18, no.2, pp 31-35.
[5]. Kotoda, K., Kazama, S., Ogawa, H. and Kato, K. (1990). Behavior of earth retaining structure for excavation subjected to non-symmetrical lateral loading. Tenth Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, 16-20 April 1990, Taipei, Tai-wan. pp. 539-544.

Abstract: Sintering is a process of manufacturing materials from the powered form. It is employed in manufacturing metals of high melting points to save costs. This paper presents an overview of the process and highlights the applications of metals produced by this process.It investigates the history of the process, highlights its fundamental stages, enumerates the current state of the art, discusses the applications of metals produced from the process and makes forecasts about the future of the process. The traditional types of sintering discussed include pressure sintering, liquid phase sintering and electric current assisted sintering while the areas of applications discussed are general machinery, automotive industry, medicine, jewellery and acoustics. Finally, it is predicated that the range of applications of the process or metals produced therefrom is bound to expand going forward.

Keywords: Sintering, Sintered Metals, high melting point, powder metallurgy

[1]. Su S, Han L, Gao L, Ren Q, Nie M, Zhu Z, Wan H, Liu H, Wu N, "Spark plasma sintering compaction of hybrid nanodiamond/carbon nanotubes/metal electrode and its application," Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 104, p. 107746, 2020.
[2]. de Castro Girão D, Béreš M, Jardini AL, Maciel Filho R, Silva CC, de Siervo A, de Abreu HF, Araujo WS, "An assessment of biomedical CoCrMo alloy fabricated by direct metal laser sintering technique for implant applications," Materials Science and Engineerin, Vols. C, 107, p. 110305, 2020.
[3]. Liu F, Zhang H, Huang H, Yan Y, "Synthesis of graphene with different layers on paper-like sintered stainless steel fibers and its application as a metal-free catalyst for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol," Journal of hazardous materials, vol. 384, p. 121246, 2020.
[4]. Liu B, Wang Y, Lin Z, Zhang T , "Creating metal parts by Fused Deposition Modeling and Sintering," Materials Letters, vol. 263, p. 127252, 2020.
[5]. Alem SA, Latifi R, Angizi S, Mohamadbeigi N, Rajabi M, Ghasali E, Orooji Y, "Development of Metal Matrix Composites and Nanocomposites Via Double-Pressing Double-Sintering (DPDS) Method," Materials Today Communications, p. 101245, 2020

Abstract: Effectiveness of skirts has been well propagated for offshore structures. It has also been widely studied for isolated footings. But study of skirts for combined footings is still unreported. An attempt has been made to study the effectiveness of skirts in combined footing. For the study different locations of skirts and skirt depths have been considered for a particular footing. The combined footing considered has length to breadth ratio as 1:3 with symmetrically placed columns having equal loads. Two types of soils with safe bearing capacities, as 80KN/m2 and 160KN/m2 have been considered. Four different load ratios, which is defined as ratio of total load on footing to actual load carrying capacity of footing based on safe bearing capacity of soil; have been considered. The load ratios considered are 1.0, 1.25, 1.50, & 1.75. The study is carried out considering maximum allowable settlement.....

Key words: Rectangular Combined footing, Vertical skirts, Skirt location, Skirts depth, Load Ratio, Bearing Capacity, SAP2000vs.18.

[1]. S.Nighojkar, B. Naik & Dr. U. Pendharkar (2020) " Finite element modeling of Bi-angle shape skirted footing resting on clayey soil using SAP2000Vs.18" International Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, Vol.7, Issue 6 June2020.
[2]. S.Nighojkar, B. Naik & Dr. U. Pendharkar (2020) " Performance study of skirt depth on settlement and net upward pressure distribution characteristics of a single skirted Isolated square footing" International Journal of Science and Research, Vol.9, Issue 5 May2020.
[3]. B. Naik, S.Nighojkar, & Dr. U. Pendharkar (2020) " Settlement studies of single skirt Isolated square footing for different skirt parameters" International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology, Vol.8, Issue IV April2020.
[4]. M. Y. Al-Aghbari & A. Mohamadzem (2018) " The use of skirts to improve the performance of a footing in sand" International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018

Abstract: The purpose is to determine the best configuration option for a shell and tube heat exchanger for water cooling, with negligible irreversibility associated with pressure drop in the flow. Two different situations are analyzed: hot water flows in the tube and the cold fluid in the shell, and vice versa, with the cold nanofluid (CuO) flowing in the counter current. The water enters at a temperature of 90 ºC and the nanofluid enters at 27 ºC. The volumetric fractions of copper oxide (CuO) are considered as a parameter, using the concepts of efficiency, effectiveness, and irreversibility that provide a precise measure of the thermal performance of a given heat exchanger.

Key Word:Shell and tube heat exchanger; Copper oxide nanofluid; Ethylene Glycol; Second law of thermodynamics.

[1]. A. Bejan (1987). ―The thermodynamic design of heat and mass transfer processes and devices.‖ Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 258-276.
[2]. Ahmad Fakheri (2007). ―Heat Exchanger Efficiency.‖ Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 129, pp. 1268- 1276.
[3]. Maysam Molana (2016). ―A Comprehensive Review on the Nanofluids Application in the Tubular Heat Exchangers.‖ American Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 3 No. 5 pp. 352-381.
[4]. Gaurav Thakur and Gurpreet Singh (2017). ―An experimental investigation of heat transfer characteristics of water-based Al2O3 nanofluid operated shell and tube heat exchanger with air bubble injection technique.‖ International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 6 (4), pp. 83-90.
[5]. Pankaj K Pandey, Palak K Lakhani, Kapil Kumar, Parth Bohra, and Rounak Mishra (2017). ―Heat Transfer Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger using Al2O3/SiC Nanofluid.‖ European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 2017, 4(8): 608-616.

Abstract: Flood is one of the most common natural catastrophes. Therefore, it is essential to estimate the runoff caused due to rainfall. Hydrological modeling is required to estimate the runoff. Simulation is the best solution for rainfall-runoff modeling and to estimate approximate runoff. By taking all these facts into consideration, the present study is carried out with the specific objectives. HEC-HMS hydrological model is utilized to simulate the rainfall-runoff process and "Event-based flood modeling." A sub-basin was generated using a discharge location, which is a part of the Godavari basin, and its name is Ambabal. Every year in India, discharge is high during monsoons. So, modeling of extreme events during monsoon time in that particular study area with modeling losses, modeling direct runoff is done. Modeling methods are chosen in such a way that it suits to the study area. Here in this process, the Green and Ampt method for the infiltration process (modeling losses) and SCS unit hydrograph for modeling direct runoff is applied. Calibration and validation of the model are done. Skill metrics like Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency is used to check the suitability of the model. Optimization is done by taking Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency as an objective function.

Keywords : Event-based rainfall-runoff modeling, HEC-HMS, hydrological modeling, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency

[1] X. Chu, A. Steinman, Event, and Continuous Hydrologic Modeling with HEC-HMS. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 135, 119–124 (2009).
[2] Abbasi M, Saravi MM, Kheirkhah MM, Sigaroudi SK, Rostamizad G, Hosseini M (2010) Assessment of watershed management activities on time of concentration and curve number using HEC-HMS model (case study: kan watershed, Tehran). J Range Watershed Manag 63(3):375–385
[3] Grimaldi, S., Petroselli, A., Tauro, F. and Porfiri, M., 2012. Time of concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (2), 217–228.
[4] Brakensiek, D. L., Engleman, R. L., and Rawls, W. J., "Variation within Texture Classes of Soil Water Parameters/' Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 24, No. 2, 1981, pp. 335-339
[5] Grimaldi, A. Petroselli, F. Tauro& M. Porfiri (2012) Time of concentration: a paradox in modern hydrology, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57:2, 217-228, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2011.644244

Abstract: The earthquake may cause serious failure of the building structure. There is a considerable effect on the building structure due to the earthquake. In the present work, considering IS 1893 (part I:2016) code [1] and zone factor 0.16 as per seismic zone 3 (i.e., Surat, Gujarat, India), a G+20 multi storey building is analyzed. Space framed structure using concrete is studied. Columns and beams are prismatic for the whole building. Thickness of the 2-way slab is taken as constant. Displacement of the building as well as storey shear load is analyzed for the earthquake within X direction. The effects of the amount of floor and weight of buildings are considered to find deflection, storey drift and storey shear. Mathematical calculations are considering different parameters like displacement of storeys at different floors, column width, and storey shear of specific columns. These results are verified......

Keywords: Displacement, Storey drift, Base shear analysis, Storey shear analysis, STAAD.Pro v8i

[1]. IS 1983 (part-I:2016) "Criteria for Earthquake Resistance Design of Structure" Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi,2016
[2]. S.K. Ahirwar, S.K. Jain, and M. M. Pande, "Earthquake loads on multistory buildings as per IS1893-1984 and IS: 1893-2002: a comparative study," Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October 12-17 (2008)
[3]. S.P. Bhattacharya, and S.K Chakraborty, "Estimation of storey shear of a building with mass and stiffness variation due to seismic excitation," International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 635-643, 2010.
[4]. K. Shimazaki, "Seismic coefficient distribution of high rise reinforced concrete buildings." Earthquake Engineering Tenth World Conference, Balkema Rotterdam, 1992.
[5]. S.S. Patil, S.A. Ghadge, C.G. Konapure, and C.A. Ghadge, "Seismic Analysis of High Rise Building by Response Spectrum." International Journal of Computational Engineering Research, vol.3, 272-279 (2013).

Abstract: The stresses in adhesive-bonded single-lap joints peak at edges, where failure usually begins, while the center adhesive stress is almost zero. To reduce the stress concentrations, and improve joint strength and efficiency, the mixed-modulus adhesive bonded technology of variable the adhesive stiffness along the overlap was presented. The report also includes an evaluation of the perforated single-lap joint, assumed to promote accelerated ageing by shortening the diffusion path of moisture. A series of stress and deformation analyses using finite element analysis (FEA) has been conducted on the single-lap configuration for this purpose. The analyses also showed that peel stresses tend to be higher than shear stresses for most practical test geometries.

Keywords: Adhesive Joint, Finite Element Stress Analysis

[1]. Kinloch, A.J. (1987). Adhesion and Adhesives: Science and Technology (Reprinted. ed.). London: Chapman and Hall. p. 2.ISBN 0-412-27440-X. [2]. Mazza, P; Martini, F; Sala, B; Magi, M; Colombini, M; Giachi, G; Landucci, F; Lemorini, C; Modugno, F; Ribechini, E (January 2006). "A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a European Mid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (9): 1310.
[3]. Kozowyk, P. R. B.; Soressi, M.; Pomstra, D.; Langejans, G. H. J. (2017-08-31). "Experimental methods for the Palaeolithic dry distillation of birch bark: implications for the origin and development of Neandertal adhesive technology". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 8033. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.8033K.
[4]. HalilÖzer "Introductory Chapter: Structural Adhesive Bonded Joints".
[5]. René Q. Rodrígueza , William P. Paivaa , Paulo Solleroa , Eder L. Albuquerqueb and Marcelo B. Rodriguesc "ANALYTICAL AND NUMERICAL TOOLS FOR BONDED JOINT ANALYSIS".

Abstract: Pre-engineered buildings have become quite popular in the last few years. The main advantages of P.E.B are speed of construction and good control over quality .The pre-engineered building has a great advantage to the single storey buildings, practical and efficient alternative to conventional buildings. In this review, a brief comparison of Pre-engineered building and conventional beam is done. Also comparison is made between IS800:2007 & AISC 360-10. This comparison is done by studying the entire range of pre-engineered buildings . A warehouse frame is designed using IS 800:2007 & AISC 360-10 by keeping the loading parameters similar, all the loads are applied in accordance with Indian codes. An attempt is made to study the variation in tonnage as per IS 800:2007 and AISC 360-10 & possible reasons for variation in respective results. Analysis and design of these building frames was carried out using STAAD-PRO software. As per market study it observed that more than 70 % pre-engineered buildings are designed according to AISC360-10

[1]. Dr. N. Subramanian, "Design of steel structures".
[2]. IS : 800 - 2007 :- General Construction In Steel - Code of Practice.
[3]. IS: 875 (Part 1) - 1987 :- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures- Dead Loads.
[4]. IS : 875 (Part 2) - 1987 :- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings And Structures- Live Loads.
[5]. IS : 875 (Part 3) - 1987 :- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) for Buildings And Structures- Wind Loads.
[6]. AISC-2010, Specifications for structural steel buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction.

Abstract: Objectives is to identify the level of depression among chronic disease clients using mental health model, and to associate the level of depression with selected demographic variables. The research design used was descriptive path- analytic design. The study conducted at OmayalAchi community health centre, the sample comprises of 100 chronic disease clients, they were assessed for level of depression using structured knowledge questionnaire. The results showed that majority 67 % had mild level of depression, 29% had no depression, 4% had moderate level of depression and none of them had severe level of depression. By using these results a wellness clinic was started in the centre and referral services were followed.

Keywords: Depression, Chronic disease clients, Mental health model.

[1]. Benjamin jamessadock(1998). Kaplan &sadock's synopsis of psychiatry- behavioural sciences and clinical psychiatry. New York: Lippincott William and wilkin's publications.
[2]. Bhaskararao (2004). Methods of biostatistics. New delhi: panes medical publishers.
[3]. Chan MF(2009).Investigating factors associated with depression of older women in Macau. Journal of clinical nursing,18(21),2969-2977.

Abstract: Due to high strength to weight ratios, the automotive sector showed an increased interest in the composite fiberglass leaf spring as an alternative to steel leaf springs. Also, Composite materials in aeronautical, marine, and automotive industries are extensively accepted because of their outstanding mechanical properties, low density, and a production facility. The conventional leaf spring used is bulky so composite leaf spring should be used as a better alternative. The present study reviews the general study of design, analysis, and comparison of traditional and composite leaf spring. Leaf spring is commonly used in the suspension system of the automotive vehicle and is subjected to multiple stress cycles that lead to fatigue failure. That affects the significant behavior of the vehicle such as comfort in riding, stability, vibration characteristics, etc. A lot of studies and researches have been done to improve all these characteristics that are reviewed in this paper.

[1]. Priyanka Kothari,Amit Patel. A Review Paper on Design & Analysis of Leaf Spring. Int. J. of Engg. Research & Tech. Vol. 3 Issue 3, 2014
[2]. Krishnamurthy, K., Ravichandran, P., Shahid Naufal, A., Pradeep, R., & Sai HarishAdithiya, K. M. (2020). Modeling and structural analysis of leaf spring using composite materials. Materials Today: Proceedings. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.07.346.
[3]. Guduru, R. K. R., Shaik, S. H., Tuniki, H. P., & Domeika, A. (2020). Development of mono leaf spring with composite material and investigating its mechanical properties. Materials Today: Proceedings. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.289
[4]. Mir Hayder1, Corey McCollum. Effect of Cross-section on Column Buckling. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering.2020,Volume 17, Issue 4,PP 34-38.
[5]. Shokrieh MM, Rezaei D. Analysis and optimization of a composite leaf spring.Compos Struct 2003;60:317–25.

Abstract: Safety behaviors (also known as safety-seeking behaviors) are coping behaviors used to reduce anxiety and fear when the user feels threatened. Pedestrians are at risk on the road due to their behavior. The pedestrian safety behavior needs to be assessed to formulate the appropriate safety management in urban roads. This study is aimed at the identification of pedestrian non-compliances of safety practices while walking along the urban roads. As the case study, three urban mid-block road-sections were selected to observe pedestrian walking behavior. A video survey was carried out to observe pedestrian movement while traveling along those roads. The extracted data from the video was used to sort..........

Key Word: pedestrian behaviour, pedestrian non-compliance, urban roads, crosswalk, sidewalk

[1]. Bella, F., Borrelli, V., Silvestri, M. & Nobili, F., 2019. Effects on Driver's Behavior of Illegal Pedestrian Crossings. Report. Italy: Springer International Publishing AG University of Roma TRE, via Vito Volterra n. 62, 00146 Rome, Italy.[2]. Chu, X., Guttenplan, M. & Baltes, M., 2004. Why people cross where they do: The role of the street environment. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1878, pp.3-10.
[3]. Devkota, B.P., 2012. Modeling Pedestrians' Behavior at Road Crossings: A Case Study in Kathmandu. Master's Thesis. Lalitpur: Bishnu Prasad Devkota Institute of Engineering.
[4]. Fletcher, J., 2010. Urban Road Safety. Report. Bonn, Germany: Pearson Education Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
[5]. Galanis, A., Botzoris, G. & Eliou, N., 2017. Pedestrian road safety in relation to urban road type and traffic flow. Transportation Research Procedia, (24), pp.220-227.

Abstract: It has been observed that, the amount of rainfall precipitation at the sea side city like Mumbai is being increasing every year. The urbanization, deforestation, replacing the soil pavements with bituminous and concrete pavements have resulted in the infiltration capacity of the Mumbai Region to reduce to an almost negligible extent. As the infiltration capacity is reduced, all the excess water present turns into runoff and escapes through the drainage system. As a direct result, the load on the drainage system increases tremendously. The present system of drainage of rain water is not effective. The drainage system designed for Mumbai city was constructed in pre-independence era with rainfall consideration of 25 mm/hour. Since water logging continues to be a big problem for the city every year. This has caused heavy loss of property and also the affected the social and economic prospects of the city.........

Key words- Underground tunnel, Floods, Drainage system, Surge tank, Discharge tank

[1]. W. H. Hager, M. ASCE and R. Sinniger, 1985, ―Flood Storage in Reservoirs‖. Irrig. J. Drain Eng., 111(1): 76-85.
[2]. S. S. Shahapure; T.I. Eldho; and E.P. Rao, 2011, ―Flood Simulation in an Urban Catchment of Navi Mumbai City with Detention Pond and Tidal Effects Using FEM, GIS, and Remote Sensing‖. J. Waterway, Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 137(6): 286-299.
[3]. Marie Thomas, Makiko Obana, Tetsuro Tsujimoto, 2015, ―Adaptation of Resilience against Disaster—Case Study of 2000 Tokai Flood and 2011 Flood in ShonaiRiver. Japan‖, Natural Science, 7, 32-41,http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2015.71004.
[4]. Di Dunlop, 2015, ―Flood Mitigationin Tokyo, Japan‖, Journal of the Asia Education Teachers' Association, ASIA Volume 42 Number 2.
[5]. P.E.Zope, T.I.Eldho, V.Jothiprakash,2016, ―Impacts of land use–land cover change and urbanization on flooding: A case study of Oshiwara River Basin in Mumbai, India‖. CATENA, Volume 145, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.06.009

Abstract: Now a day's concrete plays a major role in construction industry. Availability of construction material is less day by day. So we can introduce a new kind of material in construction industry to reduce the cost as well as user friendly material. The main objective of the project, by using the available waste material to introduced in concrete industry. Fully replacement of concrete is not possible, so we can made an attempt to develop partial replacement of concrete material. In the last few decades there has been rapid increase in the waste materials and by-products. Some of the industrial by-products like GGBS, fly ash, copper slag, steel slag, Expanded polystyrene (EPS) have been successfully replaced for cement and concrete in the construction industry. It reduces the consumption of natural resources......

Key Word: Lightweight concrete, Construction materials, concrete, Building materials, Low density concrete, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile and Flexural Strength

[1]. ACI committee 544. 1982. State-of-the-report on Expanded polystyrene (EPS) reinforced concrete, (ACI 544.1R-82), Concrete International: Design and Construction. 4(5): 9-30, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
[2]. ACI Committee 544. 1989. Measurement of properties Expanded polystyrene (EPS)s reinforced concrete, (ACI 544.2R-889). American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
[3]. ASTM C 1240-11 "standard specification for Expanded polystyrene (EPS) used in cementitious mixtures".
[4]. Bhanja, S., B. Sengupta, b., (2003) "Modified water- cement ratio law for Expanded polystyrene (EPS) concretes ". Cement and Concrete research, 33, pp 447-450.
[5]. Mohamed s. Morsy, Sayed s. Shebl, Effect of Expanded polystyrene (EPS) and metakaolinepozzolana on the performance of blended cement pastes against fire, Ceramics - Silikáty 51 (1) 40-44 (2007).

Abstract: Background: Many times, product complexity increases if customer requirements or product specifications are changed; moreover, the product development process is always more complex if change occurs, and this drives cost. In fact, complexity increases drastically if there are changes in any design activity as a change in one product function can trigger changes in other functions, i.e., change propagation, and then, many related design tasks are impacted. From a knowledge perspective, product development can be viewed as the supply and demand of knowledge between designers, driven by the relationships among product functions. Materials and Methods: An approach for estimating the total effort needed to create the necessary change in product functions is introduced that is based on the need for new knowledge in order......

Key Word: complexity; product development; change propagation; knowledge

[1]. Kleinsmann M, Buijs J, Valkenburg R. Understanding the complexity of knowledge integration in collaborative new product development teams: a case study. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. 2010,27(1):20-32.
[2]. Efthymiou K, Pagoropoulos A, Papakostas N, Mourtzis D, Chryssolouris G. Manufacturing systems complexity review: challenges and outlook. Procedia CIRP. 2012,3(1):644-649.
[3]. Bossaerts P, Murawski C. Computational complexity and human decision-making. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2017,21(12):917-929.
[4]. Kulak O, Cebi S, Kahraman C. Review: applications of axiomatic design principles: a literature review. Expert Systems with Applications. 2010,37(9):6705-6717.
[5]. Tao F, Sui F, Liu A, Qi Q, Zhang M, Song B, Guo Z, Lu S, Nee AY. Digital twin-driven product design framework. International Journal of Production Research. 2019,57(12):3935-3953.