iosr-JMCE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Proper modeling of mould for an air cooler tank is necessary to facilitate the ease for production line and weight reduction of the complete component assembly. The present research work aims at performing the structural analysis separately on 3 different models of moulds designed: Model-1: Mould extracted from the Pro-E software manufacturing module (say Thickness ='t'). Model-2: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t1= ½(t)) Model-3: Thickness reduced to half of the previous model for weight reduction. (t2= ¼(t)). The aim of the present work is to study the variation in displacement and stress values between Model-1, Model-2 and Model-3. This analysis is performed using FEM in ANSYS Software. The study is intended for appropriate reduction of thickness there by reducing the weight of complete assembly, which in turn reduces the complete cost of production of mould for an air cooler tank.

Keywords; ANSYS, Displacement, FEA, Stress

[1] "Machine design", T.V.Sundararajamoorthy, 2nd Edition 2010.

[2] Design data book: P.S.G.College of Technology (Kalaikathirachchagam).

[3] ANSYS Reference Manuals, 2012.

[4] Daniel I.M. and Ishai.O, "Engineering Mechanics of Materials", Second Edition, Oxford press, 2006.

Abstract: Superior performances of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) in fresh state to achieve a more uniform distribution encourage the addition of fibers in concrete which is a motivation for structural application of fibre reinforced concrete. Steel fibre used in the Self Consolidating Steel Fibre concrete (SCSFRC) is to enrich the performance of the concrete material. But SCC has intrinsic low ductility and poor toughness which restrict the fields of application of SCC. The disadvantage of SCC can be avoided by reinforcing with randomly distributed discontinuous fibers. Traditionally rational mix design method is available for SCC which make tedious to obtain the self compacting properties in various mix proportion of concrete. The mix design is based on principle of limiting range for total aggregate volume and coarse aggregate volume in concrete. It forms the basis for the concrete to be flowable and to achieve high workability. This paper focus on the design mix for SCSFRC, mix design principle and experimental investigation carried out on Self Consolidating Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete (SCSFRC) fresh properties.

Keywords: SCSFRC Constituents, Mix design Principle,Applications –SCSFRC.

[1]. Hajime Okamura and Masahiro Ouchi (April 2003) "Self Compacting Concrete" - Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, Japan Concrete Institute Vol 1 No. 1. pp 5-15
[2]. C. Parra, M. Valcuende, F. Gomez (2010) "Splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of self-compacting concrete",Journal home page at Science direct.
[3]. M.Ramali and E.T. Dawood (2011) "Effect of Steel Fibres on the Engineering performance of Concrete", Asian Journal of Applied Science, Malaysia.
[4]. K. Turk, P. Turgut, M. Karatas, A. Benli ( September 2010 ) "Mechanical Properties of Self-compacting Concrete with Silica Fume/Fly Ash" 9th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey, pp 27-30.
[5]. "Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete" – EFNARC.

Abstract: The deterioration of reinforced concrete infrastructures as a result of the effect of Crude Oil spill on concrete structures particularly in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has remained a great challenge to the engineering profession and the general public at large. Concrete interacts with substances within its environment. These interactions often have significant effect on the engineering properties of concrete made from ordinary Portland cement. Concrete specimens were prepared at 1:2:4 mix ratio and subject to three different curing media of concentrated crude oil, stimulated water/crude oil mix and potable water. The concrete specimens were cured in the media with environmental temperature of 25+20C and they were crushed at immersion ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The result obtained showed that different concentration of crude oil led to significant changes in the compressive strength of concrete made from ordinary Portland cement. This research also revealed that the rate of strength development is significantly low in the concentrated crude oil and crude oil/water mix curing media. Corrosion rate and chemical attack on concrete are high in the concentrated crude oil medium than in the crude oil/water mix as the reduction in compressive strength are in the ratio of 20:12. It was also observed that the three curing media led to increase in the compressive strength of concrete as the curing age increases.

Key words: Compressive strength, Concrete specimens, Curing age, Concrete structures, Immersion ages, Deterioration.

[1]. Daka, E.R and Ekweozo Ike, 2004. Effect of size on the Acute Toxity of Crude Oil to the mangrove oyster, caresostreagasar. Journal of applied science and environmental management, (8)2: 19 – 22.
[2]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2006. The Behaviour and Effects of oil spill on aquatic environment, EPA Office of Emergency and remedial response, USA.
[3]. Ejeh S.P and Uche O.A, U, 2009. Effect of crude oil spill of compressive Strength of concrete materials. Journal of applied science research 5 (10): 1756- 1761.
[4]. Jonnesari H. and Moshreaf A. 2005. The Bond between Repair materials and concrete substrate in marine environment, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing) 6 (4): 267-272.
[5]. Kline, T.R., 2004. Sulfur Pit Assessment and Repair Strategies, Structural Preservation Systems inc, Houston, Texas, USA.
[6]. Memon, N.A., Sumadi S.R., Ramli, M. 2007. Performance of high workability Slag-cement mortar for ferrocement. Building and Environment; 2710- 2717.
[7]. Mouli, M., Khelafi, H. 2007. Properties of lightweight concrete made with Crushed natural pozzolana as coarse aggregate. Technology and Economic Development of Economy. Vol. XIII, No 4 Pp. 259-265.
[8]. Neville, A. M. (2000). Properties of Concrete. Pitman, New York, United States.
[9]. Udoeyo, F. F. and Dashibil, P. U. (2002). "Sawdust ash as concrete Material." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 14(2), 173–176.

Abstract: The ultimate objective of the work is to increase the reliability of wind turbine blades through the development of the airfoil structure and also to reduce the noise produced during the running period of the wind turbine blades. The blade plays a pivotal role, because it is the most important part of the energy absorption system. Consequently, the blade has to be designed carefully to enable to absorb energy with its greatest efficiency. In this work, Pro/E, Hypermesh software has been used to design blades effectively. NACA 63-215 airfoil profile is considered for analysis of wind turbine blade. The wind turbine blade is modeled and several sections are created from root to tip with the variation from the standard design for improving the efficiency. For the further improvement required in the efficiency of the wind turbine the winglet is to be included at the tip of the blade which would help in increasing the efficiency and reducing the noise produced from the blades in working condition. The existing turbine blade and the modified blade with the winglet are compared for their results.

Keywords: Wind Turbine Blades, Airfoil, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Winglet, Noise

[1] Johansen, J. and Sorensen, N.N., "Numerical Analysis of Winglets on Wind Turbine Blades using CFD", EWEC 2007 Conference proceedings, Madrid, Spain, 2007.

[2] Karam Y, Hani M, "Optimal frequency design of wind turbine blades", Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 90 (2002) 961–986.

[3] K.J.Jackson, et al., "Innovative design approaches for large wind turbine blades", 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit 10 - 13 January 2005, Reno, Nevada.

[4] Maughmer, M.D, "The Design of Winglets for High-Performance Sailplanes", AIAA 2001-2406, AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, 19th, Anaheim, CA, June 11-14, 2001. [5] Mickael Edon, "38 meter wind turbine blade design, internship report"

[6] M. Jureczko, M. Pawlak, A. Mezyk, "Optimization of wind turbine blades", Journal of Materials Processing Technology 167 (2005) 463–471.

[7] Philippe Giguere and Selig, "Blade Geometry Optimization For The Design Of Wind Turbine Rotors" AIAA-2000-0045.

[8] Tingting Guo, Dianwen Wu, Jihui Xu, Shaohua Li, "The Method of Large-scale Wind Turbine Blades Design Based on MATLAB Programming", IEEE.

[9] Wang Xudong, et al., "Blade optimizations for wind turbines", Wind Energy. 2009; 12:781–803, Published online 29 April 2009 in Wiley Interscience.

[10] Z.L. Mahri, M.S. Rouabah, "Calculation of dynamic stresses using finite element method and prediction of fatigue failure for wind turbine rotor" Wseas Transactions On Applied And Theoretical Mechanics, Issue 1, Volume 3, January 2008.

Abstract: The roll over protection structure, referred as ROPS is designed to protect the driver from the injuries caused by roll-overs. In addition to safety against roll-overs and collisions, it also acts as a single rugged base for mounting the sub-systems of the all terrain vehicle. This study will deals with edge preparation techniques employed prior to welding to strengthen the ROPS and corresponding strain energy absorption at the time of collision. The design of ROPS depends on the vehicle size, weight distribution, sub-system mounting, occupant's safety and ergonomics; followed by force analysis under specified crash conditions.

Keywords: Analysis, Comparison, Edge-Preparation, Roll-over Protection Structure, Welding.

[[1] A D Stockton, D H O'Neill and C J Hampson, Methods for optimizing the effectiveness of roll-over protective system by Silsoe Research Institute for the Health and Safety Executive ( Norwich NR3 1BQ, Crown Copyright, 2002).

[2] Thambiratnam, D. P. and Clark, B. J. and Perrera N. J., Performance of a roll over protective structure for a bulldozer. Journal of Engineering Mechanics,135(1), 2009, 31-40.

[3] Thambiratnam, David P. and Clark, Brian J. and Perera Nimal J., Dynamic Response of a Rollover Protective Structure. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 23(6), 2008, 448-464.

[4] Joseph Lee Evins, Dependence Of Strength On Corrosion-Fatigue Resistance Of AISI 4130 Steel, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, 2004.

[5] Catalogue of Material Properties of Alloys and Metals, Heng Tat Trading Co. Ltd., Hong Kong, China.

[6] Andrew Pytel and Jaan Kiusalaas, Engineering Mechanics-Dynamics (Stamford CT, USA: Cengage Learning Inc, 2010) .

Abstract: This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.

[1] Rajan, T.V. Sharma, C.P Sharma, "Heat treatment – Principles and Techniques", Prentice- Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, India, pp36-42, 1988. [2] Oberg, E; et al., "Machinery's Hand book" (25thed.) Industrial Press Inc, 1996.

[3] Smith, W.F. and Hashemi, J., "Foundations of materials science and Engineering", 4thEdition; McGraw's- Hill Book.pp.28-36, 2006.

[4] Jacob Klinginsmith, Russ Glass, and Naomi Sanders, Becky Moffitt, "The Science and Engineering of Materials"(Fourth Edition): Donald R. Askland and Pradeep P. Phule: Brooks/Cole copyright 2003.

[5] Dell, K.A., "Metallurgy Theory and practical Text book ", American Technical Society, Chicago, pp.351-353,

[6] Raymond A., Higgins B., "Properties of Engineering Materials", Hooder and Stonghton,

[7] Rao P.N, "Manufacturing Technology", Vol.1, the McGraw Hill Companies –New Delhi, pp.11-53, 2011.

[8] Adnan calik, Effect of cooling rate on Hardness and Micro structure of AISI 1020, AISI 1040 and AISI 1060 steels, Int .J. of Physics Sciences, Vol. 4(9), pp. 514-518, 2009.

[9] Daramola O.O Adewuyi B.O, Oladele I.O, Effects of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Rolled Medium Carbon Steel, Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering, Vol.9, N0.8, pp.693-708, 2010

[10] Lakhtin.Y, Engineering Physical Metallurgy, MIR Publishers, Mascow, pp.14-55, 1998.

Abstract: In the present investigation, a Zn-22%Al alloy is used as the matrix material and fly ash as the filler material. The composite is produced using powder metallurgy techniques. The fly ash is added in 2%, 4%, and 6% by wt% to the sintering metal. The composite is tested for hardness, density and tensile strength test. Microstructure examination is done using a high resolution optical microscope to obtain the distribution of fly ash in the Zn-Al matrix. Test results indicate that as fly ash content is increased, there is a considerable increase in hardness and tensile strength but decrease in density.

Keywords: Metal Matrix Composites, Fly Ash.

[1] R. Subramanian,G. Prabhu "Some Studies on Aluminium – Fly Ash Composites Fabricated by Casting Method" European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol.63 No.2 (2011), 204-218

[2] M. Ebisawa, T. Hara, T. Hayashi and H. Ushio, "Production Processes of Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) Engine Block", SAE Transaction, Vol. 100, (1991), 826-838.

[3] R. C. Joshi and R. P. Lohtia "Fly Ash in Concrete Production, Properties and Uses", Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, (1997), 1-47.

[4] V. M. Malhotra and A. A. Ramezanianpour, "Fly Ash in Concrete", 2nd edn, CANMET, Natural Resource of Canada, Ottawa, (1994), 1-18.

[5] R. A. Helmuth, "Fly Ash in Cement and Concrete", Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, (1987), 1-64.

[6] R. S. Iyer and J. A. Scott, "Power Station Fly Ash – A Review of Value-Added Utilization Outside of the Construction Industry", Resources, Conservation, and Recycling., Vol. 31, (2001), 217-228.
[7] http://www.ntpc.co.in/images/content/environment/books/2010-11/Fly-Ash-for-Cement Concrete.pdf

[8] P. K. Rohatgi, "Low-Cost, Fly Ash Containing Aluminium Matrix Composites", JOM, Vol. 29, (1994), 55-59.

[9] J. Bijen, "Fly Ash Aggregates", in Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, 2nd Ed., V. M. Malhotra (ed.), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, (1983).

Abstract: This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).

Keywords: Drive Shaft, ANSYS, Titanium, Stiffness.

[1] Sagar. R. Dharmadhikari, Sachin. G. Mahakalkar, Jayant P Giri, Nilesh D Khutafale "Design and Analysis of Composite Drive Shaft using ANSYS and Genetic Algorithm" IJMER Jan-Feb. 2013, pp-490-496.
[2] Felipe Moura Fontes Novo, Mauro Moraes de Souza, Juliano Savoy, Marcelo Adriano do Carmo Silva, "Analysis of the vibration modes of an automotive propeller shaft using FEM and analytical models" SAE-2012-36-0224.
[3] A. M. Ummuhaani, Dr. P. Sadagopan, "Design, Fabrication and Stress Analysis of a Composite Propeller Shaft" SAE- 2011-28-0013

Abstract: Study of reliabilities of machinery used in any kind of production is of utmost necessity for optimum use of man power and resources to make the process cost effective and with minimum downtime. This is applicable for all large and small industries alike. But in small industries data is not accurately stored and it becomes difficult to estimate product reliabilities. This paper focuses on a case study to estimate the reliabilities of two competing machines, when the only available data is Time To Failure. The Weibull Parameters are calculated using Microsoft Excel 2010. The results show that after knowing the reliabilities of both the Bulldozers at different lengths of time, we can ascertain which of them is preferable to use at which time period.

Keywords :Characteristic Life, Reliability, Shape parameter, Time To Failure, Weibull Distribution,

[1] Barabady J, Kumar U. Reliability Analysis of mining equipment: A case study of a crushing plant at Jajaram Bauxite Mine in Iran
[2] Kumar U, Klefsjo¨B, Granholm S. Reliability investigation for a fleet of load-haul-dump machines in a Swedish mine. ReliabEng System Saf 1989;26(4).
[3] Kumar U, Klefsjo¨B. Reliability analysis of hydraulic system of LHD machine using the power low process model. ReliabEng System Saf 1992;35(3):217–24..
[4] Samanta B, Sarkar B, Mukherjee SK. Reliability modeling and performance analyses of an LHD system in mining. J S AfrInst Mining Metall 2004;104(1):1–8.
[5] Mandal SK. Evaluation of reliability index of longwall equipment systems for production contingency. Min Technol 1996;78(897):138–40
[6] Kumar U, Huang Y. Reliability analysis of a mine production system: a case study. In: Proceedings of the annual reliability and maintainability symposium, USA, 1993 p. 167–72.

Abstract: A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.

[1] J Narayana Reddy and A. Ramesh, Experimental investigation on a compression ignition engine fuelled with bio diesel of jatropha oil International Journal of Green energy, energy and environment, 1(3), 2010, 1-6. [2] M Venkatraman M and G. Devaradjane, Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel–pungam oil methyl esters (PME) diesel blends fuelled D.I diesel engine at optimum engine operating parameters International Journal of Green energy, energy and environment 1, 2010, 7-12. [3] Vijayashree, P. Tamilporai and V. Ganesan, Global energy scenario – an overview, International Journal of Green energy, energy and environment, 1(1), 2010, 1-12. [4] S J Clark, L. Wanger, M.D. Schrock and P.G. Piennaar, Methyl and ethyl soybean esters as renewable fuels for diesel engines, J Am Oil Che Soc, 61 (10), 1984, 1632-1638. [5] N Kapilan and R.P. Reddy, Evaluation of methyl esters of mahua oil (madhuca indica) as diesel fuel, Journal - American Oil Chemists Society 85, 2008, 185-188.

Abstract: one of the most widespread procedures for the assessment of building behavior, due to earthquake, is the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM). In the scope of this procedure, capacity of the structure compares with the demands of earthquake ground motion on the structure. The capacity of the structure is represented by a nonlinear force-displacement curve, referred to as a pushover curve. The base shear forces and roof displacements are converted to equivalent spectral accelerations and spectral displacements, respectively, by means of coefficients that represent effective modal masses and modal participation factors. These spectral values define the capacity spectrum. The demands of the earthquake ground motion are represented by response spectra. A graphical construction that includes both capacity and demand spectra, results in an intersection of the two curves that estimates the performance of the structure to the earthquake.

[1]. Taner, Mustafa "Seismic Performance Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures" Journal of Engineering Science Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 sh. 63-76 May 2007
[2]. Mrugesh D. Shah "Performance Based Analysis of R.C.C. Frames" National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology 13-14 May 2011
[3]. Applied Technology Council ATC 40 (1996): "ATC 40 Seismic Evaluations and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings" (V.1) Washington DC.
[4]. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (1997), NEHRP "Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings", FEMA-273.
[5]. Computers And Structures Inc. (CSI), video tutorials, Berkeley, California
[6]. IS: 1893 (Part 1) 2002- Indian standard- "Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures", Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.