iosr-JMCE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6

Abstract:Equal channel angular extrusion (ecae) is a novel deformation process capable of imparting a large amount of plastic strain to bulk material through the application of uniform simple shear. Ecae die geometry, material properties and process conditions influence the shear deformation behavior during extrusion that in turn governs the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded materials. Finite element analysis, the most appropriate technique was used to analyze the deformation behavior of extruded materials without neglecting important and realistic factors like strain hardening behavior of the material, frictional conditions and speed of the process. In this study the deformation behavior of material, dead zone/corner gap formation and strain homogeneity in friction and frictionless condition achieved in the samples during ecae were studied by using commercial finite element code abaqus/cae6.11-3. The influence of channel angles, strain hardening behavior of material and friction between the billet and die was considered for simulations. Results showed that the optimal strain homogeneity in the sample with lower dead zone formation, without involving any detrimental effects, can be achieved with channel angle of 90 degrees and outer corner angle of 10 degrees for pure copper.

Keywords: Severe Plastic Deformation, Equal Channel Angular Extrusion, Ultra-Fine Grain, equivalent plastic strain, conventional extrusion

[1] Vaclav Sklenicka, Jiri Dvorak, Milan Svoboda, PetrKral and Marie Kvapilova, Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Creep in Ultrafine-Grained Aluminium and Its Alloys DOI: 10.5772/51242
[2] V.M. Segal, Equal Channel Angular Extrusion: From Macromechanics to Structure Formation, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, Vol A271,[5] 1999, p 322–333
[3] V.M. Segal, V.I. Reznikov, A.E. Drobyshevskiy, V.I. Kopylov, Plastic working of metals by simple shear, Russ. Metall. 1 (1981) 99–105.
[4] Mater. 35 (1996) 143–146.
[5] H.S. Kim, M.H. Seo, I.H. Sun, On the die corner gap formation in equal channel angular pressing, Mater. Sci. Eng. 291A (2000) 86–90.
[6] H.S. Kim, Evaluation of strain rate during equal channel angular pressing, J. Mater. Res. 17 (2002) 172–179.
[7] K. Nakashima, Z. Horita, M. Nemoto, T.G. Langdon, Influence of channel angle on the development of ultrafine grains in equal channel angular pressing, Acta Metall. Mater. 46 (1998) 1589–1599
[8] Shan, I.G. Moon, H.S. Ko, J.W. Park, Direct observation of shear deformation during equal channel angular pressing of pure aluminum, Scripta Mater. 41 (1999) 353– 357
[9] V.M. Segal, Equal channel angular extrusion: from macromechanics to structure formation, Mater. Sci. Eng. 271A (1999) 322–333.
[10] J.R. Bowen, A. Gholinia, S.M. Roberts, P.B. Pragnell, Analysis of the billet deformation behaviour in equal channel angular extrusion, Mater. Sci. Eng. 287A (2000) 87–99

Abstract: The high cost of conventional building materials is a major factor affecting housing delivery in the world. This has necessitated research into alternative materials of construction. In this study, coconut shell is used as light weight aggregate in concrete. The properties of coconut shell and coconut shell aggregate concrete is examined and the use of coconut shell aggregate in construction is tested. The project paper aims at analyzing flexural and compressive strength characteristics of with partial replacement using M30 grade concrete. The project also aims to show that Coconut shell aggregate is a potential construction material and simultaneously reduces the environment problem of solid..Beams are casted, tested and their physical and mechanical properties are determined. The main objective is to encourage the use of these "seemingly‟ waste products as construction materials in low-cost housing.

Keywords: Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, Coconut shells, Portland pozzolana cement(PPC).

[1]. IS: 10262-2009,"Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design".
[2]. IS: 383-1997, "Specifications for Coarse and Fine aggregate from natural sources of concrete".
[3]. "Exploratory study of Periwinkle shells as coarse aggregate in concrete works",A.P Adewuyi Department of Urban and Civil Engineering , Ibaraki University, Hitachi Japan and T. Adegoke Department of Civil Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
[4]. "Development of lightweight concrete using industrial waste material, palm kernel shell as lightweight aggregate and its properties", Alengaram, U.J. Dept.of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[5]. "Comparative study of concrete properties using coconut shell and palm kernel shell as coarse aggregates",E.A Oanipekun , K.O. Olusola.Ata, Department of Building, ObafemiAwolowo University ,Ile-Ife, Osu State, Nigeria.
[6]. "Mechanical and bond properties of coconut shell concrete",K. Gunasekaran P.S. Kumar, M.Laskhmipathy,Department of Civil Engineering and Technology,Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University,Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India.
[7]. "Investigate the combination of coconut shell and grained palm kernel to replace aggregate in concrete: A technical review",Siti Aminah Bt Tukiman and Sabarudin Bin Mohammed, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
[8]. Filipponi P, Polettini A, Pomi R, Sirini P. Physical and mechanical properties of cement based products containing incineration bottom ash. Waste Management 2003;23(2) :145-156.
[9]. Dhir Rk,Paine KA, Dyer TD, Tang MC. Value added recycling of domestic ,industrial and construction arisings as concrete aggregate. Concrete Engineering International 2004;8(1):43-48.
[10]. Poon CS, Shui ZH, Lam L, FokH, Kou SC. Influence of moisture states of natural and recycled aggregates on the slump and compressive strength of concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 2005; 34(1):31-36.

Abstract: The construction industry generally deals with the various types of construction sectors viz Real Estate & Infrastructure. Real Estate Sector is segmented in Residential, Industrial, Corporate, and Commercial. Whereas Infrastructure sector in Roads, Railways, Urban Infrastructures, Ports, Airports and Power. To manage such kind of unique projects requires an expertise with organizations and a thorough body of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to provide the analysis or breakdown of Role of Project Management Consultancy and study the Problems faced by PMC for implementing the project. Project Management Consultancy plays multifaceted part in such projects and provides the services from inception to completion of projects. At every stage of project life cycle, the principles of pro-activeness and creating the win-win situation is necessary keeping in mind the customer / client's requirements. Use of Project Management Consultancy (PMC) offers one of the effective management solution to increase and improve the efficiency and outcome of a project in construction. A case study of construction of a Mega Industrial Project which is dealt by PMC and Project consist of various type of buildings for Manufacturing unit, Assembling unit , Logistic unit , Process unit with allied Infra of Electrical utilities, Services like Fire fighting, Sewage line, Storm water arrangement and Road etc have been considered for this research work.

Keywords: Body of Knowledge, Industrial Buildings, Project Management Consultancy (PMC), Role & Responsibility Matrix.

[1] Adnan Enshassi1, Sherif Mohamed2, Saleh Abushaban3 Factors affecting the performance of construction projects in Gaza strips; Journal of civil Engineering and Management 2009, 15(3): 269–280
[2] Cheung, S.-O.; Suen, H. C. H.; Cheung, K. K. W. 2004. PPMS: a Web-based construction project performance monitoring system, Automation in Construction 13: 361–376. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2003.12.001.
[3] Project Management Institute, Inc. (2013): A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, (PMBOK) Fifth Edition, Project Management Institute, Inc. Pennsylvania 19073-3299 USA
[4] Bernard, W. T. (1985). Construction and Development. Selangor, Pelanduk Publication.
[5] K K Chitkara,(2000): Construction Project Management, Second Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Pvt Ltd. New Delhi.
[6] O P Khanna (1999): Industrial Engineering and Management Revised Edition, Dhanpat Rai Publications, New Delhi.
[7] P K Joy,(1994) : Total Project Management, Second Edition, Macmillan India Limited. New Delhi.
[8] Foxhall, W. (1976). Professional construction Management and project administration. New York: Architectural Record and the American Institute of Architects.

Abstract: Soil is a peculiar material. Some waste materials such Fly Ash, rice husk ash, pond ash may use to make the soil to be stable. Addition of such materials will increase the physical as well as chemical properties of the soil. Some expecting properties to be improved are CBR value, shear strength, liquidity index, plasticity index, unconfined compressive strength and bearing capacity etc. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Fly Ash derived from combustion of sub-bituminous coal at electric power plants in stabilization of soft fine-grained red soils. California bearing ratio (CBR) and other strength property tests were conducted on soil. The soil is in range of plasticity, with plasticity indices ranging between 25 and 30. Tests were conducted on soils and soil–Fly Ash mixtures prepared at optimum water content of 9% .Addition of Fly Ash resulted in appreciable increases in the CBR of the soil. For water contents 9% wet of optimum, CBRs of the soils are found in varying percentage such that 3,5,6and 9.We will found optimum CBR value of the soil is 6%.Increment of CBR value is used to reduce the thickness of the pavement. And increasing the bearing capacity of soil.

[1]. Chen, F. H. (1988), "Foundations on expansive soils", Chen & Associates, Elsevier Publications, U.S.A.
[2]. Erdal Cokca (2001) "Use Of Class C Fly Ashes for the Stabilization – of an Expansive Soil" Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering Vol. 127, July, pp. 568-573.
[3]. Eldon J. Yoder(1957), "Principles of Soil Stabilization",JHRPPublicationIndiana.
[4]. Pradip D. Jadhao and Nagarnaik, P.B (2008), Influence of Polypropylene Fibres on Engineering Behavior of Soil – Fly Ash Mixtures for Road Construction, Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 13, Bund.C, pp. 1-11.
[5]. 1.American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM C618 (2008) Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolanic for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA.

Abstract: A novel polymer concrete (PC) was synthesized by mixing epoxy resins and waste glass as aggregates. In this study, metakaolin (MK) and fly ash (FA) were used as filler and compositions with 0%, 10% and 15% by weight of recycled glass sand (<2.36 mm) were prepared to investigate the mechanical and durability properties of the PC. The results indicated that all compositions assessed in this study display high strength and modulus of elasticity values. MK and FA have a significant effect on the compressive strength, the flexural strength and the modulus of elasticity of the PC. Moreover, the PC made with recycled glass aggregate, MK and FA has good chemical resistance for 20% Na2CO3, 10% NaOH, tap water, and sea water. Besides the acceptable chemical resistance, the prepared waste glass PC shows low apparent porosity and low water absorption.
Key words: Polymer, metakaolin, flyash, recycled waste glass, quartz sand

[1]. Varughese KT, Chaturvedi BK. Fly ash as fine aggregate in polyester based polymer concrete. Cem Concr Compos 1996; 18:105–8.
[2]. Abdul Razak H, Wong HS. Strength estimation model for high-strength concrete incorporating metakaolin and silica fume. Cem Concr Res 2005; 35:688–95.
[3]. Srivastava A, Aggarwal RK, Singh P. Building materials based on polymers—an overview. Popular Plast Package 2001; 46:62.
[4]. Rebeiz KS, Fowler DW. Recycling plastics in polymers concrete systems for engineering applications. Polymer Plast Technology Eng. 1991; 30:809.
[5]. Meyer C, Baxter S, Jin W. Alkali–silica reaction in concrete with waste glass as aggregate. Materials for the new millennium proceedings of the materials engineering conference, New York, NY, USA: ASCE 1996; 2:1388–97.
[6]. Shayan A, Xu A. Value added utilization of waste glass in concrete. Cem Concr Res2004; 36(3):457–68. [7]. J.A. Mason, "Applications in Polymer Concrete". ACI Publication SP-69, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1981. [8]. J.T. Dikeou, "Polymers in Concrete: New Construction Achievements on the Horizon". Proceedings, Second International Congress on Polymers in Concrete, Austin, Texas, October 1978. [9]. M. Steinberg et al., "Concrete-Polymer Materials", First Topical Report, Brooklyn National Laboratory, BLN 50134 (T-509), 1968; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, USBR General Rept. 41, 1968. [10]. C.D. Pomeroy and J.H. Brown, "An Assessment of some Polymer (PMMA) Modified Concretes". Proceedings, First International Congress on Polymers in Concretes, London, U.K., May 1975.

Abstract:The study has considered the fundamental calculations in the design of revolving clamp assembly; which in any standard manufacturing environment is not only critical but dependable. This implies that the revolving clamp assembly is a very important work tool in any well-equipped workshop. The characteristics of this clamp compare well with the intended purpose of its design. Many types of clamps exist with limited scope of use and application; but the revolving clamp applies some flexibility for which a particular workpiece could be positioned and worked upon from different angles. The study also conducted a calculation of the stress capacity of the revolving clamp assembly, where it observed that the surface or stress area of a clamp device plays a crucial role its work holding capability. The yield stress was also determined alongside its bending and crushing stress.
Keywords: tensile stress, axial load, permissible stress, crushing stress, residual tolerance factor.

[1]. Vidosic, J.P. : Elements of Design Engineering, Ronal Press Co, New York, 1969
[2]. Design dimensions of screw threads, bolts and nuts according to IS 4218 (Part IV) 1978
[3]. Kalpakjian, S and Schmid, S.: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Pearson Education, 2001.
[4]. Rosentein, A.B. and English, J.M.,: Design as a Basis for a Unified Engineering Curriculum, Case Inst. Of Tech, Sept 8-9, 1960.
[5]. Reshetov, D, Ivanon A., Fadeev V, : Reliability of Machines, Mir Pub, Moscow, 1990,
[6]. Smith, R.B. : "Professional Responsibility of Engineering", Mechanical Engineering, v. 86, n.1 (Jan, 1964).
[7]. Aaron, D.D., Walter, J.M., Wilson, E.E.: machine Design- Theory and Practice, Macmillian Pub. Co. New York, 1975, pp 82-84
[8]. Avallone E.A. and baumeister III, .., : Standard Hand Book for Mechanical Engineers, 9th Ed, 1978.

Abstract: Kinematic joints for dynamic analysis of multi-body mechanical systems assumed ideal or perfect. However, in a real mechanical kinematical joint clearance is always present. Such clearance is necessary for the component assemblage and to allow the relative motion between the connected bodies. This clearance is inevitable due to the manufacturing tolerances, material deformations, wear, and imperfections. The presence of such joint clearance degrades the performance of mechanical systems in virtue of the contact and impact forces that take place at the joint. Contact analysis is a computational bottleneck in mechanical design where the contact changes. Manual analysis is time-consuming and prone to error. To address these problems, a geometrical contact analysis method based on kinematic simulation, using CAD software is developed. An equivalent kinematic linkage mechanism is constructed according to contact position of pin and hole assembly. Results of kinematic and dynamic analysis of a four bar linkage with joint clearance shows that the contribution of joint forces at slower input speed also degrades the performance of mechanism.
Key words: Clearance link, equivalent mechanism, joint forces, degree of freedom.

[1] Kwun-Lon Tinga, Jianmin Zhua, Derek Watkins, The effects of joint clearance on position and orientation deviation of linkages and manipulators, Mechanism and Machine Theory, Vol-35, 2000, pp 391-401
[2] Selçuk Erkaya, Ibrahim Uzmay, Investigation on effect of joint clearance on dynamics of four-bar mechanism, Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol- 58, 2009, pp 179–198
[3] R. S. Haines, A theory of contact loss at revolute joint with clearance, Journal Mechanical Engineering science, Vol-22 No.3, 1980, pp 129-135.
[4] Hiroaki Funabashi, Kiyoshi Ogawa, Mikio Horie, A dynamic analysis of mechanism with clearances, Bulletin of JSME, Volume 21, No. 161, Nov 1978, pp 1653-1659.
[5] Mikio Horie, Hiroaki Funabashi, Kiyoshi Ogawa, Yasuo Naito, Naoki Shoji, A kineto-elasodynamic analysis of planer link mechanisms with consideration of bearing clearances., Bulletin of JSME, Volume 29, No. 252, June 1986, pp 1881-1887.
[6] Flores P., Lankarani H. M., Dynamic response of multi-body systems with multiple clearance joints, ASME journal of computational and nonlinear dynamics, Volume 7(3), Year 2012, PP 1–26. K7
[7] A.F. Haroun, S.M. Megahed, Simulation and Experimentation of Multi-body mechanical Systems with Clearance Revolute Joints, International journal on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Volume 6, Year 2012, PP 367-376 k26
[8] A.M. Vaidya, P.M. Padole, A performance evaluation of four bar mechanism considering flexibility of links and joint stiffness, The open mechanical engineering Journal, Volume 04, Year 2010, PP 16-28. K38
[9] Wiesaaw KrasoE, Jerzy Maaachowski, Jakub Soatysiuk, Numerical investigation of a landing gear system with pin joints operating clearance, Journal of KONES Power train and Transport, Volume 17 No 2, Year 2010, PP 240-248. K6
[10] Saad Mukras, Nam H. Kim, Nathan A. Mauntler, Tony L. Schmitz, W. Gregory Sawyer, Analysis of planar multi-body systems with revolute joint wear, Wear, Volume 268, Year 2010, PP 643–652. K29

Abstract:The bolt and nut coupling are fundamental design requirement for machines and steel structures and their relevance and utilization are of topmost priority in the areas of their application. The paper viewed the component parts and dimensions of this coupling from the perspective of energy content delivery, balancing and equilibrium. This result from the fact that the supply of compression torque on the coupling converts ingrained residual energy in the individual parts into utility energy assets for the support and sustenance of structures of interest. The mechanics and practicality of this energy matrix theory has been investigated using congruent scientific analysis, conventional tables, lab test data and graphics which depicts boundary behavioral tendencies resulting from structural realignments in the face of increasing load value. The extreme limit of this realignments, culminate in varying degrees of yield conditions particular viewed as deformation, which occurs at the point of lowest energy availability in the coupled system.
Keyword: geometryof forces, shear stress, bolt preload, energy relativity, shear off, ultimate value shearing stresses, crushing stress, ingrained limits, synergetic value, micro-synergy centers

[1]. Deutschman A.D., Michels W.J, Wilson C.E.: Machines Design- Theory and Practice, macmillian, New York, 1975, p.807-810
[2]. Vidosic, J.P, Mechanics of Material section contribution in Mark's handbook for Mechanical Engineers, Edited by Eugene A. Avalone and Theodore Baumeister III, 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, p 5-16-5118
[3]. Kalpakjian S., Scmid S.R., Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 4th Edition, Pearson Education, New Jersey, 2005, p.62
[4]. Baldwin G., Metalworking, Moldmaking and Machine Design, series contribution in Manufacturing Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill, NY, 2004, p27.10-27.29

Abstract:Surface grinding process can be utilized to create flat shapes at a high production rate and low cost.. In this investigation, indigenously designed set up were used for evaluating the surface grinding process was established. An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of surface grinding process parameters i.e. Inlet pressure of coolant, grinding wheel speed, work-piece speed, and nozzle angle on the micro hardness of the mild steel specimen. In the present study Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table type surface grinding machine fitted with test rig is used and cutting fluid is applied through the convergent nozzle to throw the cutting fluids at the cutting zone. In order to evaluate the effect of selected process parameters, one variable approach has been used in the present study. Plots of various Micro Hardness responses have been used to determine the relationship between the output response and the input parameters. The value of microhardness of grinded mild steel work-piece varies from 292.63 to 370.73 HV.
Keywords: Surface grinding process, Micohardness, Mild Steel Specimen

[1] H. Z. Choi, S. W. Lee, D. J. Kim, Optimization of cooling effect in the grinding with mist type coolant, American Society for
Precision Engineering Proceedings, Crystal City, Virginia, November 2001.
[2] V. Moorthy, B. A. Shaw, P. Mountford, and P. Hopkins, "Magnetic Barkhausen emission technique for evaluation of residual stress
alteration by grinding in case-carburised En36 steel," Acta Materialia, vol. 53, no. 19, pp. 4997–5006, 2005.
[3] J.A. Webster, C. Cui, R.B. Mindek Jr. and Dr. R. Lindsay, Grinding fluid application system design, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing
Technology, Volume 44, Issue 1, pp. 333-338, 1995.
[4] J.F.G. Oliveira, E.J. Silva, C. Guo and F. Hashimoto, Industrial challenges in grinding, CIRP Annals - Manufacturing
Technology,Volume 58, Issue 2, pp. 663-680, 2009.